Algorithms and Speech

One of the central questions in free speech jurisprudence is what activities the First Amendment encompasses. This Article considers that question in the context of an area of increasing importance – algorithm-based decisions. I begin by looking to broadly accepted legal sources, which for the First Amendment means primarily Supreme Court jurisprudence. That jurisprudence provides for very broad First Amendment coverage, and the Court has reinforced that breadth in recent cases. Under the Court’s jurisprudence the First Amendment (and the heightened scrutiny it entails) would apply to many algorithm-based decisions, specifically those entailing substantive communications. We could of course adopt a limiting conception of the First Amendment, but any nonarbitrary exclusion of algorithm-based decisions would require major changes in the Court’s jurisprudence. I believe that First Amendment coverage of algorithm-based decisions is too small a step to justify such changes. But insofar as we are concerned about the expansiveness of First Amendment coverage, we may want to limit it in two areas of genuine uncertainty: editorial decisions that are neither obvious nor communicated to the reader, and laws that single out speakers but do not regulate their speech. Even with those limitations, however, an enormous and growing amount of activity will be subject to heightened scrutiny absent a fundamental reorientation of First Amendment jurisprudence

Instrumentos para avaliar a dor lombar: uma proposta para utilização clínica

Los dolores de espalda, en particular las lumbalgias, representan un gran problema en términos de salud pública. Así, grandes esfuerzos han sido hacia la evaluación y el mejoramiento de la eficacia de su tratamiento. La literatura internacional ha presentado importantes estudios sobre instrumentos para evaluar el dolor y la incapacidad funcional en pacientes con dolor lumbar. El presente estudio presenta un protocolo clínico desarrollado por un equipo multidisciplinario. Este protocolo es compuesto por la evaluación y distribución del dolor, The Spitzer Quality of Life, The Oswestry Questionnaire, y The Center for Epemidiologic Studies Depression Scale. Necesitamos con urgencia desarrollar o realizar adaptaciones de instrumentos para ser utilizados en la realidad brasileña.As dores nas costas, particularmente as lombalgias representam um grande problema em termos de saúde pública. Dessa forma, grandes esforços têm sido dirigidos para melhorar e avaliar a eficácia de seu tratamento. A literatura internacional tem apresentado importantes estudos sobre instrumentos para avaliar a dor e a incapacidade funcional em pacientes com dor lombar. O presente estudo apresenta um protocolo clínico desenvolvido por uma equipe multidisciplinar. Este protocolo é composto pela avaliação e distribuição da dor, The Spitzer Quality of Life, The Oswestry Low Back Pain Disability Questionnaire, and The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. Precisamos com urgência desenvolver ou realizar instrumentos para serem utilizados na realidade brasileira.Low back pain represents a serious public health problem. Therefore, great efforts have been made in order to improve and assess the efficacy of its treatment. Reports in international literature have presented important studies concerning instruments to assess pain and functional incapacity in patients with low back pain. This study presents a clinical protocol which was developed by a multidisciplinary team. This protocol consists of the evaluation and distribution of pain, The Spitzer Quality of Life, The Oswestry Low Back Pain Disability Questionnaire, and The Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale. Instruments must be urgently developed or adapted in order to be used according to the Brazilian reality

Instrumentos para evaluar el dolor lumbar: una propuesta para utilizar en la clínica

Low back pain represents a serious public health problem. Therefore, great efforts have been made in order to improve and assess the efficacy of its treatment. Reports in international literature have presented important studies concerning instruments to assess pain and functional incapacity in patients with low back pain. This study presents a clinical protocol which was developed by a multidisciplinary team. This protocol consists of the evaluation and distribution of pain, The Spitzer Quality of Life, The Oswestry Low Back Pain Disability Questionnaire, and The Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale. Instruments must be urgently developed or adapted in order to be used according to the Brazilian reality.As dores nas costas, particularmente as lombalgias representam um grande problema em termos de saúde pública. Dessa forma, grandes esforços têm sido dirigidos para melhorar e avaliar a eficácia de seu tratamento. A literatura internacional tem apresentado importantes estudos sobre instrumentos para avaliar a dor e a incapacidade funcional em pacientes com dor lombar. O presente estudo apresenta um protocolo clínico desenvolvido por uma equipe multidisciplinar. Este protocolo é composto pela avaliação e distribuição da dor, The Spitzer Quality of Life, The Oswestry Low Back Pain Disability Questionnaire, and The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. Precisamos com urgência desenvolver ou realizar instrumentos para serem utilizados na realidade brasileira.Los dolores de espalda, en particular las lumbalgias, representan un gran problema en términos de salud pública. Así, grandes esfuerzos han sido hacia la evaluación y el mejoramiento de la eficacia de su tratamiento. La literatura internacional ha presentado importantes estudios sobre instrumentos para evaluar el dolor y la incapacidad funcional en pacientes con dolor lumbar. El presente estudio presenta un protocolo clínico desarrollado por un equipo multidisciplinario. Este protocolo es compuesto por la evaluación y distribución del dolor, The Spitzer Quality of Life, The Oswestry Questionnaire, y The Center for Epemidiologic Studies Depression Scale. Necesitamos con urgencia desarrollar o realizar adaptaciones de instrumentos para ser utilizados en la realidad brasileña.15215

Explore - Exploring the opportunities for advancing vehicle recycling industrialization

After almost four years of research, it is time to summarise the findings of the Explore project. Involving actors from across the vehicle value chain, it has aimed to increase dialogue and communication, built knowledge regarding the composition of vehicles and pinpointed barriers and opportunities to improve circular flows of vehicle materials in the future.The project\u27s goal is to find ways to strengthen Swedish automotive recycling industry’s role in a more circular economy and create close cooperation between manufacturing and recycling industries. Against this background, the project has the following objectives:* Analyze future vehicle fleet\u27s material content and its implication for recycling system adaptation.* Adopt and adapt manufacturing planning and control theories and practices to develop a more efficient vehicle dismantling.* Analyze and propose solutions for more efficient reverse logistics in vehicle recycling.* Identify political and industrial action that can support the development of Swedish vehicle recycling.* Identify technical solutions for disassembly, sorting and recycling of future vehicles.The project was carried out through six individual work packages related to different parts of the vehicle value chain

Is there a bidirectional relationship between sleep and asthma and allergy in a general population?

The presented study aims at examining the relationship between sleep, on the one hand, and allergic asthma, non-allergic asthma, allergic rhinitis, and atopic dermatitis, on the other hand. These afflictions are highly comorbid, and a common denominator is nasal congestion and itching peaking at night, which may disturb sleep. However, previous research has suggested an alternative relationship in which insomnia precedes asthma and allergy. The objective is thus to explore whether there is a bidirectional relationship between sleep and asthma/allergy

Job crafting, employee well-being, and quality of care

The main objective is to study the effects of job crafting activities of elder care and nursing home employees on their perceived well-being and quality of care in two European countries, Spain and Sweden. The Job Crafting, the General Health, and the Quality of Care questionnaires were administered to 530 employees. Correlations and hierarchical regression analyses were performed. Results confirm the effects of job crafting on quality of care (r = .291, p < .01; β = .261, p < .01; ΔR 2 = .065, p < .01) and employees' well-being (r = .201, p < .01; β = .171, p < .01; ΔR 2 = .028, p < .01). A positive linear relationship was found between job crafting and well-being in Spain and Sweden and with quality of care in Spain. On the contrary, in Sweden, the relationship between job crafting and well-being was not linear. Job crafting contributes significantly to employees' and residents' well-being. Management should promote job crafting to co-create meaningful and productive work. Cultural effects are proposed to explain the differences found

Spanish and Swedish eldercare managers' influence on employees

Purpose - Hierarchical and flat organizational types are predominant in Spain and Sweden, respectively. To study how managers' commitment and work overcommitment (WOC) affect employee well-being, and job perception in these different countries can shed insight on how to improve eldercare organization. The purpose of this paper was to study the association between eldercare employee exposure to managers' commitment and WOC, and employee mental well-being and job perception and how these associations differed between Spain and Sweden. Design/methodology/approach - A questionnaire with validated questions on commitment, WOC, mental well-being and job perception, operationalized as the perception of quality of care and turnover intent, was sent out to eldercare managers and employees in Spain and Sweden. t-Tests, χ2 and linear regression were applied to study the associations and differences between the countries. Findings - Interaction analyses revealed that Spanish employees' mental well-being and job perception were influenced by their managers' commitment and WOC in that manager commitment improved and WOC impaired well-being and job perception. However, the Swedish eldercare employees were not influenced by their managers on these parameters. Practical implications - The impact of managerial commitment and WOC differed between employees in Spain and Sweden, possibly because the preconditions for leadership varied due to differences in organizational type. Originality/value - This study compares the managers' impact on employee health and job perception in two countries with different organizational prerequisites. Moreover, managers' commitment and WOC were estimated by the managers themselves and did not rely on the employees' perception, which improved ecological validit

Cognitive job crafting as mediator between behavioral job crafting and quality of care in residential homes for the elderly

Extending previous studies on job crafting, the aim of the present study is to analyze the effect of job crafting on quality of care in residential homes for elderly people in two European countries (Spain and Sweden). We hypothesize that cognitive crafting could be a consequence of behavioral crafting and that it will mediate the relationship between behavioral crafting and the perception of quality of care. A correlational design was used, with two waves approximately 12 months apart (n = 226). Our results indicate that behavioral job crafting at T1 had an effect on cognitive job crafting at T2, relational job crafting at T1increases quality of care at T2, and the mediation effect of cognitive job crafting. These results indicate that we must differentiate between the two forms of crafting (behavioral and cognitive), not as indicators of the same latent construct, but as aggregates. Additionally, we point out two main implications for managerial practice. First, as relational job crafting has a direct effect on quality of care, it is important to assure an organizational culture oriented towards employees. Secondly, due to the mediation effect of cognitive job crafting, managers should facilitate meaningful work environments. To do so, jobs should be re-designed, increasing skills variety, identity and significance

Cold wind of change: Associations between organizational change, turnover intention, overcommitment and quality of care in Spanish and Swedish eldercare organizations

Aim: To examine the association between organizational change, turnover intentions, overcommitment, and perceptions of quality of care among nurses and nursing assistants employed in older people care organizations. Design: A longitudinal survey (baseline, 12 month follow-up) was used. Methods: A panel sample of 226 older people care employees in Spain and Sweden responded to survey questions concerning organizational change, turnover intentions, overcommitment, and perceptions of quality of care. The data was analysed using structural equational modelling. Results: We found a statistically significant positive relationship between organizational change, employees' turnover intention, and overcommitment. We also found a statistically significant negative relationship between organizational change and perceived quality of care

Organizational change and commitment: Effects on well-being, turnover intent and quality of care in Spanish and Swedish eldercare

Frequent organizational changes have been a rule rather than an exception in many European countries for decades. The present study investigates how affective organizational commitment relates to and moderates the effects of having been exposed to organizational restructuring on employee well-being, quality of care and turnover intentions among 530 eldercare employees in Sweden and Spain. The results show that there was a main effect of employees' experiences of being affected by change on well-being and turnover intentions but not on quality of care. Restructuring changes were moderated by affective commitment on turnover intentions. However, the buffering effect of affective commitment in terms of protecting employees from turnover intentions was weak