Sharpening of the multistage modified comb filters

This paper describes the application of filter sharpening method to the modified comb filter (MCF) in the case of decimation factor, which is product of two or more positive integers. It is shown that in the case of multistage decimation with MCF, filters in each stage are also MCF. Applying the sharpening to the decimation filter in the last stage provides very good results, with savings in the number of operations comparing to the case of sharpening of the complete filter. Direct-form FIR polyphase filter structure is proposed for the filters in each stage

Continuous monitoring of the environment: Optimization of the system based on the physiological responses of mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis Lamarck, 1819)

U okviru ove disertacije optimizovan je sistem za kontinuirano praćenje statusa voda obalnog mora zasnovan na fiziološkim biomarkerima mediteranske dagnje – srčanog  ritma i pokreta ljušture. Ispitana je pouzdanost sistema za rano upozorenje, varijabilnostfizioloških biomarkera kod dagnje, optimalno vrijeme korišćenja odabranog bioindikatora u procesu kontinuiranog biomonitoringa, kao i nedostaci postojećeg biomonitoring sistema u cilju njegovog daljeg usavršavanja i implementacije, uključujući i unapređenja postojećeg automatizovanog sistema za praćenje srčane aktivnosti u dijelu vezanom za transfer i obradu signala. Rezultati praćenja bazalnog srčanog ritma i pokreta ljuštura dagnji u kontrolnim uslovima, bez prisustva stresora, su pokazali kako individualnu, tako i grupnu varijabilnost ovih biomarkera kod jedinki u monitoring sistemu u funkciji vremena.Međutim, bez obzira na individualne varijacije, eksponirane jedinke su pokazale isti trend ponašanja, pa se mogu posmatrati kao grupa. Nije pokazan izražen cirkadijalni ni sezonski karakter odabranih fizioloških biomarkera. Ispitana je osjetljivost odabrane vrste i automatizovanog ex situ sistema na prirodna variranja ekoloških faktora praćenih mjesečnom dinamikom. Pokazalo se da srčani ritam ne zavisi od variranja ekoloških faktora u rangu uobičajenih vrijednosti karakterističnih za odabrani lokalitet.  ukupna kondicija jedinki, a time i performanse monitoring sistema provjerene su periodičnim izlaganjem sistema kratkotrajnom ekstremnom stresu – naglom smanjenju saliniteta. Zbirni odgovor grupe jedinki u monitoring sistemu na stres praćen je mjesečnom dinamikom. Odabrani bomarkeri – pokreti ljušture, varijabilnost srčanog ritma i vrijeme potrebno za oporavak srčanog ritma nakon kratkotrajnog izlaganja stresu su se pokazali kao dobri indikatori kondicionog statusa jedinki. Rezultati testova saliniteta su pokazali da su pokreti ljušture robusniji biomarker od srčanog ritma, jer je konzistentan odgovor grupe bilježen u svim testovima saliniteta tokom jednogodišnjeg monitoringa. Konstantno produžavanje perioda potrebnog za oporavak srčanog ritma nakon prestanka dejstva stresora već od drugog mjeseca monitoringa, kao i potpuni izostanak reakcije u smislu promjena srčanog ritma usled djelovanja stresora tokom poslednja četiri mjeseca monitoringa su pokazali da jedinke u monitoring sistemu imaju ograničeni optimalni vijek. Utvrđeno je da već nakon tri do četiri mjeseca kontinuiranog monitoringa dolazi do “zamora” sistema. Optimalno vrijeme korišćenja odabranog bioindikatora iznosi tri mjeseca. Jedinke u sistemu je potrebno zamijeniti na svakih tri mjeseca, kako bi se povećala pouzdanost sistema za rano upozorenje. U cilju unapređenja postojećeg automatizovanog sistema za praćenje srčanog ritma realizovano je novo rješenje u domenu prenosa podataka sa mjerne opreme na računar. Bežična razmjena podataka ne degradira performanse cjelokupnog sistema. Primjenjivost odabranih fizioloških biomarkera u pasivnom biomonitoringu na nativnim jedinkama mediteranske dagnje sa odabranih lokaliteta u gradijentu zagađenja ispitana je na odabranoj studiji slučaja u Bokokotorskom zalivu. Rezultati su pokazali da se metodologija zasnovana na koeficijentu varijacije i vremenu oporavka srčanog ritma nakon kratkotrajnog stresa u principu može koristiti u faznom pasivnom biomonitoringu na lokalitetima u gradijentu zagađenja. Da bi rezultati dobijeni praćenjem promjena srčanog ritma nakon izlaganja kratkotrajnom stresu jednoznačno ukazali na problem zagađenja na odabranim lokalitetima, stresor ne bi smio biti iz grupe abiotičkih faktora na koje se različite populacije odabrane vrste lako adaptiraju.The focus of this thesis was the optimization of ex situ costal waters biomonitoring system based on two physiological biomarkers of Mediterranean mussel, namely heart rate and valve gape. Experimental set-up provided not only insight into reliability of the early  warning system and variability of physiological biomarkers over a year-long continuous operation, but enabled defining the optimal shelf life of bioindicator organism  in the continuous biomonitoring. Some shortcomings of the existing automated system formonitoring cardiac activity as well as steps for further improvement and implementation were identified, including improvements related to signal transfer and processing. Basal heart rate and valve gape dynamics in control conditions, with no significant stress,demonstrated considerable time – dependant individual and group variability. Still, the responses of all tested specimens, regardless of their individual variability, followed a similar behavioural trend, which implies that the test individuals can  be clearly regarded as a group. The responses of selected physiological biomarkers did not follow circadian or seasonal pattern. The sensitivity of automated ex situ system  and selected species to natural variation of a number of environmental variables has also been investigated. The results indicate that the mussels’ heart rate does not depend on key environmental factors provided they remain within the usual variation range typical for the selected site. The overall physiological condition of test individuals and performances of monitoring system have been tested on monthly basis by group response to short-term exposure to extreme stress conditions (a sharp salinity  decrease). Selected biomarkers, valve gape, coefficient of variation and recovery time of heart rate after the exposure to stress, proved to be good indicators of condition of individuals in monitoring system. Valve gape turned out as a more robust biomarker compared to the heart rate, as consistent group response was recorded in all salinity tests throughout the experiment. Successive increase of the heart rate recovery time was recorded since the second month of monitoring till the end of the monitoring, while the complete absence of an expected reaction to stress – change of the heart rhythm – was apparent during the last four months of monitoring. These results indicate that the individuals in the monitoring system have limited optimal shelf life and that after three to four months of continuous monitoring, the system is subject to "fatigue". It can be concluded that the optimal shelf life of the individual mussels in biomonitoring system is three months. To maintain the reliability of the early warning system it is advisable to replace individuals in the system every three months. In order to improve the existing automated system for heart rate monitoring, a new solution for data transfer from the sensor to the computer was implemented. Wireless data exchange did not degrade the performance of the entire system. A case study in Boka Kotorska Bay was used to assess the applicability of selected physiological biomarkers in passive biomonitoring usingnative Mediterranean mussel specimens from selected locations in pollution gradient. The results showed that the methodology based on the coefficient of variation and heart rate recovery time after short-term exposure to extreme stress can, in general, be used in periodical passive biomonitoring of sites in the pollution gradient. However, to diminish the impact of confounding factors, to increase the credibility of the environmental assessment of selected polluted sites based on hart rate changes after exposure to shortterm stress, the stressor should not be chosen from the group of abiotic factors to which different populations of the selected species easily adapt

Continuous monitoring of the environment: Optimization of the system based on the physiological responses of mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis Lamarck, 1819)

U okviru ove disertacije optimizovan je sistem za kontinuirano praćenje statusa voda obalnog mora zasnovan na fiziološkim biomarkerima mediteranske dagnje – srčanog  ritma i pokreta ljušture. Ispitana je pouzdanost sistema za rano upozorenje, varijabilnostfizioloških biomarkera kod dagnje, optimalno vrijeme korišćenja odabranog bioindikatora u procesu kontinuiranog biomonitoringa, kao i nedostaci postojećeg biomonitoring sistema u cilju njegovog daljeg usavršavanja i implementacije, uključujući i unapređenja postojećeg automatizovanog sistema za praćenje srčane aktivnosti u dijelu vezanom za transfer i obradu signala. Rezultati praćenja bazalnog srčanog ritma i pokreta ljuštura dagnji u kontrolnim uslovima, bez prisustva stresora, su pokazali kako individualnu, tako i grupnu varijabilnost ovih biomarkera kod jedinki u monitoring sistemu u funkciji vremena.Međutim, bez obzira na individualne varijacije, eksponirane jedinke su pokazale isti trend ponašanja, pa se mogu posmatrati kao grupa. Nije pokazan izražen cirkadijalni ni sezonski karakter odabranih fizioloških biomarkera. Ispitana je osjetljivost odabrane vrste i automatizovanog ex situ sistema na prirodna variranja ekoloških faktora praćenih mjesečnom dinamikom. Pokazalo se da srčani ritam ne zavisi od variranja ekoloških faktora u rangu uobičajenih vrijednosti karakterističnih za odabrani lokalitet.  ukupna kondicija jedinki, a time i performanse monitoring sistema provjerene su periodičnim izlaganjem sistema kratkotrajnom ekstremnom stresu – naglom smanjenju saliniteta. Zbirni odgovor grupe jedinki u monitoring sistemu na stres praćen je mjesečnom dinamikom. Odabrani bomarkeri – pokreti ljušture, varijabilnost srčanog ritma i vrijeme potrebno za oporavak srčanog ritma nakon kratkotrajnog izlaganja stresu su se pokazali kao dobri indikatori kondicionog statusa jedinki. Rezultati testova saliniteta su pokazali da su pokreti ljušture robusniji biomarker od srčanog ritma, jer je konzistentan odgovor grupe bilježen u svim testovima saliniteta tokom jednogodišnjeg monitoringa. Konstantno produžavanje perioda potrebnog za oporavak srčanog ritma nakon prestanka dejstva stresora već od drugog mjeseca monitoringa, kao i potpuni izostanak reakcije u smislu promjena srčanog ritma usled djelovanja stresora tokom poslednja četiri mjeseca monitoringa su pokazali da jedinke u monitoring sistemu imaju ograničeni optimalni vijek. Utvrđeno je da već nakon tri do četiri mjeseca kontinuiranog monitoringa dolazi do “zamora” sistema. Optimalno vrijeme korišćenja odabranog bioindikatora iznosi tri mjeseca. Jedinke u sistemu je potrebno zamijeniti na svakih tri mjeseca, kako bi se povećala pouzdanost sistema za rano upozorenje. U cilju unapređenja postojećeg automatizovanog sistema za praćenje srčanog ritma realizovano je novo rješenje u domenu prenosa podataka sa mjerne opreme na računar. Bežična razmjena podataka ne degradira performanse cjelokupnog sistema. Primjenjivost odabranih fizioloških biomarkera u pasivnom biomonitoringu na nativnim jedinkama mediteranske dagnje sa odabranih lokaliteta u gradijentu zagađenja ispitana je na odabranoj studiji slučaja u Bokokotorskom zalivu. Rezultati su pokazali da se metodologija zasnovana na koeficijentu varijacije i vremenu oporavka srčanog ritma nakon kratkotrajnog stresa u principu može koristiti u faznom pasivnom biomonitoringu na lokalitetima u gradijentu zagađenja. Da bi rezultati dobijeni praćenjem promjena srčanog ritma nakon izlaganja kratkotrajnom stresu jednoznačno ukazali na problem zagađenja na odabranim lokalitetima, stresor ne bi smio biti iz grupe abiotičkih faktora na koje se različite populacije odabrane vrste lako adaptiraju.The focus of this thesis was the optimization of ex situ costal waters biomonitoring system based on two physiological biomarkers of Mediterranean mussel, namely heart rate and valve gape. Experimental set-up provided not only insight into reliability of the early  warning system and variability of physiological biomarkers over a year-long continuous operation, but enabled defining the optimal shelf life of bioindicator organism  in the continuous biomonitoring. Some shortcomings of the existing automated system formonitoring cardiac activity as well as steps for further improvement and implementation were identified, including improvements related to signal transfer and processing. Basal heart rate and valve gape dynamics in control conditions, with no significant stress,demonstrated considerable time – dependant individual and group variability. Still, the responses of all tested specimens, regardless of their individual variability, followed a similar behavioural trend, which implies that the test individuals can  be clearly regarded as a group. The responses of selected physiological biomarkers did not follow circadian or seasonal pattern. The sensitivity of automated ex situ system  and selected species to natural variation of a number of environmental variables has also been investigated. The results indicate that the mussels’ heart rate does not depend on key environmental factors provided they remain within the usual variation range typical for the selected site. The overall physiological condition of test individuals and performances of monitoring system have been tested on monthly basis by group response to short-term exposure to extreme stress conditions (a sharp salinity  decrease). Selected biomarkers, valve gape, coefficient of variation and recovery time of heart rate after the exposure to stress, proved to be good indicators of condition of individuals in monitoring system. Valve gape turned out as a more robust biomarker compared to the heart rate, as consistent group response was recorded in all salinity tests throughout the experiment. Successive increase of the heart rate recovery time was recorded since the second month of monitoring till the end of the monitoring, while the complete absence of an expected reaction to stress – change of the heart rhythm – was apparent during the last four months of monitoring. These results indicate that the individuals in the monitoring system have limited optimal shelf life and that after three to four months of continuous monitoring, the system is subject to "fatigue". It can be concluded that the optimal shelf life of the individual mussels in biomonitoring system is three months. To maintain the reliability of the early warning system it is advisable to replace individuals in the system every three months. In order to improve the existing automated system for heart rate monitoring, a new solution for data transfer from the sensor to the computer was implemented. Wireless data exchange did not degrade the performance of the entire system. A case study in Boka Kotorska Bay was used to assess the applicability of selected physiological biomarkers in passive biomonitoring usingnative Mediterranean mussel specimens from selected locations in pollution gradient. The results showed that the methodology based on the coefficient of variation and heart rate recovery time after short-term exposure to extreme stress can, in general, be used in periodical passive biomonitoring of sites in the pollution gradient. However, to diminish the impact of confounding factors, to increase the credibility of the environmental assessment of selected polluted sites based on hart rate changes after exposure to shortterm stress, the stressor should not be chosen from the group of abiotic factors to which different populations of the selected species easily adapt

Route choice model based on historical data collected on street network

Modeli izbora rute putovanja u znatnoj meri utiču na rezultate procene trenutnih i prognoze budućih transportnih zahteva. Na osnovu karakteristika korisnika i ulične mreže, tokom ove faze se utvrđuje raspodela verovatnoće izbora ruta između izvornih i ciljnih tačaka putovanja. S tim u vezi, model je moguće unaprediti primenom GPS podataka, prilikom definisanja pravila po kojima korisnici donose odluke vezane za odabir rute putovanja. U skladu sa navedenim, u disertaciji se istražuje problem definisanja skupa alternativnih ruta putovanja u modelima izbora rute putovanja, primenom predložene metodologije za obradu GPS podataka...Route choice models have significant influence on the final results of trip estimation and transportation forecasting models. At this phase, the characteristics of the users and the street network are used in order to determinate the distribution of the route choice probabilities between the origin and destination points of the trip. With this in regard, the model can be improved by applying GPS data, when defining the rules by which users make decisions related to the route choice. In accordance with the above, the dissertation examines the problem of defining a set of alternative routes in the route choice models using proposed methodology for processing the GPS data..

Modification of Construction Permits and Transfer of Subjective Rights

Amending construction permits is important for regulation of construction. Serbia had an inflexible system that did not allow it, due to lack of transferability of the underlying rights and state monopoly over construction land. Enabling ownership of construction land made it necessary to allow the transfer of construction permits. This was done while maintaining the system of issuing construction permits to developers and focusing on digitalization. This made the rights from administrative decisions transferable, which should not be the case. The root of confusion is a lack of distinction between public and private law aspects of construction. Comparatively, coupling construction permit with a developer is traditional in the former Yugoslav countries. In countries that did not have a socialist period, public and private law aspects of construction are distinguished and construction permit is coupled with the land. This solution is an indication for future development of construction law in Serbia

Temperature dependence of luminescence inorganic phosphors doped with rare earth ions

Fosfori na bazi retkih zemalja predstavljaju važnu grupu materijala koja nalazi primenu u medicinskoj tomografiji, fizici visoke energije, proizvodnji scintilatora, lampi i displeja [1] . Upotreba ovih materijala kao temperaturskih senzora u poslednje vreme postala je veoma interesantna [2] [3]. Predmet istraživanja ovog rada bio je temperatursko gašenje luminescencije fosfora na bazi retkih zemalja. Analizirane su matrice ortovanadata i seskvioksida dopirane jonima europijuma (Eu3+), disprozijuma (Dy3+) i samarijuma (Sm3+). Pokazana je temperaturska zavisnost luminescentnih emisionih spektara ovih materijala, koja nalazi praktičnu primenu u merenju temperature. Kako rezultati dobijeni merenjem emisionih spektara u funkciji temperature nisu pogodni za opisivanje fenomena temperaturskog gašenja luminescencije, izvršena su merenja vremena života pobuđenog stanja dopantnih jona. Pokazano je da postojeći modeli, model multifononske relaksacije i model neradijativnog pražnjenja preko CT nivoa (nivoi sa prenosom naelektrisanja, engl. Charge transfer states) ne daju zadovoljavajuće rezultate. Analizom ekscitacionih spektara pokazano je da CT nivo nema fiksnu vrednost već da se njegova energija menja sa promenom temperature. Na osnovu datih merenih rezultata izvršeno je unapređenje postojećeg modela neradijativnog pražnjenja preko CT nivoa koji uključuje temperatursku zavisnost energije CT stanja. Poređenje postojećih modela i modela temperaturski zavisnog CT stanja pokazano je bolje slaganje ovog modela sa eksperimentalnim rezultatima.The rare earth based inorganic phosphors are a significant group of materials which are commonly used in medical tomography, high energy physics, the production of scintillators, lamps and displays. [1] Using these materials as temperature sensors has lately become a very interesting topic. [2] [3] The topic of this research is temperature quenching of luminescence of rare earth doped phosphors. The matrix of orthovanadates and sesquioxides doped with Europium (Eu3+), Dysprosium (Dy3+) i Samarium (Sm3+) ions has been analyzed. We have shown the temperature dependence of luminescent emission spectra of these materials and their practical use in the temperature measurement. Lifetime measurements are performed for the excited states of the rare earth ions due to the fact that the results obtained from testing the emission spectra as a function of temperature were not suitable to describe the temperature quenching of luminescence. This thesis showed that the existing models, multiphonon relaxation and temperature quenching through CT (charge transfer) state, do not provide the satisfactory results. By analyzing the excitation spectra we have shown that the CT level does not have a fixed value but its energy changes with the temperature change. Based on the experimental results, an improvement of the existing model (temperature quenching through the CT state) has been given, taking into account the temperature dependence of the CT state. The comparison of the temperature dependent CT state model to the existing models has shown its better correspondence to the obtained results

Arhitektura savremenog gradskog hotela - novi programski modeli za dinamično društvo

In its not-so-long history, the downtown hotel as an institution and architectural type has undergone various phases of development. From the modest inns in medieval towns, through the era of grand hotels, creation of international hotel chains after the Second World War, to the emergence of attractive boutique, design and lifestyle hotels at the end of XX and the latest concepts at the beginning of the XXI century, the hotel has evolved from an insignificant public facility of utilitarian character to multifaceted phenomenon of the modern society. Over the past three decades, a continuous reconsideration and innovation of the concept of the downtown hotel has led to a permanent transformation of this architectural type, its repositioning within the framework of the modern city, as well as to the emergence of numerous new program models and hybrid forms that are closely linked with the multicultural character of the society at the beginning of the third millennium. In addition to the evolution of a city hotel, the architectural composition of historic hotels and the most significant modern examples, problems and crises of the hotel during the second half of the twentieth century, as well as conceptions of a contemporary city hotel, are also the subject of this research. Special emphasis was put on the complexity and multiplicity of hotel functions, which makes it unique among public building typologies. Bearing in mind the fact that the assumptions, upon which hotels were based until the 80s of the twentieth century, have been radically transformed, it is pointed to the necessity of reconsideration of architecture as a social and cultural product, with an awareness of the importance of creating an adventure that allows the visitor to experience a permanent shift in perception. The primary objective of the survey is to assess the changes in the physical structure and hotel space in the broader context of the contemporary dynamic society as the frame of reference. By the interpretation and explication of many specifics associated with this process, as well as the analysis of prominent examples of the late twentieth and early twenty-first century, the basic characteristics of architecture and design of the new city hotel are emphasized, which may represent the basis for its further development and improvement. Furthermore, the contribution was provided to explaining the character of the contemporary city hotel and its importance as an architectural artifact, an essential social space, a symbol of the city and a reference point in the urban pattern. The perceived transformational flows and contemporary trends are supported by the analysis and theoretical considerations, which emphasizes the importance of architecture and design, their place in the development of a city hotel and provides a clearer understanding of the origin of successful new concepts. The complexity of the topic caused the application of intricate scientific apparatus. The method of observation, empirical method, case studies, analysis and synthesis, classification and comparison are just some of the scientific methods that have been used in order to perceive the subject of research in a comprehensive and appropriate manner. The conducted research represents a contribution to the study of architecture of the city hotel, and its significance is manifold. A clear and comprehensive historical overview of the development of the city hotel as a special architectural type and significant domain of social city life is provided. The determination and classification of transformation factors, the study of transformational processes and redefinition of the contemporary city hotel typology represents a contribution to the elucidation of architectural aspects of this topic. The significance of the work is also reflected in pointing to the emergence of new program models at the beginning of the XXI century which are not fully recognized by the scientific and professional community. The formulated framework for the “reading” of this specific architectural type, in the situation of repeated paradigm shift, is of great importance for further consideration and contemporary theory and practice for planning and design of the city hotel for the third millennium

Bathing in the Roman province: Local characteristics of baths in Moesia Superior

Na teritoriji Gornje Mezije otkriveno je oko 40 rimskih kupatila koji potiču iz perioda od I do IV veka n.e. Većina njih je sistematski istražena, dok su neka ustanovljena posredno, bilo rekognosciranjima bilo epigrafskim spomenicima. Prisustvo i raspored prostorija u njima navodi nas na zaključak da je većina aktivnosti u gornjomezijskim kupatilima slična kao i u drugim delovima Carstva. Ipak, kupatila sa ove teritorije pokazuju i neke specifičnosti, kojima se razlikuju od drugih. Iako nedovoljno obrađeni i publikovani, pokretni arheološki nalazi upućuju na čitav niz aktivnosti u kupatilima koja nisu imala veze sa osnovnom funkcijom - higijenom i zdravljem. Muzički instrumenti, stilusi, žetoni za igru i pršljenci za vreteno samo su neki od predmeta koji ilustruju aktivnosti u kupatilima, tako da ove objekte nije dovoljno tumačiti samo kao mesta za održavanje higijene, već kao središta društvenog života, odnosno mesta za odmor i dokolicu u privatnim kupatilima.There are approximately 40 Roman baths dating from the 1st to 4th century AD that have been discovered in the territory of Moesia Superior. Most of them were systematically investigated, while some were only indirectly confirmed, either by means of surveys or through epigraphic monuments. The presence and layout of the rooms in these baths points to the conclusion that most activities in the baths of Moesia Superior were similar to those in other parts of the Empire. However, the baths from this territory also show some peculiarities, setting them apart from other parts of the Roman Empire. Although insufficiently investigated and reported on, the portable archaeological finds point to a whole host of activities that were not connected with the bath's essential function - hygiene and health. Musical instruments, styluses, board game accessories and spindle discs are just some of the objects that illustrate the activities in baths, suggesting that it is not enough to interpret these objects as places for maintaining hygiene, but as centres of social life, or, in the case of private baths, as places for rest and leisure

An Analysis of Energy Efficient Data Transfer between Mobile Device and Dedicated Server

This paper discusses research results with regard to energy-efficient transmission of serialised data between servers and mobile devices. A test environment was created in which the research authors primarily measured electricity consumption during communication between a mobile device and server. Numerical results were used to determine how well data serialisation was performed on a dedicated server and its effects on the power consumption of a mobile device. The time spent in data serialisation and the size of the serialised file were found to significantly influence energy consumption. Based on that fact, results have been used to create a mathematical model which was later introduced with functional forms. The main variables in those functional forms were time of serialisation and size of a serialised file. The data collected through this research has been used for an experimental API-CB Saver, which based on mathematical models chooses the most favourable manner of serialisation and compression in real time. The results collected during the tests show that the CBSaver-Api approach performs with greater energy efficiency than current techniques. Furthermore, with optimal selection of data serialisation type and compression level in real time the considered system shows better performance in power saving. According to the results, the API-CBSaver tests indicate the direction which one should take for the purposes of improving energy efficiency

SYSTEMATIC APPROACH TO THE EDUCATION IN THE FIELD OF SMART PRODUCTS AND SERVICES ENGINEERING

Industry 4.0 has a huge impact on the entire social system. The speed, scope and impact of the changes it brings have an exponential trend. The biggest impact is related to the industry and industrial development. Full digitalization and automation of production is expected, i.e. networking of smart digital devices with products, machines, tools, robots and people. For the realization of such complex tasks, it is necessary to have adequate human resources. In the changes brought by I4.0, the engineering of smart products and services, i.e. the education of development engineers, has a very important role.The social and industrial transformations dictated by the fourth industrial revolution also define new trends in the education of development engineers. Development engineers are expected to be comprehensively educated and trained to work in interdisciplinary project teams, in order to create new intelligent and networked products through creativity, innovation and fascinating technique.The paper presents the development of education through the epochs of industrial development and presents trends and challenges related to the education 4.0. Special attention is paid to the education of development engineers and the relevant competencies they need to have in order to meet the tasks and expectations in modern conditions