Expedition 357 Preliminary Report: Atlantis Massif Serpentinization and Life

International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) Expedition 357 successfully cored an east–west transect across the southern wall of Atlantis Massif on the western flank of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge to study the links between serpentinization processes and microbial activity in the shallow subsurface of highly altered ultramafic and mafic sequences that have been uplifted to the seafloor along a major detachment fault zone. The primary goals of this expedition were to (1) examine the role of serpentinization in driving hydrothermal systems, sustaining microbial communities, and sequestering carbon; (2) characterize the tectonomagmatic processes that lead to lithospheric heterogeneities and detachment faulting; and (3) assess how abiotic and biotic processes change with variations in rock type and progressive exposure on the seafloor. To accomplish these objectives, we developed a coring and sampling strategy based around the use of seabed rock drills—the first time that such systems have been used in the scientific ocean drilling programs. This technology was chosen in hopes of achieving high recovery of the carbonate cap sequences and intact contact and deformation relationships. The expedition plans also included several engineering developments to assess geochemical parameters during drilling; sample bottom water before and after drilling; supply synthetic tracers during drilling for contamination assessment; gather downhole electrical resistivity and magnetic susceptibility logs for assessing fractures, fluid flow, and extent of serpentinization; and seal boreholes to provide opportunities for future experiments. Seventeen holes were drilled at nine sites across Atlantis Massif, with two sites on the eastern end of the southern wall (Sites M0068 and M0075), three sites in the central section of the southern wall north of the Lost City hydrothermal field (Sites M0069, M0072, and M0076), two sites on the western end (Sites M0071 and M0073), and two sites north of the southern wall in the direction of the central dome of the massif and Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Site U1309 (Sites M0070 and M0074). Use of seabed rock drills enabled collection of more than 57 m of core, with borehole penetration ranging from 1.3 to 16.44 meters below seafloor and core recoveries as high as 75% of total penetration. This high level of recovery of shallow mantle sequences is unprecedented in the history of ocean drilling. The cores recovered along the southern wall of Atlantis Massif have highly heterogeneous lithologies, types of alteration, and degrees of deformation. The ultramafic rocks are dominated by harzburgites with intervals of dunite and minor pyroxenite veins, as well as gabbroic rocks occurring as melt impregnations and veins, all of which provide information about early magmatic processes and the magmatic evolution in the southernmost portion of Atlantis Massif. Dolerite dikes and basaltic rocks represent the latest stage of magmatic activity. Overall, the ultramafic rocks recovered during Expedition 357 revealed a high degree of serpentinization, as well as metasomatic talc-amphibole-chlorite overprinting and local rodingitization. Metasomatism postdates an early phase of serpentinization but predates late-stage intrusion and alteration of dolerite dikes and the extrusion of basalt. The intensity of alteration is generally lower in the gabbroic and doleritic rocks. Chilled margins in dolerite intruded into talc-amphibole-chlorite schists are observed at the most eastern Site M0075. Deformation in Expedition 357 cores is variable and dominated by brecciation and formation of localized shear zones; the degree of carbonate veining was lower than anticipated. All types of variably altered and deformed ultramafic and mafic rocks occur as components in sedimentary breccias and as fault scarp rubble. The sedimentary cap rocks include basaltic breccias with a carbonate sand matrix and/or fossiliferous carbonate. Fresh glass on basaltic components was observed in some of the breccias. The expedition also successfully applied new technologies, namely (1) extensively using an in situ sensor package and water sampling system on the seabed drills for evaluating real-time dissolved oxygen and methane, pH, oxidation-reduction potential, temperature, and conductivity during drilling; (2) deploying a borehole plug system for sealing seabed drill boreholes at four sites to allow access for future sampling; and (3) proving that tracers can be delivered into drilling fluids when using seabed drills. The rock drill sensor packages and water sampling enabled detection of elevated dissolved methane and hydrogen concentrations during and/or after drilling, with “hot spots” of hydrogen observed over Sites M0068–M0072 and methane over Sites M0070–M0072. Shipboard determination of contamination tracer delivery confirmed appropriate sample handling procedures for microbiological and geochemical analyses, which will aid all subsequent microbiological investigations that are part of the science party sampling plans, as well as verify this new tracer delivery technology for seabed drill rigs. Shipboard investigation of biomass density in select samples revealed relatively low and variable cell densities, and enrichment experiments set up shipboard reveal growth. Thus, we anticipate achieving many of the deep biosphere–related objectives of the expedition through continued scientific investigation in the coming years. Finally, although not an objective of the expedition, we were serendipitously able to generate a high-resolution (20 m per pixel) multibeam bathymetry map across the entire Atlantis Massif and the nearby fracture zone, Mid-Atlantic Ridge, and eastern conjugate, taking advantage of weather and operational downtime. This will assist science party members in evaluating and interpreting tectonic and mass-wasting processes at Atlantis Massif

Les processus biogéochimiques impliqués dans la mobilité de l'arsenic : recherche de bioindicateurs

Bacteria can play a major role in the environmental mobility of arsenic (As). The aim of this study was to identify key bacterial players involved in the biotransformation of As and to use them as bioindicators or predictive tools of As behaviour in polluted sites. Novel molecular tools were developed based on the aoxB gene which encodes the catalytic subunit of AsIII-oxidase, and validated for use in the qualitative and quantitative analysis of the AsIII-oxidizing bacterial community. The aoxB gene was exclusively detected in all tested AsIII-oxidizing bacteria and AoxB and 16S rRNA gene phylogenies were broadly coherent, demonstrating the usefulness of the aoxB gene as a powerful functional marker. The application of DGGE and real-time PCR on aoxB genes allowed the rapid and sensitive evaluation of changes in the AsIII-oxidizing community as a function of As speciation and pollution level in surface and groundwaters. AsIII-oxidizers and AsV-reducers were found to coexist in tested soils. The crucial role of indirectly As-mobilizing bacteria was also revealed. Indigenous microflorae affected the speciation and mobility of As inherent within the environmental matrix and/or adsorbed on iron oxy-hydroxydes, according to redox conditions. The relevance of the use of aoxB and arrA genes, as functional markers of AsIII-oxidizers and AsV-reducers, respectively, to evaluate potential As transformation was demonstrated. The detection of these bacterial communities using molecular tools was shown to have great promise in the prediction of As mobility in the environment.Les bactéries jouent un rôle majeur dans la mobilité de l'arsenic (As) dans l'environnement. L'objectif de cette thèse était d'identifier les acteurs bactériens clés de la biotransformation de l'As pouvant être utilisés comme bioindicateurs du devenir de l'As dans les sites pollués. De nouveaux outils moléculaires ont été développés sur les gènes aoxB, codant la sous-unité catalytique de l'AsIII-oxydase, et validés pour analyser qualitativement et quantitativement les communautés AsIII-oxydantes. La pertinence de l'usage de ce gène comme marqueur fonctionnel a été démontrée par sa détection exclusive chez toutes les bactéries AsIII-oxydantes testées et une phylogénie AoxB cohérente et similaire à celle de l'ARNr 16S. Les approches de DGGE et de PCR en temps réel appliquées aux gènes aoxB ont permis d'évaluer rapidement et sensiblement les variations de communautés AsIII-oxydantes associées à différentes teneurs et spéciations d'As dans des eaux. La coexistence de diverses bactéries AsIII-oxydantes et AsV-réductrices a également été démontrée dans des sols industriels et agricoles. La microflore indigène est ainsi capable d'influencer la spéciation/mobilité de l'As initialement présent et/ou adsorbé sur des oxy-hydroxydes de fer selon les conditions redox du milieu. L'usage des gènes fonctionnels aoxB et arrA, marqueurs des bactéries AsIII-oxydantes et respirant l'AsV, est pertinent pour évaluer les transformations potentielles de l'As. L'effet de bactéries agissant indirectement sur la mobilité de l'As a également été révélé. La détection de ces activités bactériennes à l'aide d'outils moléculaires est prometteuse pour évaluer la mobilité de l'As dans un écosystème donné

Biogeochemical processes involved in arsenic mobility : research of bioindicators

Les bactéries jouent un rôle majeur dans la mobilité de l’arsenic (As) dans l’environnement. L’objectif de cette thèse était d’identifier les acteurs bactériens clés de la biotransformation de l’As pouvant être utilisés comme bioindicateurs du devenir de l’As dans les sites pollués. De nouveaux outils moléculaires ont été développés sur les gènes aoxB, codant la sous-unité catalytique de l’AsIII-oxydase, et validés pour analyser qualitativement et quantitativement les communautés AsIII-oxydantes. La pertinence de l’usage de ce gène comme marqueur fonctionnel a été démontrée par sa détection exclusive chez toutes les bactéries AsIII-oxydantes testées et une phylogénie AoxB cohérente et similaire à celle de l’ARNr 16S. Les approches de DGGE et de PCR en temps réel appliquées aux gènes aoxB ont permis d’évaluer rapidement et sensiblement les variations de communautés AsIII-oxydantes associées à différentes teneurs et spéciations d’As dans des eaux. La coexistence de diverses bactéries AsIII-oxydantes et AsV-réductrices a également été démontrée dans des sols industriels et agricoles. La microflore indigène est ainsi capable d’influencer la spéciation/mobilité de l’As initialement présent et/ou adsorbé sur des oxy-hydroxydes de fer selon les conditions redox du milieu. L’usage des gènes fonctionnels aoxB et arrA, marqueurs des bactéries AsIII-oxydantes et respirant l’AsV, est pertinent pour évaluer les transformations potentielles de l’As. L’effet de bactéries agissant indirectement sur la mobilité de l’As a également été révélé. La détection de ces activités bactériennes à l’aide d’outils moléculaires est prometteuse pour évaluer la mobilité de l’As dans un écosystème donné.Bacteria can play a major role in the environmental mobility of arsenic (As). The aim of this study was to identify key bacterial players involved in the biotransformation of As and to use them as bioindicators or predictive tools of As behaviour in polluted sites. Novel molecular tools were developed based on the aoxB gene which encodes the catalytic subunit of AsIII-oxidase, and validated for use in the qualitative and quantitative analysis of the AsIII-oxidizing bacterial community. The aoxB gene was exclusively detected in all tested AsIII-oxidizing bacteria and AoxB and 16S rRNA gene phylogenies were broadly coherent, demonstrating the usefulness of the aoxB gene as a powerful functional marker. The application of DGGE and real-time PCR on aoxB genes allowed the rapid and sensitive evaluation of changes in the AsIII-oxidizing community as a function of As speciation and pollution level in surface and groundwaters. AsIII-oxidizers and AsV-reducers were found to coexist in tested soils. The crucial role of indirectly As-mobilizing bacteria was also revealed. Indigenous microflorae affected the speciation and mobility of As inherent within the environmental matrix and/or adsorbed on iron oxy-hydroxydes, according to redox conditions. The relevance of the use of aoxB and arrA genes, as functional markers of AsIII-oxidizers and AsV-reducers, respectively, to evaluate potential As transformation was demonstrated. The detection of these bacterial communities using molecular tools was shown to have great promise in the prediction of As mobility in the environment

Les processus biogéochimiques impliqués dans la mobilité de l'arsenic (recherche de bioindicateurs)

Les bactéries jouent un rôle majeur dans la mobilité de l arsenic (As) dans l environnement. L objectif de cette thèse était d identifier les acteurs bactériens clés de la biotransformation de l As pouvant être utilisés comme bioindicateurs du devenir de l As dans les sites pollués. De nouveaux outils moléculaires ont été développés sur les gènes aoxB, codant la sous-unité catalytique de l AsIII-oxydase, et validés pour analyser qualitativement et quantitativement les communautés AsIII-oxydantes. La pertinence de l usage de ce gène comme marqueur fonctionnel a été démontrée par sa détection exclusive chez toutes les bactéries AsIII-oxydantes testées et une phylogénie AoxB cohérente et similaire à celle de l ARNr 16S. Les approches de DGGE et de PCR en temps réel appliquées aux gènes aoxB ont permis d évaluer rapidement et sensiblement les variations de communautés AsIII-oxydantes associées à différentes teneurs et spéciations d As dans des eaux. La coexistence de diverses bactéries AsIII-oxydantes et AsV-réductrices a également été démontrée dans des sols industriels et agricoles. La microflore indigène est ainsi capable d influencer la spéciation/mobilité de l As initialement présent et/ou adsorbé sur des oxy-hydroxydes de fer selon les conditions redox du milieu. L usage des gènes fonctionnels aoxB et arrA, marqueurs des bactéries AsIII-oxydantes et respirant l AsV, est pertinent pour évaluer les transformations potentielles de l As. L effet de bactéries agissant indirectement sur la mobilité de l As a également été révélé. La détection de ces activités bactériennes à l aide d outils moléculaires est prometteuse pour évaluer la mobilité de l As dans un écosystème donné.Bacteria can play a major role in the environmental mobility of arsenic (As). The aim of this study was to identify key bacterial players involved in the biotransformation of As and to use them as bioindicators or predictive tools of As behaviour in polluted sites. Novel molecular tools were developed based on the aoxB gene which encodes the catalytic subunit of AsIII-oxidase, and validated for use in the qualitative and quantitative analysis of the AsIII-oxidizing bacterial community. The aoxB gene was exclusively detected in all tested AsIII-oxidizing bacteria and AoxB and 16S rRNA gene phylogenies were broadly coherent, demonstrating the usefulness of the aoxB gene as a powerful functional marker. The application of DGGE and real-time PCR on aoxB genes allowed the rapid and sensitive evaluation of changes in the AsIII-oxidizing community as a function of As speciation and pollution level in surface and groundwaters. AsIII-oxidizers and AsV-reducers were found to coexist in tested soils. The crucial role of indirectly As-mobilizing bacteria was also revealed. Indigenous microflorae affected the speciation and mobility of As inherent within the environmental matrix and/or adsorbed on iron oxy-hydroxydes, according to redox conditions. The relevance of the use of aoxB and arrA genes, as functional markers of AsIII-oxidizers and AsV-reducers, respectively, to evaluate potential As transformation was demonstrated. The detection of these bacterial communities using molecular tools was shown to have great promise in the prediction of As mobility in the environment.NANCY1-Bib. numérique (543959902) / SudocSudocFranceF

Inhibitory effects of sodium azide on microbial growth in experimental resuspension of marine sediment

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Serpentinicella

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Impact of cigarette butts on microbial diversity and dissolved trace metals in coastal marine sediment

International audience20 21 Cigarette butts are the most common plastic form of litter found in the marine coast, threatening 22 the quality of the seawater and marine life. However, the impact of cigarette butts known to 23 contain toxic chemicals has been investigated to date in very few marine species. This study 24 aimed to evaluate the effects of cigarette filters (smoked or unsmoked) on the microbial 25 diversity inhabiting coastal sediments by high-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA genes. 26 Both bacterial structure and metals distribution were impacted by cigarette filter addition in 27 laboratory sediment experiments, compared to control sediment incubations without filter. Both 28 smoked and unsmoked cigarette filters decreased pH and dissolved Cd, Mo and V 29 concentrations in marine sediment incubations, while they increased dissolved Fe, Mn, Zn 30 levels in the surrounding environment. Smoked filters dramatically decreased the relative 31 abundance of the phyla Bacteroidetes and Cyanobacteria, while the members of the phyla 32 Gammaproteobacteria, Firmicutes and Thermotogae were enriched by smoked filters in marine 33 sediments. Bacterial taxa associated with deep marine environments or hydrothermal seep fields 34 were selected by smoked cigarette filters. This study demonstrated for the first time the 35 microbial community changes and impacts from toxic cigarette filters in coastal marine 36 sediments

Assessing the diversity of plankton-associated prokaryotes along a size-fraction gradient: A methodological evaluation

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Alkaliphilus serpentinus sp. nov. and Alkaliphilus pronyensis sp. nov., two novel anaerobic alkaliphilic species isolated from the serpentinite-hosted Prony Bay Hydrothermal Field (New Caledonia)

International audienceTwo novel anaerobic alkaliphilic strains, designated as LacT T and LacV T , were isolated from the Prony Bay Hydrothermal Field (PBHF, New Caledonia). Cells were motile, Gram-positive, terminal endosporeforming rods, displaying a straight to curved morphology during the exponential phase. Strains LacT T and LacV T were mesophilic (optimum 30°C), moderately alkaliphilic (optimum pH 8.2 and 8.7, respectively) and halotolerant (optimum 2% and 2.5% NaCl, respectively). Both strains were able to ferment yeast extract, peptone and casamino acids, but only strain LacT T could use sugars (glucose, maltose and sucrose). Both strains disproportionated crotonate into acetate and butyrate. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that strains LacT T and LacV T shared 96.4% 16S rRNA gene sequence identity and were most closely related to A. peptidifermentans Z-7036, A. namsaraevii X-07-2 and A. hydrothermalis FatMR1 (95.7%-96.3%). Their genome size was of 3.29 Mb for strain LacT T and 3.06 Mb for strain LacV T with a G + C content of 36.0 and 33.9 mol%, respectively. The ANI value between both strains was 73.2 %. Finally, strains LacT T (=DSM 100337 = JCM 30643) and LacV T (=DSM 100017 = JCM 30644) are proposed as two novel species of the genus Alkaliphilus, order Clostridiales, phylum Firmicutes, Alkaliphilus serpentinus sp. nov. and Alkaliphilus pronyensis sp. nov., respectively. The genomes of the three Alkaliphilus species isolated from PBHF were consistently detected in the PBHF chimney metagenomes, although at very low abundance, but not significantly in the metagenomes of other serpentinizing systems (marine or terrestrial) worldwide, suggesting they represent indigenous members of the PBHF microbial ecosystem

Impact of sterilization methods on dissolved trace metals concentrations in complex natural samples: optimization of UV irradiation

International audienceSterilization is essential for discriminating biotic responses from abiotic reactions in laboratory experiments investigating biogeochemical processes of complex natural samples. However, the conventional methods used to effectively sterilize materials or culture media do not allow sterilizing complex natural samples while maintaining biogeochemical balances. The aim of this study was to develop a low-cost and easy-to-use method to obtain geochemically unmodified and sterilized samples from complex lacustrine or coastal marine ecosystems. In preliminary assays, the impact of several sterilization methods (autoclaving, chemical poisoning, microwave, UV irradiation) on the trace metals balances was studied using borosilicate glass (BG), fluorinated ethylene-propylene (FEP) or polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles. Unlike other methods, UV sterilization had minor effects on the distribution of dissolved trace metals. Additional tests using complex lacustrine and coastal marine samples under 10 g/L sediments were performed using a homemade UV sterilization chamber designed to simultaneously irradiate a large number samples. Results showed:• very reproducible UV tests in BG and FEP bottles• faster sterilization using FEP bottles than using BG bottles• low variations of dissolved trace metals concentrations, except for Al, Cu, Fe and Z