Urban Learning - Joint Learning towards Integrative Energy Planning in European Cities

This paper gives insight about EU-project URBAN LEARNING (H2020 energy call) which began in March 2015 and will be concluded in August 2017. The article carries out the idea and structure, first results and expected outcomes. The project includes seven capital cities across Europe (Vienna, Berlin, Paris, Stockholm, Amsterdam, Warsaw and Zagreb) and the city of Zaanstad (NL) which all face the challenge of considerable population growth while being committed to significantly reduce fossil energy consumption and CO2 emissions. E.g. Stockholm grew by more than 12.000 people/a (1.5%); in the next 10 years Vienna has to build for 200.000 new people. Efficient and effective planning processes will be crucial for addressing this challenge. The project cities aim to enhance the capacity of their local authorities on integrative urban energy planning in response to new challenges from EU EPBD (Directive 2002/91/EC and 2010/31/EC), EED (Directive 2012/27/EU) and RES (Directive 2009/28/EC) directives as well as to changes of technologies and market conditions and the pressure to provide sufficient, affordable housing. The project emphasizes governance processes related to the (re-)development of urban areas. While some cities already started ambitious urban development projects, the institutionalisation of these experiences is missing. The cities are aware and willing, but lack of knowledge, lack of time and sometimes less collaboration across city departments impair this development. External stimulus is needed to overcome these barriers. Project partners address these issues collectively with key stakeholders, such as network operators and energy suppliers and share their findings amongst all cities. Focus is on multi-disciplinary learning - the project concentrates on innovative technological solutions, instruments and tools and most importantly focuses on innovative governance elements. This will provide potential approaches toward integrative urban energy planning. Developed tools and process improvements will also be implemented in the inner circle of smaller cities under the guidance of each national partner. In each city a local working group, comprised of experts of various city departments and stakeholders involved in the planning processes, was installed. These groups will help to ensure the implementation of results and outcomes

Types of Corruption in Small and Micro Enterprises (SMEs) in Ibadan, Nigeria

Corruption is a phenomenon that manifests in various types and forms especially among operators of Small and Micro Enterprises (SMEs). Many actions of the operators which constitute corrupt practices often tend to be overlooked in spite of their grave consequences for the success SMEs in Nigeria. The fight against corruption in Nigeria is more concentrated in the formal sector. This study was, therefore, designed to investigate various forms in which corrupt practices are carried out among Small and Micro Enterprises in Ibadan, Nigeria. Business owners, their employees, apprentices and consumers constituted the study population. Primary data were collected using questionnaire administered on 200 business owners, 150 employees and 150 apprentices randomly chosen in five business districts in Ibadan; and the conduct of 10 in-depth interviews with purposively selected participants. Quantitative data were analysed at uni-variate level using simple percentages and frequencies while qualitative data were content analysed. Findings from the study revealed that corrupt practices were rampant among actors in SMEs and the common types of corrupt practices included stealing (60%), deception of customers (78.4%), tax evasion (62%), sale of fake products (76%), sale of expired products (65.2%), tampering with measurement scales (69.6%), bribery (82.4%), and poor service delivery (73%). The study concludes that the level of corruption in SMEs calls for concern and government should extend the fight against corruption to the informal sector in Nigeria

Will climate mitigation ambitions lead to carbon neutrality? An analysis of the local-level plans of 327 cities in the EU

Cities across the globe recognise their role in climate mitigation and are acting to reduce carbon emissions. Knowing whether cities set ambitious climate and energy targets is critical for determining their contribution towards the global 1.5 °C target, partly because it helps to identify areas where further action is necessary. This paper presents a comparative analysis of the mitigation targets of 327 European cities, as declared in their local climate plans. The sample encompasses over 25% of the EU population and includes cities of all sizes across all Member States, plus the UK. The study analyses whether the type of plan, city size, membership of climate networks, and its regional location are associated with different levels of mitigation ambition. Results reveal that 78% of the cities have a GHG emissions reduction target. However, with an average target of 47%, European cities are not on track to reach the Paris Agreement: they need to roughly double their ambitions and efforts. Some cities are ambitious, e.g. 25% of our sample (81) aim to reach carbon neutrality, with the earliest target date being 2020.90% of these cities are members of the Climate Alliance and 75% of the Covenant of Mayors. City size is the strongest predictor for carbon neutrality, whilst climate network(s) membership, combining adaptation and mitigation into a single strategy, and local motivation also play a role. The methods, data, results and analysis of this study can serve as a reference and baseline for tracking climate mitigation ambitions across European and global cities

Integral model for households heterogeneity impact estimation on the energy efficiency policies implementation

U okviru ovog rada razvijen je integralni model procjene utjecaja heterogenosti kućanstava na implementaciju mjera i politika energetske učinkovitosti. To podrazumijeva integralan, odnosno cjelovit model koji zaokružuje odnos između socio-ekonomskih karakteristika kućanstava i njihovog ponašanja te potrošnje energije u kućanstvu. Cilj takvog modela je kvantifikacija i pravilno razumijevanje interakcija između politike energetske učinkovitosti i ponašanja krajnjih korisnika te efekti tog odnosa na potrošnju energije. U okviru ovog rada opisana je metodologija, odnosno proces modeliranja potrošnje energije u sektoru kućanstava, koja obuhvaća određivanje referentnih parametara potrošnje energije u kućanstvima, opisivanje procesa odlučivanja i definiranje utjecaja karakteristika kućanstva na potrošnju energije. Proces odlučivanja opisan je kroz dva modela: logističkom regresijom te metodom diskretnog odabira. U nastavku rada razvijeni model primijenjen je u analizi studije slučaja za Hrvatsku. Rad završava analizom rezultata i diskusijom reperkusija koje rezultati imaju na kreiranje novih energetskih politika. Rezultati pokazuju snažnu ovisnost vjerojatnosti odluke o implementaciji mjera energetske učinkovitosti o mogućim uštedama koje ta mjera postiže i trošku same mjere, odnosno o vremenu povrata investicije. Istovremeno, kućanstva koja pripadaju nižim prihodovnim razredima pokazuju različite obrasce odlučivanja i korištenja energije od kućanstava koja pripadaju višim prihodovnim razredima. To se odražava na različitost potrošnje energije u tim kućanstvima kao i na različite odluke prilikom investiranja u mjere energetske učinkovitosti. Takvi ishodi upućuju na važnost uvažavanja heterogenosti sektora kućanstava prilikom modeliranja i analize potrošnje energije. Opisani pristup može se koristiti za kvalitetnije analize potrošnje energije i evaluaciju učinaka mjera energetske učinkovitosti na potrošnju energije u budućnosti. Isto tako, opisani pristup može se koristiti za procjenu troškovne učinkovitosti programa energetske učinkovitosti i korigiranju postojećih, dajući odgovor na pitanje koji je najmanji potreban iznos subvencije kako bi kućanstva smatrala tu investiciju poželjnom, odnosno koji je najmanji budžet potreban za subvencije kako bi tijelo ili institucija koje taj program vodi, postiglo željeni učinak u vidu ukupnih energetskih ušteda. Primijenjeni je pristup zanimljiv i koristan kako za javna tijela i institucije tako i za poslovne subjekte koji imaju interes ili obavezu poticati mjere energetske učinkovitosti u kućanstvima. U cilju je oba sektora maksimizirati troškovnu učinkovitost alokacije sredstava svojih budžeta uz dohvaćanje zadanih ciljeva potrošnje energije, a predloženi model upravo to omogućava.Within this thesis, an integral model of the impact assessment of household heterogeneity on the implementation of measures and energy efficiency policies and energy consumption has been developed. This implies that it is a comprehensive model that combines the relationship between socio-economic characteristics of households and their behavior, and household energy consumption. The objective of such a model is to quantify and properly understand the interaction between the energy efficiency policy and end-user behavior and the effects of that relationship on energy consumption. The methodology described within this thesis, i.e. the process of modeling the energy consumption in the household sector includes the determination of the reference parameters of energy consumption in households, the description of the decision making process and the definition of the impact of the household energy consumption characteristics. The decision process is described with two models: logistic regression and discrete choice model. The developed model was used in case study analysis for Croatia. The thesis concludes by analyzing the results and discussing the repercussions that the results have on creating new energy efficiency policies. The results show a strong dependence on the probability of a decision that the energy efficiency measures are implemented, on the possible savings that this measure achieves at the expense of the measure itself or the time of the investment return. At the same time, households belonging to lower income classes show different patterns of decision making and the use of energy from households belonging to higher income classes. This is reflected in the diversity of energy consumption in these households as well as on various decisions when investing in energy efficiency measures. Such outcomes point to the importance of taking into account the heterogeneity of the household sector when modeling and analyzing energy consumption. The described approach can be used for improved energy consumption analysis and evaluation of the energy efficiency measurements on energy consumption in the future. Also, the approach described can be used to estimate the cost efficiency of an energy efficiency program and correct existing ones, giving the answer to the question of what is the minimum amount of subsidy needed to make households think this investment is desirable, that is, the smallest budget needed for subsidies so that the body or institution which the program leads, achieved the desired effect in terms of total energy savings. Applied approach is interesting and useful for public bodies and institutions as well as for businesses that have an interest or obligation to encourage energy efficiency measures in households. In order for both sectors to maximize the cost-effectiveness of allocation of their budget funds with the achievement of the energy consumption targets, and the proposed model just makes this possible

Integral model for households heterogeneity impact estimation on the energy efficiency policies implementation

U okviru ovog rada razvijen je integralni model procjene utjecaja heterogenosti kućanstava na implementaciju mjera i politika energetske učinkovitosti. To podrazumijeva integralan, odnosno cjelovit model koji zaokružuje odnos između socio-ekonomskih karakteristika kućanstava i njihovog ponašanja te potrošnje energije u kućanstvu. Cilj takvog modela je kvantifikacija i pravilno razumijevanje interakcija između politike energetske učinkovitosti i ponašanja krajnjih korisnika te efekti tog odnosa na potrošnju energije. U okviru ovog rada opisana je metodologija, odnosno proces modeliranja potrošnje energije u sektoru kućanstava, koja obuhvaća određivanje referentnih parametara potrošnje energije u kućanstvima, opisivanje procesa odlučivanja i definiranje utjecaja karakteristika kućanstva na potrošnju energije. Proces odlučivanja opisan je kroz dva modela: logističkom regresijom te metodom diskretnog odabira. U nastavku rada razvijeni model primijenjen je u analizi studije slučaja za Hrvatsku. Rad završava analizom rezultata i diskusijom reperkusija koje rezultati imaju na kreiranje novih energetskih politika. Rezultati pokazuju snažnu ovisnost vjerojatnosti odluke o implementaciji mjera energetske učinkovitosti o mogućim uštedama koje ta mjera postiže i trošku same mjere, odnosno o vremenu povrata investicije. Istovremeno, kućanstva koja pripadaju nižim prihodovnim razredima pokazuju različite obrasce odlučivanja i korištenja energije od kućanstava koja pripadaju višim prihodovnim razredima. To se odražava na različitost potrošnje energije u tim kućanstvima kao i na različite odluke prilikom investiranja u mjere energetske učinkovitosti. Takvi ishodi upućuju na važnost uvažavanja heterogenosti sektora kućanstava prilikom modeliranja i analize potrošnje energije. Opisani pristup može se koristiti za kvalitetnije analize potrošnje energije i evaluaciju učinaka mjera energetske učinkovitosti na potrošnju energije u budućnosti. Isto tako, opisani pristup može se koristiti za procjenu troškovne učinkovitosti programa energetske učinkovitosti i korigiranju postojećih, dajući odgovor na pitanje koji je najmanji potreban iznos subvencije kako bi kućanstva smatrala tu investiciju poželjnom, odnosno koji je najmanji budžet potreban za subvencije kako bi tijelo ili institucija koje taj program vodi, postiglo željeni učinak u vidu ukupnih energetskih ušteda. Primijenjeni je pristup zanimljiv i koristan kako za javna tijela i institucije tako i za poslovne subjekte koji imaju interes ili obavezu poticati mjere energetske učinkovitosti u kućanstvima. U cilju je oba sektora maksimizirati troškovnu učinkovitost alokacije sredstava svojih budžeta uz dohvaćanje zadanih ciljeva potrošnje energije, a predloženi model upravo to omogućava.Within this thesis, an integral model of the impact assessment of household heterogeneity on the implementation of measures and energy efficiency policies and energy consumption has been developed. This implies that it is a comprehensive model that combines the relationship between socio-economic characteristics of households and their behavior, and household energy consumption. The objective of such a model is to quantify and properly understand the interaction between the energy efficiency policy and end-user behavior and the effects of that relationship on energy consumption. The methodology described within this thesis, i.e. the process of modeling the energy consumption in the household sector includes the determination of the reference parameters of energy consumption in households, the description of the decision making process and the definition of the impact of the household energy consumption characteristics. The decision process is described with two models: logistic regression and discrete choice model. The developed model was used in case study analysis for Croatia. The thesis concludes by analyzing the results and discussing the repercussions that the results have on creating new energy efficiency policies. The results show a strong dependence on the probability of a decision that the energy efficiency measures are implemented, on the possible savings that this measure achieves at the expense of the measure itself or the time of the investment return. At the same time, households belonging to lower income classes show different patterns of decision making and the use of energy from households belonging to higher income classes. This is reflected in the diversity of energy consumption in these households as well as on various decisions when investing in energy efficiency measures. Such outcomes point to the importance of taking into account the heterogeneity of the household sector when modeling and analyzing energy consumption. The described approach can be used for improved energy consumption analysis and evaluation of the energy efficiency measurements on energy consumption in the future. Also, the approach described can be used to estimate the cost efficiency of an energy efficiency program and correct existing ones, giving the answer to the question of what is the minimum amount of subsidy needed to make households think this investment is desirable, that is, the smallest budget needed for subsidies so that the body or institution which the program leads, achieved the desired effect in terms of total energy savings. Applied approach is interesting and useful for public bodies and institutions as well as for businesses that have an interest or obligation to encourage energy efficiency measures in households. In order for both sectors to maximize the cost-effectiveness of allocation of their budget funds with the achievement of the energy consumption targets, and the proposed model just makes this possible

Integral model for households heterogeneity impact estimation on the energy efficiency policies implementation

U okviru ovog rada razvijen je integralni model procjene utjecaja heterogenosti kućanstava na implementaciju mjera i politika energetske učinkovitosti. To podrazumijeva integralan, odnosno cjelovit model koji zaokružuje odnos između socio-ekonomskih karakteristika kućanstava i njihovog ponašanja te potrošnje energije u kućanstvu. Cilj takvog modela je kvantifikacija i pravilno razumijevanje interakcija između politike energetske učinkovitosti i ponašanja krajnjih korisnika te efekti tog odnosa na potrošnju energije. U okviru ovog rada opisana je metodologija, odnosno proces modeliranja potrošnje energije u sektoru kućanstava, koja obuhvaća određivanje referentnih parametara potrošnje energije u kućanstvima, opisivanje procesa odlučivanja i definiranje utjecaja karakteristika kućanstva na potrošnju energije. Proces odlučivanja opisan je kroz dva modela: logističkom regresijom te metodom diskretnog odabira. U nastavku rada razvijeni model primijenjen je u analizi studije slučaja za Hrvatsku. Rad završava analizom rezultata i diskusijom reperkusija koje rezultati imaju na kreiranje novih energetskih politika. Rezultati pokazuju snažnu ovisnost vjerojatnosti odluke o implementaciji mjera energetske učinkovitosti o mogućim uštedama koje ta mjera postiže i trošku same mjere, odnosno o vremenu povrata investicije. Istovremeno, kućanstva koja pripadaju nižim prihodovnim razredima pokazuju različite obrasce odlučivanja i korištenja energije od kućanstava koja pripadaju višim prihodovnim razredima. To se odražava na različitost potrošnje energije u tim kućanstvima kao i na različite odluke prilikom investiranja u mjere energetske učinkovitosti. Takvi ishodi upućuju na važnost uvažavanja heterogenosti sektora kućanstava prilikom modeliranja i analize potrošnje energije. Opisani pristup može se koristiti za kvalitetnije analize potrošnje energije i evaluaciju učinaka mjera energetske učinkovitosti na potrošnju energije u budućnosti. Isto tako, opisani pristup može se koristiti za procjenu troškovne učinkovitosti programa energetske učinkovitosti i korigiranju postojećih, dajući odgovor na pitanje koji je najmanji potreban iznos subvencije kako bi kućanstva smatrala tu investiciju poželjnom, odnosno koji je najmanji budžet potreban za subvencije kako bi tijelo ili institucija koje taj program vodi, postiglo željeni učinak u vidu ukupnih energetskih ušteda. Primijenjeni je pristup zanimljiv i koristan kako za javna tijela i institucije tako i za poslovne subjekte koji imaju interes ili obavezu poticati mjere energetske učinkovitosti u kućanstvima. U cilju je oba sektora maksimizirati troškovnu učinkovitost alokacije sredstava svojih budžeta uz dohvaćanje zadanih ciljeva potrošnje energije, a predloženi model upravo to omogućava.Within this thesis, an integral model of the impact assessment of household heterogeneity on the implementation of measures and energy efficiency policies and energy consumption has been developed. This implies that it is a comprehensive model that combines the relationship between socio-economic characteristics of households and their behavior, and household energy consumption. The objective of such a model is to quantify and properly understand the interaction between the energy efficiency policy and end-user behavior and the effects of that relationship on energy consumption. The methodology described within this thesis, i.e. the process of modeling the energy consumption in the household sector includes the determination of the reference parameters of energy consumption in households, the description of the decision making process and the definition of the impact of the household energy consumption characteristics. The decision process is described with two models: logistic regression and discrete choice model. The developed model was used in case study analysis for Croatia. The thesis concludes by analyzing the results and discussing the repercussions that the results have on creating new energy efficiency policies. The results show a strong dependence on the probability of a decision that the energy efficiency measures are implemented, on the possible savings that this measure achieves at the expense of the measure itself or the time of the investment return. At the same time, households belonging to lower income classes show different patterns of decision making and the use of energy from households belonging to higher income classes. This is reflected in the diversity of energy consumption in these households as well as on various decisions when investing in energy efficiency measures. Such outcomes point to the importance of taking into account the heterogeneity of the household sector when modeling and analyzing energy consumption. The described approach can be used for improved energy consumption analysis and evaluation of the energy efficiency measurements on energy consumption in the future. Also, the approach described can be used to estimate the cost efficiency of an energy efficiency program and correct existing ones, giving the answer to the question of what is the minimum amount of subsidy needed to make households think this investment is desirable, that is, the smallest budget needed for subsidies so that the body or institution which the program leads, achieved the desired effect in terms of total energy savings. Applied approach is interesting and useful for public bodies and institutions as well as for businesses that have an interest or obligation to encourage energy efficiency measures in households. In order for both sectors to maximize the cost-effectiveness of allocation of their budget funds with the achievement of the energy consumption targets, and the proposed model just makes this possible

What can we learn from sharing experience about evaluation practices?

International audienceMany resources are available about state-of-the-art or best examples of evaluations and evaluation guidelines, like in the IEPEC and IEPPEC proceedings. However, what do we know about daily evaluation practices? Is it always easy to find examples of evaluations about a given country, type of policy instrument, etc.? Are evaluations used to improve policies? And finally, how could evaluation practices be improved? This is the kind of issues that the European project EPATEE aims at tackling, focusing on impact evaluations. About 60 stakeholders from 13 European countries were interviewed or surveyed to better know their priorities about evaluation issues, how they would define the level of evaluation practices in their country and which barriers might impede effective evaluation practices. In parallel, references were collected and coded to build a knowledge base gathering already more than 170 evaluation reports, papers or guidebooks. Case studies are analyzing more than 20 evaluations to provide concrete and detailed experience feedback about why evaluation is used, how it is performed, what difficulties are encountered, etc. The objective of the project is not to provide an exhaustive or representative picture of the evaluation practices in Europe, but to gather and develop materials that can be used as a basis for experience sharing activities, as well as to develop an online tool box that will make these resources available in a user-friendly way. The key assumption of the project is that concrete examples and guidance can help overcome barriers that currently limit the use of evaluation. Stakeholders' feedback indeed shows that evaluation can be a very effective tool to improve policies, thereby achieving higher energy savings at lower costs. This paper presents the results of the first phase of the project, focusing on the main conclusions from the stakeholders' survey, the knowledge base, and the case studies. Feedbacks gathered remind usual no-brainers (e.g., anticipating data collection). It also shows that evaluation is not only a technical issue but that organizational issues (e.g., cooperation between institutions) are critical as well. Learning by doing can help tackle some of the issues (e.g., optimizing data collection), but some issues remain difficult challenges (e.g., getting robust results about net impacts)

What can we learn from sharing experience about evaluation practices?

International audienceMany resources are available about state-of-the-art or best examples of evaluations and evaluation guidelines, like in the IEPEC and IEPPEC proceedings. However, what do we know about daily evaluation practices? Is it always easy to find examples of evaluations about a given country, type of policy instrument, etc.? Are evaluations used to improve policies? And finally, how could evaluation practices be improved? This is the kind of issues that the European project EPATEE aims at tackling, focusing on impact evaluations. About 60 stakeholders from 13 European countries were interviewed or surveyed to better know their priorities about evaluation issues, how they would define the level of evaluation practices in their country and which barriers might impede effective evaluation practices. In parallel, references were collected and coded to build a knowledge base gathering already more than 170 evaluation reports, papers or guidebooks. Case studies are analyzing more than 20 evaluations to provide concrete and detailed experience feedback about why evaluation is used, how it is performed, what difficulties are encountered, etc. The objective of the project is not to provide an exhaustive or representative picture of the evaluation practices in Europe, but to gather and develop materials that can be used as a basis for experience sharing activities, as well as to develop an online tool box that will make these resources available in a user-friendly way. The key assumption of the project is that concrete examples and guidance can help overcome barriers that currently limit the use of evaluation. Stakeholders' feedback indeed shows that evaluation can be a very effective tool to improve policies, thereby achieving higher energy savings at lower costs. This paper presents the results of the first phase of the project, focusing on the main conclusions from the stakeholders' survey, the knowledge base, and the case studies. Feedbacks gathered remind usual no-brainers (e.g., anticipating data collection). It also shows that evaluation is not only a technical issue but that organizational issues (e.g., cooperation between institutions) are critical as well. Learning by doing can help tackle some of the issues (e.g., optimizing data collection), but some issues remain difficult challenges (e.g., getting robust results about net impacts)

Climate mitigation in the Mediterranean Europe: An assessment of regional and city-level plans

International audienceIn Europe, regions in the Mediterranean area share common characteristics in terms of high sensitivity to climate change impacts. Does this translate into specificities regarding climate action that could arise from these Mediterranean characteristics? This paper sheds light on regional and local climate mitigation actions of the Mediterranean Europe, focusing on the plans to reduce greenhouse gases emissions in a representative sample of 51 regions and 73 cities across 9 Mediterranean countries (Croatia, Cyprus, France, Greece, Italy, Malta, Portugal, Slovenia, Spain). The study investigates: (i) the availability of local and regional mitigation plans, (ii) their goals in term of greenhouse gas emissions reduction targets on the short and medium-long term, and (iii) the impact of transnational climate networks on such local and regional climate mitigation planning. Results of this study indicate an uneven and fragmented planning, that shows a Mediterranean West-East divide, and a link with population size. However, overall, both regional and city action seem insufficiently ambitious with regards to meeting the Paris Agreement, at least at city level. While national frameworks are currently weak in influencing regional and local actions, transnational networks seem to be engaging factors for commitment (at city level) and ambitiousness (at regional level). The uneven and fragmented progress revealed by this study, does not align with the characteristics shared by investigated regions and cities in terms of environmental, socio-political, climatic and economic conditions. The results support the call of a common green deal at the Mediterranean level to further address specific Mediterranean challenges and related needs. This will allow to capitalise on available resources, generate local-specific knowledge, build capacities, and support Mediterranean regions and cities in preparing the next generation of more ambitious mitigation plans

State of play of local adaptation planning in the Mediterranean Europe

ABSTRACT: European cities across the Mediterranean region face common climatic threats. Urbanised areas are highly vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change, including climate variability and climate extremes. Cities concentrate population and assets, and losses and damages as a result of climate change impacts such as heat waves, droughts, wildfires, landslides, coastal hazards are likely. So far, however, there is no systematic understanding how cities in the Mediterranean Europe are preparing to adapt to these impacts, nor of how they aim to increase their resilience and adaptive capacity. Understanding how cities plan to manage climatic risks will help to identify action gaps, allocate resources and provides better-informed climate policy, at local, regional national and international scale. This research gathered and analysed adaptation planning documents in a representative sample of 73 cities across 9 Mediterranean European countries (France, Italy, Spain, Greece, Portugal, Croatia, Slovenia, Cyprus and Malta) in the context of their national policies. The results and this paper shed important light on the progress of adaptation planning, by focusing on identified impacts and proposed adaptation measures.N/