Signalosomes in the Brain: Relevance in the Development of Certain Neuropathologies Such as Alzheimer's Disease

Emerging data suggest that compartmentalization of signaling molecules into particular membrane compartments, or lipid rafts, may be at the basis of numerous activities related to neuronal preservation against different pathologies. These signaling platforms (signalosomes) are formed by complex lipid and protein that may interact to develop a plethora of different physiological responses upon activation by different extracellular stimuli, thereby contributing to neuroprotection. One of the first studied signalosomes involved in neuroprotection against Alzheimer's disease (AD) is constituted by estrogen receptor (ER), in association with scaffolding caveolin-1 and a voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC). In this complex, ER plays a neuroprotective role partially through the modulation of VDAC activation, a porin involved in amyloid-beta-induced toxicity. Interestingly, ER and VDAC interactions appear to be altered in lipid rafts of AD brains, a phenomenon that may contribute to neuronal impairment. Alterations in lipid components of these subdomains may contribute to destabilization of this macrocomplex. These recent advances in the relevance of signaling platforms related to brain preservation, in particular against AD, are discussed in this work

Identificación de los materiales que forman las distintas piezas de las molduras C-1615 conjunto 23 y C-1925 conjunto 10, utilizadas en el proceso de fabricación de envases de vidrio en la empresa VICESA

Proyecto Final de Graduación (Licenciatura en Ingeniería de los Materiales con enfásis en Procesos Industriales). Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica. Escuela de Ciencia e Ingeniería de los Materiales , 2007.En el presente proyecto se analiza si las características metalúrgicas de los materiales de las molduras C-1615 conjunto 23 y C-1-925 conjunto 10, coinciden con las especificaciones que tiene la empresa VICESA para el proceso de fabricación de envases de vidrio. La razón se debe a que la empresa manda las descripciones de las molduras a la empresa fabricante Perego, pero una vez entregado el producto, sólo se garantiza que funciona para fabricar envases de vidrio. Por ende, se hace una identificación de los materiales y las especificaciones que conforman las distintas piezas de las molduras, que presentan mayor demanda de producción en la empresa, por medio de la selección de una guía de pruebas de caracterización que se pueden realizar en el país, y así corroborar que las especificaciones de los materiales son los adecuados para el proceso de fabricación. Entre los resultados obtenidos para ambas molduras se tiene que las características metalúrgicas de los moldes, bombillos, fondos, obturadores, enfriadores y pistones no coinciden con las especificaciones que tiene la empresa, a diferencia de las coronas. Por lo tanto, la empresa con el estudio, establecerá criterios que le permitan identificar problemas en el proceso de fabricación y sus posibles mejoras, a fin de optimizar la producción del vidrio por parte del Taller de Molduras, contribuyendo a la disminución de desperdicios, reducción de costos y control del mantenimiento

Lipid Rafts and Development of Alzheimer’s Disease

A wealth of evidence accumulated over the last two decades has unambiguously linked lipid rafts to neurodegenerative diseases, in particular to Alzheimer’s disease (AD). These microdomains are highly dynamic membrane platforms with differentiated physicochemical and molecular properties compared to the surrounding membrane microenvironment, and are the locus for a number of central processes in neuronal physiology. Most recent evidence pinpoint to lipid rafts as main players in AD neuropathology. It is now widely accepted that lipid rafts actively participate in the processing of amyloid precursor protein to generate amyloid beta peptides, a main component of amyloid plaques. Current evidence have highlighted the existence of severe alterations in the molecular structure and functionality of lipid rafts in the frontal cortex of human brains affected by Alzheimer’s disease. An exceptionally interesting observation is that lipid raft destabilization can be demonstrated even at the earliest stages of AD neuropathology. In the present review, we will first elaborate on the structure and function of these multifaceted subcellular structures and second to focus on the impact of their alterations in neuronal pathophysiology along the onset and progression of AD continuum

Synthesis of highly stable metal-containing extra-large-pore molecular sieves

[EN] The isomorphic substitution of two different metals (Mg and Co) within the framework of the ITQ-51 zeotype (IFO structure) using bulky aromatic proton sponges as organic structure-directing agents (OSDAs) has allowed the synthesis of different stable metal-containing extra-large-pore zeotypes with high pore accessibility and acidity. These metal-containing extra-large-pore zeolites, named MgITQ-51 and CoITQ-51, have been characterized by different techniques, such as powder X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry, UV-Vis spectroscopy, temperature programmed desorption of ammonia and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, to study their physico-chemical properties. The characterization confirms the preferential insertion of Mg and Co atoms within the crystalline structure of the ITQ-51 zeotype, providing high Bronsted acidity, and allowing their use as efficient heterogeneous acid catalysts in industrially relevant reactions involving bulky organic molecules.Financial support by the Spanish Government-MINECO through 'Severo Ochoa' (SEV 2012-0267), Consolider Ingenio 2010-Multicat and MAT2012-37160 is acknowledged. The European Union is also acknowledged by the SynCatMatch project (ERC-AdG-2014-671093).Martínez Franco, R.; Paris-Carrizo, CG.; Moliner Marin, M.; Corma Canós, A. (2016). Synthesis of highly stable metal-containing extra-large-pore molecular sieves. Philosophical Transactions A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences. 374(2061). https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2015.0075S3742061Jiang, J., Yu, J., & Corma, A. (2010). Extra-Large-Pore Zeolites: Bridging the Gap between Micro and Mesoporous Structures. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 49(18), 3120-3145. doi:10.1002/anie.200904016Moliner, M., Rey, F., & Corma, A. (2013). Towards the Rational Design of Efficient Organic Structure-Directing Agents for Zeolite Synthesis. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 52(52), 13880-13889. doi:10.1002/anie.201304713Davis, M. E. (1997). The Quest For Extra-Large Pore, Crystalline Molecular Sieves. Chemistry - A European Journal, 3(11), 1745-1750. doi:10.1002/chem.19970031104Davis, M. E. (2002). Ordered porous materials for emerging applications. Nature, 417(6891), 813-821. doi:10.1038/nature00785Corma, A. (2003). State of the art and future challenges of zeolites as catalysts. Journal of Catalysis, 216(1-2), 298-312. doi:10.1016/s0021-9517(02)00132-xCorma, A., Díaz-Cabañas, M. J., Jordá, J. L., Martínez, C., & Moliner, M. (2006). High-throughput synthesis and catalytic properties of a molecular sieve with 18- and 10-member rings. Nature, 443(7113), 842-845. doi:10.1038/nature05238Davis, M. E., Saldarriaga, C., Montes, C., Garces, J., & Crowdert, C. (1988). A molecular sieve with eighteen-membered rings. Nature, 331(6158), 698-699. doi:10.1038/331698a0Corma, A., & Davis, M. E. (2004). Issues in the Synthesis of Crystalline Molecular Sieves: Towards the Crystallization of Low Framework-Density Structures. ChemPhysChem, 5(3), 304-313. doi:10.1002/cphc.200300997Martinez-Franco, R., Moliner, M., Yun, Y., Sun, J., Wan, W., Zou, X., & Corma, A. (2013). Synthesis of an extra-large molecular sieve using proton sponges as organic structure-directing agents. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110(10), 3749-3754. doi:10.1073/pnas.1220733110Staab, H. A., & Saupe, T. (1988). ?Proton Sponges? and the Geometry of Hydrogen Bonds: Aromatic Nitrogen Bases with Exceptional Basicities. Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English, 27(7), 865-879. doi:10.1002/anie.198808653Corma, A., Diaz-Cabanas, M. J., Jiang, J., Afeworki, M., Dorset, D. L., Soled, S. L., & Strohmaier, K. G. (2010). Extra-large pore zeolite (ITQ-40) with the lowest framework density containing double four- and double three-rings. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107(32), 13997-14002. doi:10.1073/pnas.1003009107(s. f.). doi:10.1021/jp027447Martínez-Franco, R., Sun, J., Sastre, G., Yun, Y., Zou, X., Moliner, M., & Corma, A. (2014). Supra-molecular assembly of aromatic proton sponges to direct the crystallization of extra-large-pore zeotypes. Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 470(2166), 20140107. doi:10.1098/rspa.2014.0107Man, P. P., Briend, M., Peltre, M. J., Lamy, A., Beaunier, P., & Barthomeuf, D. (1991). A topological model for the silicon incorporation in SAPO-37 molecular sieves: Correlations with acidity and catalysis. Zeolites, 11(6), 563-572. doi:10.1016/s0144-2449(05)80006-5Wilson ST Flanigen EM. 1986 Crystalline metal aluminophosphates . U.S. Patent 4 567 029.Corà, F., Saadoune, I., & Catlow, C. R. A. (2002). Lewis Acidity in Transition-Metal-Doped Microporous Aluminophosphates. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 41(24), 4677-4680. doi:10.1002/anie.200290013Hartmann, M., & Kevan, L. (2002). Substitution of transition metal ions into aluminophosphates and silicoaluminophosphates: characterization and relation to catalysis. Research on Chemical Intermediates, 28(7-9), 625-695. doi:10.1163/15685670260469357Šponer, J., Čejka, J., Dědeček, J., & Wichterlová, B. (2000). Coordination and properties of cobalt in the molecular sieves CoAPO-5 and -11. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 37(1-2), 117-127. doi:10.1016/s1387-1811(99)00258-9Singh, P. S., Shaikh, R. A., Bandyopadhyay, R., & Rao, B. S. (1995). Synthesis of CoVPI-5 with bifunctional catalytic activity. Journal of the Chemical Society, Chemical Communications, (22), 2255. doi:10.1039/c39950002255Jhung, S. H., Jin, T., Kim, Y. H., & Chang, J.-S. (2008). Phase-selective crystallization of cobalt-incorporated aluminophosphate molecular sieves with large pore by microwave irradiation. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 109(1-3), 58-65. doi:10.1016/j.micromeso.2007.04.031Iton, L. E., Choi, I., Desjardins, J. A., & Maroni, V. A. (1989). Stabilization of Co (III) in aluminophosphate molecular sieve frameworks. Zeolites, 9(6), 535-538. doi:10.1016/0144-2449(89)90051-1Frache, A., Gianotti, E., & Marchese, L. (2003). Spectroscopic characterisation of microporous aluminophosphate materials with potential application in environmental catalysis. Catalysis Today, 77(4), 371-384. doi:10.1016/s0920-5861(02)00381-4Yu, T., Wang, J., Shen, M., & Li, W. (2013). NH3-SCR over Cu/SAPO-34 catalysts with various acid contents and low Cu loading. Catalysis Science & Technology, 3(12), 3234. doi:10.1039/c3cy00453hYang, X., Ma, H., Xu, Z., Xu, Y., Tian, Z., & Lin, L. (2007). Hydroisomerization of n-dodecane over Pt/MeAPO-11 (Me=Mg, Mn, Co or Zn) catalysts. Catalysis Communications, 8(8), 1232-1238. doi:10.1016/j.catcom.2006.11.00

Rational direct synthesis methodology of very active and hydrothermally stable Cu-SAPO-34 molecular sieves for the SCR of NOx

A one-pot direct synthesis of Cu-SAPO-34 has been achieved that allows more than 90% yield in the material synthesis. By this method it is easy to control the Cu-loading in the Cu-SAPO-34. It is presented that a maximum in hydrothermal stability with very high activity for NOx SCR with NH3 is obtained for an optimum Cu loading.This work has been supported by Haldor-Topsoe, Consolider Ingenio 2010-Multicat, and UPV through PAID-06-11 (no. 1952). MM acknowledges to "Subprograma Ramon y Cajal" for the contract RYC-2011-08972.Martínez Franco, R.; Moliner Marin, M.; Franch Martí, C.; Kustov, A.; Corma Canós, A. (2012). Rational direct synthesis methodology of very active and hydrothermally stable Cu-SAPO-34 molecular sieves for the SCR of NOx. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental. 127:273-280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2012.08.034S27328012

Direct synthesis of the aluminosilicate form of the small pore CDO zeolite with novel OSDAs and the expanded polymorphs

[EN] A general procedure to synthesize the Al-containing layered CDO precursor (PreCDO) is presented, allowing its preparation under broad Si/Al molar ratios by using novel pyrrole-derived organic molecules as organic structure directing agents (OSDAs). The direct calcination of the PreCDO materials results in crystalline Al-containing small-pore CDO zeolites with controlled Al species in tetrahedral coordination. In contrast, mild acid treatments on the PreCDO materials allow achieving medium-pore interlayer expanded CDO zeolites (IEZ-CDO). These expanded zeolites show high crystallinity, high porosity and controlled Si/Al molar ratios. Finally, preliminary catalytic results indicate that the Al-containing CDO and IEZ-CDO samples show good activity and selectivity for the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NOx, and methanol-to-olefins (MTO) processes, respectively. (C) 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.This work has been supported by the Spanish Government-MINECO through "Severo Ochoa" (SEV 2012-0267) and MAT2015-71261-R programs, and by the Fundacion Ramon Areces through a research project in "Life and Materials Sciences" program. The authors thank Isabel Millet for technical support.Martínez Franco, R.; Paris, C.; Martínez-Triguero, J.; Moliner Marin, M.; Corma Canós, A. (2017). Direct synthesis of the aluminosilicate form of the small pore CDO zeolite with novel OSDAs and the expanded polymorphs. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials. 246:147-157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2017.03.014S14715724

Improving the catalytic performance of SAPO-18 for the methanol-to-olefins (MTO) reaction by controlling the Si distribution and crystal size

[EN] The physico-chemical properties of the small pore SAPO-18 zeotype have been controlled by properly selecting the organic molecules acting as organic structure directing agents (OSDAs). The two organic molecules selected to attempt the synthesis of the SAPO-18 materials were N,N-diisopropylethylamine (DIPEA) and N,N-dimethyl-3,5-dimethylpiperidinium (DMDMP). On the one hand, DIPEA allows small crystal sizes (0.1-0.3 mu m) to be attained with limited silicon distributions when the silicon content in the synthesis gel is high (Si/TO2 similar to 0.8). On the other hand, the use of DMDMP directs the formation of larger crystallites (0.9-1.0 mu m) with excellent silicon distributions, even when the silicon content in the synthesis media is high (Si/TO2 similar to 0.8). It is worth noting that this is the first description of the use of DMDMP as OSDA for the synthesis of the SAPO-18 material, revealing not only the excellent directing role of this OSDA in stabilizing the large cavities present in the SAPO-18 structure, but also its role in selectively placing the silicon atoms in isolated framework positions. The synthesized SAPO-18 materials have been characterized by different techniques, such as powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), N-2 adsorption, solid state NMR, and ammonia temperature programmed desorption (NH3-TPD). Finally, their catalytic activity has been evaluated for the methanol-to-olefin (MTO) process at different reaction temperatures (350 and 400 degrees C), revealing that the SAPO-18 catalysts with optimized silicon distributions and crystal sizes show excellent catalytic properties for the MTO reaction. These optimized SAPO-18 materials present improved catalyst lifetimes compared to standard SAPO-34 and SSZ-39 catalysts, even when tested at low reaction temperatures (i.e. 350 degrees C).Financial support by the Spanish Government-MINECO through “Severo Ochoa” (SEV 2012-0267), MAT2015-71261-R, and CTQ2015-68951-C3-1-R; by the European Union through ERC-AdG-2014-671093 (SynCatMatch); and by the Generalitat Valenciana through the Prometeo program (PROMETEOII/2013/011) is acknowledged.Martínez Franco, R.; Li, Z.; Martínez Triguero, LJ.; Moliner Marin, M.; Corma Canós, A. (2016). Improving the catalytic performance of SAPO-18 for the methanol-to-olefins (MTO) reaction by controlling the Si distribution and crystal size. Catalysis Science and Technology. 6(8):2796-2806. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5CY02298CS2796280668Chen, D., Moljord, K., & Holmen, A. (2012). A methanol to olefins review: Diffusion, coke formation and deactivation on SAPO type catalysts. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 164, 239-250. doi:10.1016/j.micromeso.2012.06.046Tian, P., Wei, Y., Ye, M., & Liu, Z. (2015). Methanol to Olefins (MTO): From Fundamentals to Commercialization. ACS Catalysis, 5(3), 1922-1938. doi:10.1021/acscatal.5b00007Moliner, M., Martínez, C., & Corma, A. (2013). Synthesis Strategies for Preparing Useful Small Pore Zeolites and Zeotypes for Gas Separations and Catalysis. Chemistry of Materials, 26(1), 246-258. doi:10.1021/cm4015095Lok, B. M., Messina, C. A., Patton, R. L., Gajek, R. T., Cannan, T. R., & Flanigen, E. M. (1984). Silicoaluminophosphate molecular sieves: another new class of microporous crystalline inorganic solids. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 106(20), 6092-6093. doi:10.1021/ja00332a063Chen, J. Q., Bozzano, A., Glover, B., Fuglerud, T., & Kvisle, S. (2005). Recent advancements in ethylene and propylene production using the UOP/Hydro MTO process. Catalysis Today, 106(1-4), 103-107. doi:10.1016/j.cattod.2005.07.178Stöcker, M. (1999). Methanol-to-hydrocarbons: catalytic materials and their behavior. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 29(1-2), 3-48. doi:10.1016/s1387-1811(98)00319-9M. Stöcker , Zeolites and Catalysis, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2010, pp. 687–711Hereijgers, B. P. C., Bleken, F., Nilsen, M. H., Svelle, S., Lillerud, K.-P., Bjørgen, M., … Olsbye, U. (2009). Product shape selectivity dominates the Methanol-to-Olefins (MTO) reaction over H-SAPO-34 catalysts. Journal of Catalysis, 264(1), 77-87. doi:10.1016/j.jcat.2009.03.009Song, W., Haw, J. F., Nicholas, J. B., & Heneghan, C. S. (2000). Methylbenzenes Are the Organic Reaction Centers for Methanol-to-Olefin Catalysis on HSAPO-34. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 122(43), 10726-10727. doi:10.1021/ja002195gWilson, S., & Barger, P. (1999). The characteristics of SAPO-34 which influence the conversion of methanol to light olefins. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 29(1-2), 117-126. doi:10.1016/s1387-1811(98)00325-4Dai, W., Wang, X., Wu, G., Guan, N., Hunger, M., & Li, L. (2011). Methanol-to-Olefin Conversion on Silicoaluminophosphate Catalysts: Effect of Brønsted Acid Sites and Framework Structures. ACS Catalysis, 1(4), 292-299. doi:10.1021/cs200016uDeimund, M. A., Schmidt, J. E., & Davis, M. E. (2015). Effect of Pore and Cage Size on the Formation of Aromatic Intermediates During the Methanol-to-Olefins Reaction. Topics in Catalysis, 58(7-9), 416-423. doi:10.1007/s11244-015-0384-yWendelbo, R., Akporiaye, D., Andersen, A., Dahl, I. M., & Mostad, H. B. (1996). Synthesis, characterization and catalytic testing of SAPO-18, MgAPO-18, and ZnAPO-18 in the MTO reaction. Applied Catalysis A: General, 142(2), L197-L207. doi:10.1016/0926-860x(96)00118-4Gayubo, A. G., Aguayo, A. T., Alonso, A., & Bilbao, J. (2007). Kinetic Modeling of the Methanol-to-Olefins Process on a Silicoaluminophosphate (SAPO-18) Catalyst by Considering Deactivation and the Formation of Individual Olefins. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 46(7), 1981-1989. doi:10.1021/ie061278oChen, J., Li, J., Wei, Y., Yuan, C., Li, B., Xu, S., … Liu, Z. (2014). Spatial confinement effects of cage-type SAPO molecular sieves on product distribution and coke formation in methanol-to-olefin reaction. Catalysis Communications, 46, 36-40. doi:10.1016/j.catcom.2013.11.016Álvaro-Muñoz, T., Márquez-Álvarez, C., & Sastre, E. (2015). Mesopore-Modified SAPO-18 with Potential Use as Catalyst for the MTO Reaction. Topics in Catalysis, 59(2-4), 278-291. doi:10.1007/s11244-015-0447-0Chen, J., Wright, P. A., Thomas, J. M., Natarajan, S., Marchese, L., Bradley, S. M., … Gai-Boyes, P. L. (1994). SAPO-18 Catalysts and Their Broensted Acid Sites. The Journal of Physical Chemistry, 98(40), 10216-10224. doi:10.1021/j100091a042Bhawe, Y., Moliner-Marin, M., Lunn, J. D., Liu, Y., Malek, A., & Davis, M. (2012). Effect of Cage Size on the Selective Conversion of Methanol to Light Olefins. ACS Catalysis, 2(12), 2490-2495. doi:10.1021/cs300558xDusselier, M., Deimund, M. A., Schmidt, J. E., & Davis, M. E. (2015). Methanol-to-Olefins Catalysis with Hydrothermally Treated Zeolite SSZ-39. ACS Catalysis, 5(10), 6078-6085. doi:10.1021/acscatal.5b01577Martín, N., Li, Z., Martínez-Triguero, J., Yu, J., Moliner, M., & Corma, A. (2016). Nanocrystalline SSZ-39 zeolite as an efficient catalyst for the methanol-to-olefin (MTO) process. Chemical Communications, 52(36), 6072-6075. doi:10.1039/c5cc09719cChen, J., Thomas, J. M., Wright, P. A., & Townsend, R. P. (1994). Silicoaluminophosphate number eighteen (SAPO-18): a new microporous solid acid catalyst. Catalysis Letters, 28(2-4), 241-248. doi:10.1007/bf00806053Hunger, M., Seiler, M., & Buchholz, A. (2001). Catalysis Letters, 74(1/2), 61-68. doi:10.1023/a:1016687014695Fan, D., Tian, P., Xu, S., Xia, Q., Su, X., Zhang, L., … Liu, Z. (2012). A novel solvothermal approach to synthesize SAPO molecular sieves using organic amines as the solvent and template. Journal of Materials Chemistry, 22(14), 6568. doi:10.1039/c2jm15281aAbdollahi, S., Ghavipour, M., Nazari, M., Behbahani, R. M., & Moradi, G. R. (2015). Effects of static and stirring aging on physiochemical properties of SAPO-18 and its performance in MTO process. Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering, 22, 245-251. doi:10.1016/j.jngse.2014.11.036Yuen, L.-T., Zones, S. I., Harris, T. V., Gallegos, E. J., & Auroux, A. (1994). Product selectivity in methanol to hydrocarbon conversion for isostructural compositions of AFI and CHA molecular sieves. Microporous Materials, 2(2), 105-117. doi:10.1016/0927-6513(93)e0039-jBleken, F., Bjørgen, M., Palumbo, L., Bordiga, S., Svelle, S., Lillerud, K.-P., & Olsbye, U. (2009). The Effect of Acid Strength on the Conversion of Methanol to Olefins Over Acidic Microporous Catalysts with the CHA Topology. Topics in Catalysis, 52(3), 218-228. doi:10.1007/s11244-008-9158-0Wu, L., Degirmenci, V., Magusin, P. C. M. M., Lousberg, N. J. H. G. M., & Hensen, E. J. M. (2013). Mesoporous SSZ-13 zeolite prepared by a dual-template method with improved performance in the methanol-to-olefins reaction. Journal of Catalysis, 298, 27-40. doi:10.1016/j.jcat.2012.10.029Martínez-Franco, R., Moliner, M., & Corma, A. (2014). Direct synthesis design of Cu-SAPO-18, a very efficient catalyst for the SCR of NOx. Journal of Catalysis, 319, 36-43. doi:10.1016/j.jcat.2014.08.005Wagner, P., Nakagawa, Y., Lee, G. S., Davis, M. E., Elomari, S., Medrud, R. C., & Zones, S. I. (2000). Guest/Host Relationships in the Synthesis of the Novel Cage-Based Zeolites SSZ-35, SSZ-36, and SSZ-39. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 122(2), 263-273. doi:10.1021/ja990722uYu, T., Wang, J., Shen, M., & Li, W. (2013). NH3-SCR over Cu/SAPO-34 catalysts with various acid contents and low Cu loading. Catalysis Science & Technology, 3(12), 3234. doi:10.1039/c3cy00453hKatada, N., Nouno, K., Lee, J. K., Shin, J., Hong, S. B., & Niwa, M. (2011). Acidic Properties of Cage-Based, Small-Pore Zeolites with Different Framework Topologies and Their Silicoaluminophosphate Analogues. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 115(45), 22505-22513. doi:10.1021/jp207894nSmith, R. L., Svelle, S., del Campo, P., Fuglerud, T., Arstad, B., Lind, A., … Anderson, M. W. (2015). CHA/AEI intergrowth materials as catalysts for the Methanol-to-Olefins process. Applied Catalysis A: General, 505, 1-7. doi:10.1016/j.apcata.2015.06.027Martín, N., Boruntea, C. R., Moliner, M., & Corma, A. (2015). Efficient synthesis of the Cu-SSZ-39 catalyst for DeNOx applications. Chemical Communications, 51(55), 11030-11033. doi:10.1039/c5cc03200hOpanasenko, M. V., Roth, W. J., & Čejka, J. (2016). Two-dimensional zeolites in catalysis: current status and perspectives. Catalysis Science & Technology, 6(8), 2467-2484. doi:10.1039/c5cy02079dKim, W., & Ryoo, R. (2014). Probing the Catalytic Function of External Acid Sites Located on the MFI Nanosheet for Conversion of Methanol to Hydrocarbons. Catalysis Letters, 144(7), 1164-1169. doi:10.1007/s10562-014-1274-

Efferocytosis promotes suppressive effects on dendritic cells through prostaglandin E2 production in the context of autoimmunity

Introduction: Efferocytosis is a crucial process by which apoptotic cells are cleared by phagocytes, maintaining immune tolerance to self in the absence of inflammation. Peripheral tolerance, lost in autoimmune processes, may be restored by the administration of autologous dendritic cells loaded with islet apoptotic cells in experimental type 1 diabetes. Objective: To evaluate tolerogenic properties in dendritic cells induced by the clearance of apoptotic islet cells, thus explaining the re-establishment of tolerance in a context of autoimmunity. Methods: Bone marrow derived dendritic cells from non-obese diabetic mice, a model of autoimmune diabetes, were generated and pulsed with islet apoptotic cells. The ability of these cells to induce autologous T cell proliferation and to suppress mature dendritic cell function was assessed, together with cytokine production. Microarray experiments were performed using dendritic cells to identify differentially expressed genes after efferocytosis. Results: Molecular and functional changes in dendritic cells after the capture of apoptotic cells were observed. 1) Impaired ability of dendritic cells to stimulate autologous T cell proliferation after the capture of apoptotic cells even after proinflammatory stimuli, with a cytokine profile typical for immature dendritic cells. 2) Suppressive ability of mature dendritic cell function. 3) Microarray-based gene expression profiling of dendritic cells showed differential expression of genes involved in antigen processing and presentation after efferocytosis. 4) Prostaglandin E2 increased production was responsible for immunosuppressive mechanism of dendritic cells after the capture of apoptotic cells. Conclusions: The tolerogenic behaviour of dendritic cells after islet cells efferocytosis points to a mechanism of silencing potential autoreactive T cells in the microenvironment of autoimmunity. Our results suggest that dendritic cells may be programmed to induce specific immune tolerance using apoptotic cells; this is a viable strategy for a variety of autoimmune diseases.This work was supported by grants from the Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias (PS09/00253 and PI12/00195) of the Carlos III Institute of Health, www.isciii.es. RP was supported by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III of the Spanish National Institute of Health (FIS05/00418). MVP is funded by the stabilization program of Miguel Servet biomedical researchers and RMA by the program of research technicians of the Instituto de Salud Carlos III and Direcció d’Estrategia i Coordinacio, Health Dept. of the Catalonian Government. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript

Necesidad de incorporar la violencia económica como causal de divorcio en el Código Civil Peruano

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