DEVELOPMENT OF A PROPOSED ELECTIVE COURSE IN BICOL LITERATURE

This study documented the development of a proposed elective course in Bicol Literature. These learning experiences were organized using Active Learning Strategies and Communicative Language Teaching strategies that allowed the students to work collaboratively with others, utilize technology and other social media platforms and be able to use English confidently and their local language judiciously. In the evaluation part of the course, the objectives of the course and the interests and needs of the students were considered along with the competencies that were expected from them. In conclusion, the interests and needs of the students are influenced by their ability to complete tasks, the competencies needed in their future careers, and to be appreciated or recognized through technology and social media platforms. Further, in formulating objectives, selecting content and learning activities, and organizing the content and learning experiences for a course, the years of experience of the teachers are reliable since they understand the interests of the students as well as the expected competencies, and school policies. Moreover, to engage the students in the content, the strategies must also be aligned with their interests, needs, and cognitive level

Within and Between Group Variation of Individual Strategies in Common Pool Resources: Evidence from Field Experiments

With data from framed common pool resource experiments conducted with artisanal fishing communities in Colombia, we estimate a hierarchical linear model to investigate within-group and between-group variation in individual harvest strategies across several institutions. Our results suggest that communication serves to effectively coordinate individual strategies within groups, but that these coordinated strategies vary considerably across groups. In contrast, weakly enforced regulatory restrictions on individual harvests (as well as unregulated open access) produce significant variation in the individual strategies within groups, but these strategies are roughly replicated across groups so that there is little between-group variation.common pool resources, field experiments, communication, regulation, hierarchical linear models

Centralized and Decentralized Management of Local Common Pool Resources in the Developing World: Experimental Evidence from Fishing Communities in Colombia

This paper uses experimental data to test for a complementary relationship between formal regulations imposed on a community to conserve a local natural resource and nonbinding verbal agreements to do the same. Our experiments were conducted in the field in three regions of Colombia. Each group of five subjects played 10 rounds of an open access common pool resource game, and 10 additional rounds under one of five institutions— communication alone, two external regulations that differed by the level of enforcement, and communication combined with each of the two regulations. Our results suggest that the hypothesis of a complementary relationship between communication and external regulation is supported for some combinations of regions and regulations, but cannot be supported in general. We therefore conclude that the determination of whether formal regulations and informal communication are complementary must be made on a community-by-community basis.common pool resources, experiments, institutions, communication, regulation

Leadership as a process: the interplay between leaders, followers and context

Leadership is a process occurring within a broad social system with followers in an organizational setting. However, leadership research has failed to deeply explore how leaders, followers and contexts combine to produce organizational outcomes. Aiming to contribute to the study of these overlooked questions, we developed four studies. The first study predicted that job autonomy buffers the relationship between abusive supervision, psychosomatic symptoms and deviance. The second study suggests that task characteristics moderate the association between abusive supervision, distributive justice and job satisfaction. The third study proposes that proactive personality acts as a leadership substitute in the relationship between ethical leadership, emotions and OCBs. Our fourth study showed that followership schema and top management openness determine the LMX quality, with consequences for employee behaviors. Our findings suggest that follower characteristics, organizational practices and contextual variables constitute important boundary conditions for the impact of leader behaviors on employee outcomes

Evolution of Secondary Sexual Characters in Pselaphinae (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae)

Secondary sexual characters (SSC) are traits present only in one sex, commonly on males, and different from the reproductive organs. These characters have evolved mainly through the action of Sexual Selection, the differential mating success of organisms of the same species. Males use SSC to challenge other males for access to females, while females use these traits as signals to choose mates with overall good. SSC can manifest as horns, tusks, enlarged appendages, spines, coloration, and body size. Sexually dimorphic traits are present in all major groups of animals, including Insects. Sexual selection and secondary sexual traits have been proposed to be drivers for speciation on hypothetical bases, but empirical evidence has proven to be inconclusive. To explore this hypothesis in species rich lineages, such as insects, it is necessary to identify the diversity and frequency of SSC within particular lineages. Pselaphinae beetles (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) are a great example of high species richness and broad morphological variation in sexual traits. This group contains more than 10,470 described species distributed worldwide. They are predators of small invertebrates, and their large number of species contrasts with their small size, between 0.6 and 3.0 mm. The diversity and frequency of SSC in Pselaphinae was obtained from species descriptions, fauna catalogues, and databases. A total of 40 dimorphic body structures were identified in 218 species from 34 tribes. The SSC present in the largest number of species were modification of abdominal sternites, eyes, and mesotibiae. Differences on the quality and quantity of SSC were found among different tribes. To look at the evolution of SSC at the genus scale, in the genus Batrisodes were documented on a phylogenetic context. The basal process on antennomere XI showed most convergence among species of Nearctic and Palearctic regions. The ventral fovea on antennomere X, was the most constant across the genus. This research is an initial step towards the recollection of SSC in Pselaphinae, that can be used to study character evolution, character correlations with microhabitats, and character correlation with other characters

Preview screenings and the spaces of an emerging local cinema trade in Scotland

Selecting and booking films to make up a programme that suited a particular audience was a crucial skill for exhibitors in the competitive conditions of the early cinema trade in Britain. This article argues that access to trade previews of the films was necessary for this choice to be meaningful, and it studies the emergence and regularisation of trade shows in Glasgow, Scotland, as an indicator of the forms of agency retained by independent cinema managers and renters. By documenting its different local manifestations up to 1920, the trade preview is shown to be a particular reception context, with its own spaces and codes of conduct. Furthermore, in a thriving non-metropolitan film trade, such as the Scottish one, it was an important social routine where informal networks could be nurtured and information shared. Thus, by looking at the micro-cosmos of the private projection room, it is possible to get a glimpse of how the trade functioned on the ground and how it understood its social position during a time of great upheaval, before it conformed to a more centralised, institutional model

Epidemiology and control of canine leishmaniosis

[eng] Leishmaniosis is an important vector-borne zoonosis caused by Leishmania infantum. The disease is widespread across several continents and endemic in the Mediterranean region. The domestic dog is the main vertebrate reservoir for the parasite and control of canine leishmaniosis (CanL) is deemed to be essential for the control of human cases of the disease. Due to the heterogeneous distribution of infection in endemic areas, epidemiological surveillance should be carried out focally, including both screening of canine populations and vector detection, the two determinant factors for parasite survival and expansion. CanL control measures are usually directed at the canine reservoir through the detection and treatment of infected individuals, as well as disease prevention through insecticide treatments and/or canine immunoprophylaxis. Vaccination against CanL is relatively recent and evidence of its impact in infection control at the community level is still insufficient. This is also the case for CaniLeish® vaccine, the first CanL vaccine to be licensed in Europe, in 2011. Pre-licensing studies were performed exclusively in homogeneous populations of beagle dogs, experimentally infected or introduced in endemic areas, and very little is known regarding this vaccine’s performance in native and heterogeneous dog populations from L. infantum endemic areas. The study presented in this thesis is divided into two parts. The first consists of a CanL epidemiological study in Girona province, a previously uncharacterized region of north-eastern Spain. The results obtained confirmed the endemicity of CanL in Girona province, characterized by a high prevalence of L. infantum infection in dogs (19.5%), together with the detection of a significant proportion of asymptomatic infected individuals (93.2%). The increase of dogs’ age and lower altitude of the kennel location were identified as risk factors. The two antigens tested to assess dog exposure to Phlebotomus perniciosus (SGH and rSP03B salivary antigens) proved to be suitable, with specific antibodies showing a marked decrease during the non-transmission season, which allowed detection of recent host exposure to vectors. In addition, detected levels of antibodies against both SGH and rSP03B were associated with seropositivity to L. infantum. The second part of this thesis describes a one year field trial of CaniLeish® vaccine, performed in a native heterogeneous canine population from Girona province. These dogs were kept in their natural housing conditions throughout the study and were naturally exposed to an L. infantum transmission season. Results showed that CaniLeish® vaccine induces the production of non-specific antibodies interfering with the serological diagnosis of L. infantum infection in dogs and that this interference could have a greater impact between one and four months post-vaccination. Vaccine trial results did not confirm CaniLeish® reported efficacy in preventing active L. infantum infection or clinical disease in dogs during the first year post-vaccination. These results were supported by an apparently short-lived vaccine-induced cellular mediated immunity, assessed in this study through the quantification of gamma-interferon (IFN-γ) produced by trial dogs at one and nine months post-vaccination. The results presented in this thesis support the need for maintaining and extending epidemiological surveillance in CanL endemic areas, in order to better characterize current CanL distribution and to anticipate possible L. infantum expansion trends. Additionally, further CaniLeish® evaluation studies are needed, together with active vaccine surveillance, to definitely assess the utility of this vaccine in CanL control at the community level in L. infantum endemic areas.[spa] La leishmaniosis es una zoonosis de transmisión vectorial que en la región mediterránea está causada por Leishmania infantum y presenta al perro como principal reservorio. Su distribución heterogénea hace que la vigilancia epidemiológica deba realizarse de manera focalizada, abarcando tanto la detección de perros infectados como de los flebotomos vectores. Las medidas de control de la leishmaniosis canina (LCan) incluyen la vacunación de perros. En Europa, la primera vacuna para la LCan (CaniLeish®) se autorizó en 2011 y los estudios previos a la licencia se realizaron exclusivamente en poblaciones homogéneas de perros beagle, infectados experimentalmente o introducidos en áreas endémicas. La primera parte de la tesis incluye un estudio epidemiológico de la LCan en la provincia de Girona, previamente sin caracterizar. Los resultados obtenidos mostraron una alta prevalencia de infección por L. infantum (19,5%) y una proporción significativa de individuos infectados asintomáticos (93,2%). Se identificaron como factores de riesgo el aumento de la edad de los perros y la menor altitud de la ubicación de las perreras. El estudio de la exposición de los perros a los flebotomos a través del análisis de los antígenos salivales de Phlebotomus perniciosus (SGH y rSP03B) mostró ser útil. Los niveles de anticuerpos detectados mostraron una marcada disminución durante la temporada de no transmisión, lo que permitiría la detección de la exposición reciente a los vectores, y una asociación significativa con la seropositividad frente a L. infantum. La segunda parte describe un ensayo de campo de un año de CaniLeish®, realizado en una población canina heterogénea natural de Girona. Los perros se mantuvieron en condiciones habituales de alojamiento y estuvieron naturalmente expuestos a una temporada de transmisión. La vacuna indujo la producción de anticuerpos no específicos que interferirían en el diagnóstico serológico de la infección por L. infantum, con un impacto mayor entre uno y cuatro meses después de la vacunación. Los resultados no confirmaron la eficacia de CaniLeish® en la prevención de la infección activa por L. infantum o la enfermedad clínica en perros durante el primer año post-vacunación. Estos resultados fueron respaldados por una inmunidad mediada por células inducida por la vacuna aparentemente de corta duración, evaluada a través de la cuantificación del interferón gamma (IFN-γ)

The Construction of Popular Taste according to Colombian Filmmakers in the 1940s

This paper aims to understand the notion of the “popular” and the “national”, as it was used during the first period of sound films in Colombia (ten feature films made between 1939 and 1945). It argues that filmmakers attempted to create a national cinema merging conventions of Mexican musical comedy with a constructed definition of Colombian folklore, but never achieved commercial success. These films’ failure as popular cinema can be attributed to their contradictory ideological perspective, attempting to collate an elite “national culture” project with the forms and genres of mass media. The paper explores exhibition practices in Bogotá, presenting cinemas as social spaces where the distance between different audiences was inscribed in the codes of ‘good taste’, thus constructing operative definitions and evaluations of the ‘popular’

Scalarama UK, 1-30 September 2016: A Report

Festival report for Scalarama season, UK, September 2016

Epidemiology and control of canine leishmaniosis: characterization of a previously undescribed endemic area in Catalonia and CaniLeish® vaccine field trial

Leishmaniosis is an important vector-borne zoonosis caused by Leishmania infantum. The disease is widespread across several continents and endemic in the Mediterranean region. The domestic dog is the main vertebrate reservoir for the parasite and control of canine leishmaniosis (CanL) is deemed to be essential for the control of human cases of the disease. Due to the heterogeneous distribution of infection in endemic areas, epidemiological surveillance should be carried out focally, including both screening of canine populations and vector detection, the two determinant factors for parasite survival and expansion. CanL control measures are usually directed at the canine reservoir through the detection and treatment of infected individuals, as well as disease prevention through insecticide treatments and/or canine immunoprophylaxis. Vaccination against CanL is relatively recent and evidence of its impact in infection control at the community level is still insufficient. This is also the case for CaniLeish® vaccine, the first CanL vaccine to be licensed in Europe, in 2011. Pre-licensing studies were performed exclusively in homogeneous populations of beagle dogs, experimentally infected or introduced in endemic areas, and very little is known regarding this vaccine’s performance in native and heterogeneous dog populations from L. infantum endemic areas. The study presented in this thesis is divided into two parts. The first consists of a CanL epidemiological study in Girona province, a previously uncharacterized region of north-eastern Spain. The results obtained confirmed the endemicity of CanL in Girona province, characterized by a high prevalence of L. infantum infection in dogs (19.5%), together with the detection of a significant proportion of asymptomatic infected individuals (93.2%). The increase of dogs’ age and lower altitude of the kennel location were identified as risk factors. The two antigens tested to assess dog exposure to Phlebotomus perniciosus (SGH and rSP03B salivary antigens) proved to be suitable, with specific antibodies showing a marked decrease during the non-transmission season, which allowed detection of recent host exposure to vectors. In addition, detected levels of antibodies against both SGH and rSP03B were associated with seropositivity to L. infantum. The second part of this thesis describes a one year field trial of CaniLeish® vaccine, performed in a native heterogeneous canine population from Girona province. These dogs were kept in their natural housing conditions throughout the study and were naturally exposed to an L. infantum transmission season. Results showed that CaniLeish® vaccine induces the production of non-specific antibodies interfering with the serological diagnosis of L. infantum infection in dogs and that this interference could have a greater impact between one and four months post-vaccination. Vaccine trial results did not confirm CaniLeish® reported efficacy in preventing active L. infantum infection or clinical disease in dogs during the first year post-vaccination. These results were supported by an apparently short-lived vaccine-induced cellular mediated immunity, assessed in this study through the quantification of gamma-interferon (IFN-γ) produced by trial dogs at one and nine months post-vaccination. The results presented in this thesis support the need for maintaining and extending epidemiological surveillance in CanL endemic areas, in order to better characterize current CanL distribution and to anticipate possible L. infantum expansion trends. Additionally, further CaniLeish® evaluation studies are needed, together with active vaccine surveillance, to definitely assess the utility of this vaccine in CanL control at the community level in L. infantum endemic areas.La leishmaniosis es una zoonosis de transmisión vectorial que en la región mediterránea está causada por Leishmania infantum y presenta al perro como principal reservorio. Su distribución heterogénea hace que la vigilancia epidemiológica deba realizarse de manera focalizada, abarcando tanto la detección de perros infectados como de los flebotomos vectores. Las medidas de control de la leishmaniosis canina (LCan) incluyen la vacunación de perros. En Europa, la primera vacuna para la LCan (CaniLeish®) se autorizó en 2011 y los estudios previos a la licencia se realizaron exclusivamente en poblaciones homogéneas de perros beagle, infectados experimentalmente o introducidos en áreas endémicas. La primera parte de la tesis incluye un estudio epidemiológico de la LCan en la provincia de Girona, previamente sin caracterizar. Los resultados obtenidos mostraron una alta prevalencia de infección por L. infantum (19,5%) y una proporción significativa de individuos infectados asintomáticos (93,2%). Se identificaron como factores de riesgo el aumento de la edad de los perros y la menor altitud de la ubicación de las perreras. El estudio de la exposición de los perros a los flebotomos a través del análisis de los antígenos salivales de Phlebotomus perniciosus (SGH y rSP03B) mostró ser útil. Los niveles de anticuerpos detectados mostraron una marcada disminución durante la temporada de no transmisión, lo que permitiría la detección de la exposición reciente a los vectores, y una asociación significativa con la seropositividad frente a L. infantum. La segunda parte describe un ensayo de campo de un año de CaniLeish®, realizado en una población canina heterogénea natural de Girona. Los perros se mantuvieron en condiciones habituales de alojamiento y estuvieron naturalmente expuestos a una temporada de transmisión. La vacuna indujo la producción de anticuerpos no específicos que interferirían en el diagnóstico serológico de la infección por L. infantum, con un impacto mayor entre uno y cuatro meses después de la vacunación. Los resultados no confirmaron la eficacia de CaniLeish® en la prevención de la infección activa por L. infantum o la enfermedad clínica en perros durante el primer año post-vacunación. Estos resultados fueron respaldados por una inmunidad mediada por células inducida por la vacuna aparentemente de corta duración, evaluada a través de la cuantificación del interferón gamma (IFN-γ)