Al clero y pueblo de su diócesis / Bernardo, Arzobispo de Zaragoza

CCPB000307533-8Pie de imp. tomado de v. de port.Texto fechado en Zaragoza, 27 de marzo de 1826Signaturizad

¿Existen problemas estructurales irresolubles? Una cuestión abierta

Galileo is the first Western author who pointed out the impossibility of that a similar figure grows indefinitely, by defining the concept of an insuperable size for any structure subject to the mechanical action of self-weight. If such insuperable size exists for a structural problem, such a problem would be unsolvable for greater sizes. The matter has not been answered until date, despite multiple researches along two conflicting lines: firstly, the determination of forms of constant stress whit no limit in size, and secondly, the determination of insuperable sizes for well defined structural problems. Here two related hypotheses are presented which could guide the search for a definitive answer

Relação entre fontes políticas e jornalismo: o caso dos semanários moçambicanos Domingo e Savana

Dissertação de mestrado em Ciências da Comunicação (área de especialização em Informação e Jornalismo)Esta pesquisa aborda as relações de mediação de conflitos, evolução e assimetrias entre as fontes de informação e o jornalismo. Esta abordagem é feita através da perceção das relações que se estabelecem entre as fontes de informação e o jornalismo, mediação de conflitos e evolução na utilização das fontes, a partir da realidade moçambicana. A partir destes pontos chegou-se à questão principal do estudo: ‘Em que medida as assimetrias entre as fontes políticas de informação e o jornalismo são agravadas pelas vicissitudes do processo histórico-político de Moçambique, especialmente no período pósindependência?’ Para responder à pergunta principal, três sub-questões de pesquisa foram levantadas: (i) Como se operam as relações entre as fontes políticas de informação e o jornalismo? (ii) Como é que os dois agentes sociais realizam o processo de mediação dos conflitos de interesses? e, por último, (iii) Como os dois jornais em estudo evoluíram no tratamento das fontes de informação em dois anos: 2005 e 2010? Para obter respostas à questão principal e às suas sub-questões, foram escolhidos, como objecto de estudo, os semanários Domingo, de fundos públicos, e Savana, de capitais privados. Do estudo realizado, chegou-se à conclusão de que as relações entre as fontes de informação e o jornalismo são determinadas pelos processos históricos, políticos e económicos de que as fontes políticas de informação usufruem. É a partir desta perceção que as partes consideram estas relações de ‘colaboração e cooperação’. Os conflitos que surgem neste processo são informalmente resolvidos por falta de instrumentos reguladores da atividade jornalística. Quanto à evolução na utilização das fontes de informação, o estudo argumenta que houve uma significativa evolução na identificação e utilização das fontes políticas de informação, que configuram as linhas editoriais dos dois jornais. Estes fatores são condicionados pelas vicissitudes do processo histórico-político da realidade moçambicana. Por último, a pesquisa recomenda que em próximos estudos tenham em conta outros jornais, para aferir se os fenómenos identificados neste estudo são aplicáveis a outros órgãos de comunicação em Moçambique.This study examines the relationships, mediation of conflicts, evolution and asymmetries between information sources and journalism. This examination is carried out through the perception of relationships that are established between information sources and journalism, conflict mediation, and the evolution in the utilization of sources of information from the Mozambican context. From this standpoint, a key research question has been raised: ‘To what extent is the asymmetries between the political sources of information and journalism are worsened by actions of the historical-political process of Mozambique, especially in the post-independence period?’ To answer the main research question, three research sub-questions have also been raised: (i) How does the relationship between political sources of information and journalism operate? (ii) How do they carry out the mediation of conflicts of interests? and (iii) How have the two weekly papers progressed in the treatment of sources of information? For the purpose of getting answers to the main research question and its sub-questions, two weekly papers have been chosen as subjects of the research: Domingo, from public funds, and Savana, from private funds. From data analysis, this study comes to the conclusion that the relationship between the sources of information and journalism are determined by historical, political and economic processes that the political sources of information enjoy. It is from this perception that the parts consider such relationships as being of ‘collaboration and cooperation’. The problems of conflicts that come up in this process are informally solved, due to the lack of professionalization of journalism and the lack of regulation instruments of journalistic activities. With regard to the utilization of the sources of information, this study contends that there was a significant evolution in the identification of the political sources of information that underlay the editorial leads of the two weekly papers. These factors are contingent on actions of the historical and political process of the Mozambican context. Lastly, this study recommends future research on the subject to take into account other papers to ascertain whether the factors identified in this study are applicable or not to other means of communication in Mozambique

Crecimiento, estado hídrico y supervivencia de plantines de dos arbustos nativos del Desierto del Monte, Mendoza, Argentina, sometidos a diferentes tratamientos de preacondicionamiento

Revegetation in arid zones poses numerous challenges, due particularly to drought, extreme temperatures, high irradiance, and infertile soils, factors which threaten the survival of installed saplings. Nursery techniques to avoid transplant shock focus on manipulating the watering regime so as to favor the acclimation of seedlings to unfavorable field conditions. In order to analyze the suitability of drought preconditioning treatments, analyzed the effects of water stress on sapling growth, water status and survival on two native shrub species of the Monte Desert. It was used a randomized experimental design with one fixed factor, with three levels of water supply: control (T1), moderate stress (T2), and severe stress (T3). Preconditioning treatments had a detrimental effect on the growth of saplings of both species, as it was clearly shown in the reduction of leaf area, sapling height, stem diameter, and biomass. Shoot-to-root ratio decreased significantly under T3 in both species, and they showed highly negative water potentials and low stomatal conductance under this treatment. Sapling survival decreased only under T3. Moderate water stress seems more suitable for preconditioning this species since it reduces growth, leaf area and leaf conductance without seedling mortality and maintaining a good growth rate.La revegetación de zonas áridas presenta numerosos desafíos, debido a las condiciones de sequía, temperaturas extremas, elevada irradiación y baja fertilidad de los suelos. Las técnicas de vivero que evitan el shock del trasplante se enfocan en manipular el riego para favorecer la aclimatación de los plantines a las condiciones desfavorables del campo. Para evaluar la utilidad del preacondicionamiento, se analizó los efectos del estrés hídrico en el crecimiento, estado hídrico y sobrevivencia de plantines de dos especies arbustivas nativas del Desierto del Monte. Se utilizó un diseño experimental al azar con un factor fijo, con tres niveles de riego: control (T1), estrés moderado (T2) y estrés severo (T3). Los tratamientos de preacondicionamiento tuvieron un efecto negativo en el crecimiento de los plantines, lo que se evidenció por la reducción del área foliar, altura, diámetro del tallo y biomasa. La relación vástago/raíz disminuyó bajo T3 en ambas especies, y presentaron potenciales hídricos y conductancias estomáticas menores a las plantas con mayor disponibilidad hídrica. La supervivencia disminuyó solamente bajo T3. El estrés hídrico moderado parece más adecuado para preacondicionar estas especies ya que reduce su crecimiento, área foliar y conductancia foliar sin que haya mortandad de plantines, manteniendo buenas tasas de crecimiento.Fil: Fernández, María Emilia. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias AgrariasFil: Passera, Carlos Bernardo. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias AgrariasFil: Cony, Mariano Anibal. Instituto Argentino de Investigaciones de las Zonas Áridas <IADIZA

Temperaturas de germinación y dormición de semillas de dos especies de Larrea (Zygophyllaceae) del desierto del Monte, Argentina

The genus Larrea includes five species of desert shrubs distributed along the American Continent. These species produce dormant mature seeds, but the type of dormancy and the factors that produce it have been poorly assessed. The objective of this work was to determine the optimum germination temperatures of L. cuneifolia and L. nitida, to analyze the response to pre-germination treatments, and to evaluate the type of seed dormancy these species have. Seeds were incubated at five constant tempera¬tures and were subjected to mechanical scarification and rinsed with running water to break dormancy. Seed coat permeability and the presence of water-soluble germi¬nation inhibitors were also assessed. The optimum germination temperature range was between 15-40ºC for both species. A positive response to all pre-germination treatments was observed in L. cuneifolia (37-47%), while L. nitida showed higher germination percentage only with mechanical scarification (73%). Both species presented water-permeable seed coats, ruling out the occurrence of a physical dormancy. The inhibitory test of seed-coat extracts was positive for L. cuneifolia, suggesting the possible presence of a chemical dormancy. These results are valuable for conservation purposes and directly contribute to improving production of seedlings required for restoration projects.El género Larrea incluye cinco especies de arbustos desérticos distribuidos a lo largo del Continente Americano. Estas especies producen semillas en estado de dormición, pero el tipo de latencia y los factores que la producen han sido poco estudiados. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar las temperaturas óptimas de germinación de dos especies de Larrea, analizar la respuesta a los tratamientos pre-germinativos y evaluar el tipo de dormición de las semillas. Las mismas se incubaron a cinco temperaturas, se sometieron a escarificación mecánica y se lavaron con agua corriente para romper dormición. También se evaluó permeabilidad de coberturas seminales y presencia de inhibidores de la germinación solubles en agua. El rango óptimo de temperaturas estuvo entre 15-40ºC para ambas especies. Se observó una respuesta positiva a todos los tratamientos pre-germinativos en L. cuneifolia (37-47%), mientras que L. nitida mostró un mayor porcentaje de germinación solo con escarificación (73%). Ambas especies presentan semillas permeables al agua, lo que descartó la existencia de una dormición física. El test de inhibidores fue positivo para L. cuneifolia, sugiriendo la presencia de una dormición química. Estos resultados son valiosos para la conservación y contribuyen a mejorar la producción de plantines en proyectos de restauración

Germination temperatures and seed dormancy of two Larrea species (Zygophyllaceae) from the Monte Desert, Argentina

El género Larrea incluye cinco especies de arbustos desérticos distribuidos a lo largo del Continente Americano. Estas especies producen semillas en estado de dormición, pero el tipo de latencia y los factores que la producen han sido poco estudiados. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar las temperaturas óptimas de germinación de dos especies de Larrea, analizar la respuesta a los tratamientos pre-germinativos y evaluar el tipo de dormición de las semillas. Las mismas se incubaron a cinco temperaturas, se sometieron a escarificación mecánica y se lavaron con agua corriente para romper dormición. También se evaluó permeabilidad de coberturas seminales y presencia de inhibidores de la germinación solubles en agua. El rango óptimo de temperaturas estuvo entre 15-40°C para ambas especies. Se observó una respuesta positiva a todos los tratamientos pre-germinativos en L. cuneifolia (37-47%), mientras que L. nitida mostró un mayor porcentaje de germinación solo con escarificación (73%). Ambas especies presentan semillas permeables al agua, lo que descartó la existencia de una dormición física. El test de inhibidores fue positivo para L. cuneifolia, sugiriendo la presencia de una dormición química. Estos resultados son valiosos para la conservación y contribuyen a mejorar la producción de plantines en proyectos de restauración.The genus Larrea includes five species of desert shrubs distributed along the American Continent. These species produce dormant mature seeds, but the type of dormancy and the factors that produce it have been poorly assessed. The objective of this work was to determine the optimum germination temperatures of L. cuneifolia and L. nitida, to analyze the response to pre-germination treatments, and to evaluate the type of seed dormancy these species have. Seeds were incubated at five constant temperatures and were subjected to mechanical scarification and rinsed with running water to break dormancy. Seed coat permeability and the presence of water-soluble germination inhibitors were also assessed. The optimum germination temperature range was between 15-40°C for both species. A positive response to all pre-germination treatments was observed in L. cuneifolia (37-47%), while L. nitida showed higher germination percentage only with mechanical scarification (73%). Both species presented waterpermeable seed coats, ruling out the occurrence of a physical dormancy. The inhibitory test of seed-coat extracts was positive for L. cuneifolia, suggesting the possible presence of a chemical dormancy. These results are valuable for conservation purposes and directly contribute to improving production of seedlings required for restoration projects.Fil: Fernández, María Emilia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Investigaciones de las Zonas Áridas. Provincia de Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Investigaciones de las Zonas Áridas. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Instituto Argentino de Investigaciones de las Zonas Áridas; ArgentinaFil: Cony, Mariano Anibal. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Investigaciones de las Zonas Áridas. Provincia de Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Investigaciones de las Zonas Áridas. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Instituto Argentino de Investigaciones de las Zonas Áridas; ArgentinaFil: Passera, Carlos Bernardo. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas. Cátedra de Fisiología Vegetal; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza; Argentin

Compact Combline Filter Embedded in a Bed of Nails

[EN] In this paper, we propose a compact topology for high-frequency bandpass filters using coaxial cavities embedded in a bed of nails, including a complete design procedure combining equivalent circuit models and full-wave simulators. The resonance generated around a shortened cylindrical nail of the bed hosting structure is used as the basic element of the proposed filter, which is fed through groove gap waveguides. For design purposes, an equivalent circuit model of the considered resonance is first obtained, and then the coupling levels between resonators are recovered with the distance between adjacent shortened nails. In order to validate the proposed structure and its design procedure, a filter prototype with a bandpass response (centered at 30 GHz and with relative bandwidth of 1.7%) has been designed, manufactured, and measured. Good experimental results, in terms of insertion losses (with a minimum value of 1.6 dB) and return losses (greater than 16.6 dB in the whole passband), have been achieved.This work was supported in part by the Spanish Government, Ministry of Economy, National Program of Research, Development and Innovation through the project SATCOM-KA "New antennas for mobile satellite communications in Ka-band" under Project TEC2016-79700-C2-1-R and in part by the "Demostradores tecnologicos de filtros y multiplexores con respuestas selectivas y sintonizables en nuevas guias compactas para aplicaciones espaciales" under Project TEC2016-75934-C4-1-R.Baquero Escudero, M.; Valero-Nogueira, A.; Ferrando-Rocher, M.; Bernardo Clemente, B.; Boria Esbert, VE. (2019). Compact Combline Filter Embedded in a Bed of Nails. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques. 67(4):1461-1471. https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2019.2895576S1461147167

Heteroenxerto de quelóide na bolsa jugal do hamster (Mesocricetus auratus)

PURPOSE: To study the integration of keloid heterograft in hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) cheek pouch. METHODS: The sample is formed by 18 male hamsters, heterogenic ones, aged between 10 and 14 weeks. Keloid fragments were obtained from keloid scars of the breast region of adult female mulatto patient. Each hamster received keloid fragments into both of its pouches, in a total of 36 grafted fragments. Animals were distributed into 6 groups for having their grafts assessed in the days 5, 12, 21, 42, 84, and 168. A macroscopic assessment is performed by comparing the pouch containing the grafted fragment, at each time point, with the same pouch in the immediate post surgical moment through a comparison of standardized photographs. Under microscope, the presence of blood vases is considered within the conjunctive tissue of the grafted fragment, as a criterion of its integration. Other events, as keratin secretion, the presence of cellular infiltrated, epithelium and keloid collagen fibers aspects are also analyzed. RESULTS: Macroscopy reveals intensive vascularization of the pouch up to 12 days from the transplantation and the presence of constant dark brown pigmentation on the grafted keloid fragments. In microscopy, the integration of keloid fragments is considered by the presence of blood capillary vases within conjunctive tissue. The presence of intensive cellular inflammatory type infiltrated up to 12 days is also observed, as well as the remaining of keloid epithelium up to 21 days, and the appearing of melanocytes from the day 42. CONCLUSION: Hamster cheek pouch represents, a priori, an experimental model for the investigation of keloid.OBJETIVO: Investigar a integração do transplante heterólogo de quelóide na bolsa jugal do hamster (Mesocricetus auratus). MÉTODOS: A amostragem consiste de 18 hamsters machos, heterogênicos, com 10 a 14 semanas de idade. Fragmentos de quelóide foram obtidos de cicatrizes queloidianas da região mamária de paciente adulta parda. Cada hamster foi enxertado em ambas as bolsas com fragmentos de quelóide, totalizando 36 fragmentos enxertados. Os animais foram distribuídos em 6 grupos para exame dos fragmentos enxertados, com 5, 12, 21, 42, 84 e 168 dias. Uma avaliação macroscópica é realizada comparando a bolsa contendo o fragmento enxertado em cada período com a mesma bolsa no pós-operatório imediato, mediante a comparação de fotografias padronizadas. À microscopia, considera-se a presença de vasos sangüíneos no tecido conjuntivo do fragmento enxertado como critério de integração do mesmo. Outros eventos, como secreção de queratina, presença de infiltrados celulares e aspecto do epitélio e das fibras colágenas do quelóide, também são observados. RESULTADOS: A macroscopia revela intensa vascularização na bolsa até 12 dias de enxertia, e a presença constante de pigmentação castanho-escura nos fragmentos de quelóide enxertados. Na microscopia constata-se a integração dos fragmentos de quelóide pela presença de capilares sangüíneos no tecido conjuntivo. Observa-se, também, a presença de intenso infiltrado celular do tipo inflamatório até 12 dias, a permanência do epitélio do quelóide até 21 dias, e o aparecimento de melanócitos a partir de 42 dias. CONCLUSÃO: A bolsa jugal do hamster representa, a priori, modelo experimental para investigação do quelóide.UNIFESP-EPM Post-Graduation ProgramUNIFESP-EPM Department of SurgerySão Paulo University (USP) Immunology DepartmentUNIFESP-EPM Department of Veterinary Medicine and ZootechnologyUNIFESP-EPM Post-Graduation Program of Plastic SurgeryUNIFESP, EPM, Post-Graduation ProgramUNIFESP, EPM Department of SurgeryUNIFESP, EPM Department of Veterinary Medicine and ZootechnologyUNIFESP, EPM Post-Graduation Program of Plastic SurgerySciEL

A blaVIM-2 Plasmid Disseminating in Extensively Drug-Resistant Clinical Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Serratia marcescens Isolates

Infections caused by carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae isolates are an issue of major global concern (1). Genes coding for metallo-β-lactamases (MβLs) identified in clinical isolates are associated with mobile elements and subject to horizontal genetic transfer (HGT) events (2–6). VIM-2 is present on numerous plasmids, but only pNOR-2000 from Pseudomonas aeruginosa COL-1 from France (7, 8) and pLD209 from Pseudomonas putida LD209 from Argentina (9) have been completely sequenced. Here, we report the complete sequence and characterization of plasmid pDCPR1 harboring a blaVIM-2 gene cassette in a Tn402-type class 1 integron, which was isolated from two extensively drug-resistant strains: P. aeruginosa 802 (from a burn patient at the Hospital Municipal de Quemados, Argentina, 2005) and S. marcescens 68313 (Sanatorio Sagrado Corazón, Argentina, 2012).Fil: Vilacoba, Elisabet. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica; ArgentinaFil: Quiroga, Cecilia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica; ArgentinaFil: Pistorio, Mariano. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular; ArgentinaFil: Famiglietti, Angela María Rosa. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Hospital de Clínicas General San Martín; ArgentinaFil: Rodriguez, Hernan Bernardo. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Hospital de Clínicas General San Martín; ArgentinaFil: Kovensky, Jaime. Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires. Hospital Municipal de Quemados; ArgentinaFil: Deraspe, Maxime. Université du Québec a Montreal; Canadá. Laval University; CanadáFil: Raymond, Frédéric. Université du Québec a Montreal; Canadá. Laval University; CanadáFil: Roy, Paul H.. Université du Québec a Montreal; Canadá. Laval University; CanadáFil: Centron, Daniela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica; Argentin

Water Uptake and Germination of Caper (Capparis spinosa L.) Seeds

[EN] Caper is a perennial deciduous sub-shrub that grows in almost all circum-Mediterranean countries. The specialized literature presents three possible dormancy types that can cause low germination of caper seeds: Physiological dormancy (PD), physical dormancy (PY), and combinational dormancy (PY + PD). We conducted three experiments to analyze the imbibition, viability, and germination of seeds of different ages, provenances, and the level of deterioration of the seed cover. None of the commercialized lots of standard seeds tested exceeded 6% germination, nor 35% viability, while the owned seeds reached 90% in both parameters, indicating that all viable seeds germinated. The seed moisture content along the soaking period followed the first two phases of the typical triphasic model of water uptake in seed germination: The imbibition and lag phases (phase I and II of germination, respectively). Seed hydration began through the hilar region. The fact that all viable owned seeds germinated, together with their moisture content being lower than that of standard seeds, indicated that caper seeds do not have a water-impermeable coat sensu stricto, i.e., they do not show PY; nevertheless, the need to use gibberellic acid to obtain high germination percentages, demonstrated the presence of PD.Foschi, ML.; Juan Ferrer, M.; Pascual España, B.; Pascual-Seva, N. (2020). Water Uptake and Germination of Caper (Capparis spinosa L.) Seeds. Agronomy. 10(6):1-14. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10060838S114106Sonmezdag, A. S., Kelebek, H., & Selli, S. (2019). Characterization of Aroma‐Active Compounds, Phenolics, and Antioxidant Properties in Fresh and Fermented Capers ( Capparis spinosa ) by GC‐MS‐Olfactometry and LC‐DAD‐ESI‐MS/MS. Journal of Food Science, 84(9), 2449-2457. doi:10.1111/1750-3841.14777Wojdyło, A., Nowicka, P., Grimalt, M., Legua, P., Almansa, M. S., Amorós, A., … Hernández, F. (2019). Polyphenol Compounds and Biological Activity of Caper (Capparis spinosa L.) Flowers Buds. Plants, 8(12), 539. doi:10.3390/plants8120539Yahia, Y., Benabderrahim, M. A., Tlili, N., Hannachi, H., Ayadi, L., & Elfalleh, W. (2020). Comparison of Three Extraction Protocols for the Characterization of Caper (Capparis spinosa L.) Leaf Extracts: Evaluation of Phenolic Acids and Flavonoids by Liquid Chromatography – Electrospray Ionization – Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC–ESI–MS) and the Antioxidant Activity. Analytical Letters, 53(9), 1366-1377. doi:10.1080/00032719.2019.1706546Ziadi, M., Bouzaiene, T., Lakhal, S., Zaafouri, K., Massoudi, S., Dousset, X., & Hamdi, M. (2019). Screening of lactic starter from Tunisian fermented vegetables and application for the improvement of caper (Capparis spinosa) fermentation through an experimental factorial design. Annals of Microbiology, 69(13), 1373-1385. doi:10.1007/s13213-019-01519-xBenachour, H., Ramdani, M., Lograda, T., Chalard, P., & Figueredo, G. (2019). Chemical composition and antibacterial activities of Capparis spinosa essential oils from Algeria. Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity, 21(1). doi:10.13057/biodiv/d210121Bagherifard, A., Hamidoghli, Y., Biglouei, M. H., & Ghaedi, M. (2020). Effects of drought stress and superabsorbent polymer on morpho-physiological and biochemical traits of Caper (Capparis spinosa L.). Australian Journal of Crop Science, (14(01) 2020), 13-20. doi:10.21475/ajcs.20.14.01.p1418Orphanos, P. I. (1983). Germination of caper (Capparis spinosaL.) seeds. Journal of Horticultural Science, 58(2), 267-270. doi:10.1080/00221589.1983.11515119Sozzi, G. O., & Chiesa, A. (1995). Improvement of caper (Capparis spinosa L.) seed germination by breaking seed coat-induced dormancy. Scientia Horticulturae, 62(4), 255-261. doi:10.1016/0304-4238(95)00779-s. Z. Ö., . Z. Y., & . A. Ö. Ü. (2004). Effects of H2SO4, KNO3 and GA3 Treatments on Germination of Caper (Capparis ovata Desf.) Seeds. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, 7(6), 879-882. doi:10.3923/pjbs.2004.879.882Pascual, B., San Bautista, A., Imbernón, A., López-Galarza, S., Alagarda, J., & Maroto, J. V. (2004). Seed treatments for improved germination of caper (Capparis spinosa). Seed Science and Technology, 32(2), 637-642. doi:10.15258/sst.2004.32.2.33Pascual, B., San Bautista, A., Pascual Seva, N., García Molina, R., López-Galarza, S., & Maroto, J. V. (2009). Effects of soaking period and gibberellic acid addition on caper seed germination. Seed Science and Technology, 37(1), 33-41. doi:10.15258/sst.2009.37.1.05Pascual-Seva, N., San Bautista, A., López-Galarza, S., Maroto, J. V., & Pascual, B. (2011). EFFECT OF ACCELERATED AGEING ON GERMINATION IN CAPER (CAPPARIS SPINOSA L.) SEEDS. Acta Horticulturae, (898), 69-74. doi:10.17660/actahortic.2011.898.7Juan, M., Pascual-Seva, N., Iranzo, D., & Pascual, B. (2020). Improvement of seed germination of caper (Capparis spinosa L.) through magnetic fields. Acta Horticulturae, (1273), 433-440. doi:10.17660/actahortic.2020.1273.56Baskin, J. M., & Baskin, C. C. (2004). A classification system for seed dormancy. Seed Science Research, 14(1), 1-16. doi:10.1079/ssr2003150Baskin, J. M., Baskin, C. C., & Li, X. (2000). Taxonomy, anatomy and evolution of physical dormancy in seeds. Plant Species Biology, 15(2), 139-152. doi:10.1046/j.1442-1984.2000.00034.xOrozco-Segovia, A., Marquez-Guzman, J., Sanchez-Coronado, M. E., Gamboa de Buen, A., Baskin, J. M., & Baskin, C. C. (2006). Seed Anatomy and Water Uptake in Relation to Seed Dormancy in Opuntia tomentosa (Cactaceae, Opuntioideae). Annals of Botany, 99(4), 581-592. doi:10.1093/aob/mcm001Bahrani, M. J., Ramazani Gask, M., Shekafandeh, A., & Taghvaei, M. (2008). Seed germination of wild caper (Capparis spinosa L., var. parviflora) as affected by dormancy breaking treatments and salinity levels. Seed Science and Technology, 36(3), 776-780. doi:10.15258/sst.2008.36.3.27Torres, M., & Frutos, G. 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