La benevolencia. Genealogía de una virtud política ilustrada.

Recensión de:Salguero, Manuel (2011): La benevolencia. Genealogía de una virtud política ilustrada. Granada: Editorial Universidad de Granada. ISBN: 978-84-338-5316-5

Healthy elderly person and the phenomenon of advanced care planning

La Planificación Anticipada de Decisiones (PAD) la definió Teno en 1994 como un proceso de discusión entre personas, sus sustitutos y los profesionales acerca de los objetivos y la dirección deseada de la atención, sobre todo la atención al final de su vida útil, en el caso de que el paciente deje de ser competente para tomar decisiones. Una adecuada PAD posibilitaría el empoderamiento de las personas en su salud incluyendo esos momentos en los que sea incapaz para la toma de decisiones. La Enfermera Familiar y Comunitaria, desde su competencia de defender y promover la autonomía de las personas que cuida, está en la posición idónea para liderar proyectos que fomenten la participación activa, manteniendo la atención longitudinal y posibilitando el acceso a programas a toda la población. Aunque los programas PAD deberían ofrecerse a toda la población, existen grupos en los que los profesionales sanitarios deben ser más proactivos, como es el caso de la persona mayor de 75 años por su mayor proximidad el deterioro de la salud, la incapacidad y el final de la vida

Análisis del proceso inmediato para flagrante delito de violación sexual en menores de edad en el Nuevo Código Procesal Penal

La Tesis tuvo como objetivo general, determinar si, se debería incluir, en el proceso inmediato el supuesto de flagrante delito de violación sexual en menores de edad. La investigación se centró, sobre la aplicación de un proceso inmediato en flagrancia de violación sexual en menores de edad. La metodología, aplicada fue enfoque cualitativo, tipo de estudio básico, diseño la teoría fundamentada, nivel de estudio descriptivo; asimismo las técnicas aplicadas para el recojo de datos fueron, la técnica de la entrevista, análisis documental, con sus respectivos instrumentos. El estudio concluyó, que efectivamente se debe incluir, en el proceso inmediato el supuesto de flagrante delito de violación sexual en menores de edad, porque, se lograría una justicia célere en favor de las víctimas, puesto que el proceso común es muy tedioso y extenuante para las menores víctimas que sufren la agresión sexual. Asimismo, el proceso inmediato, es el proceso más idóneo para crímenes que tengan relación directa a casos de flagrantes violaciones sexuales en contra de los menores de edad, lográndose condenas en tiempo célere

Fruits of the pitahaya Hylocereus undatus and H. ocamponis: nutritional components and antioxidants

The pitahaya (Hylocereus spp.) is a cactus native to America. Despite the great diversity of species located in Mexico, there are few studies on the nutritional and nutraceutical value of its exotic fruits, ancestrally consumed in the Mayan culture. An evaluation was made regarding the physical-chemical characteristics, the nutritional components and the antioxidants of the fruits of H. ocamponis (mesocarp or red pulp) and H. undatus (white pulp), species of great commercial importance. The pulp of the fruits presented nutritional and nutraceutical differences between both species. The red pulp of H. ocamponis presented the highest content of betalains (15.94 mg 100 g-1), ascorbic acid (10.13 AAE mg 100 g-1) and antioxidant activity (2009.58 μM TE 100 g-1) compared to that of H. undatus. The seeds of both species had a higher content of linoleic acid (ω-6) compared to other fatty acids. The underused skin (epicarp) of the white pulp pitahaya presented a higher content of betalains (19.83 mg 100 g-1) than that found in the pulp and the red skin of the other species (13.21 mg 100 g-1). The red pitahaya that is for regional consumption presented a better functional quality. The skin of both species could be a source of pigments in the food industry

Las técnicas de las preguntas y la discusión como estrategia para la comprensión lectora del texto argumentativo

RESUMEN: La presente investigación describe una experiencia de lectura comprensiva de textos argumentativos con estudiantes del grado quinto de la Institución Educativa San Vicente Ferrer Sede Principal y sede La Enea, del Municipio de San Vicente Ferrer, a partir de una estrategia pedagógica basada en la técnica de la pregunta y la discusión. La investigación inicia con la identificación de los factores de enseñanza aprendizaje que inciden en las deficiencias o dificultades que presentan los estudiantes para enfrentarse a lecturas críticas y reflexivas de los textos que leen. Las estrategias, que conducen a lograr los objetivos propuestos, a saber: la técnica de la pregunta, la discusión y el debate, se documentan en bases teóricas que explican la importancia de incluir el texto argumentativo en las lecturas escolares desde los primeros grados. La investigación se orientó desde un enfoque cualitativo, con un diseño micro etnográfico escolar; utilizando técnicas e instrumentos para la recolección y registro de la información como la entrevista semiestructurada a docentes y estudiantes, la observación participante y fichas de contenido, que permitieron tematizar y clasificar la información para analizarla. Los resultados señalan la necesidad de familiarizar a los estudiantes al texto argumentativo a partir de estrategias como la discusión y la pregunta, estas permiten el desarrollo de habilidades discursivas y de pensamiento crítico si se parte desde los intereses de los estudiantes y de la selección de textos acordes al contexto; su alcance implica una transformación a las distintas prácticas de enseñanza para que los estudiantes desarrollen habilidades que les permita abordar los textos desde posturas críticas y reflexivas.ABSTRACT: This research describes a comprehensive reading experience of argumentative texts with students of the fifth grade of the San Vicente Ferrer Educational Institution Headquarters and La Enea headquarters, in the Municipality of San Vicente Ferrer, based on a pedagogical strategy based on the technique of question and discussion. The research begins with the identification of teaching-learning factors that affect the deficiencies or difficulties that students present to face critical and reflective readings of the texts they read. The strategies, which lead to achieving the proposed objectives, namely: the technique of the question, the discussion and the debate, are documented in theoretical bases that explain the importance of including the argumentative text in school readings from the first grades. The research was oriented from a qualitative approach, with a micro ethnographic school design; using techniques and instruments for the collection and recording of information such as the semi-structured interview with teachers and students, participant observation and content cards, which allowed to thematize and classify the information to analyze it. The results point out the need to familiarize students with the argumentative text from strategies such as the discussion and the question, these allow the development of discursive skills and critical thinking if starting from the interests of students and the selection of texts according to the context; its scope implies a transformation to the different teaching practices so that students develop skills that allow them to approach texts from critical and reflective posture

Molecular Diagnosis of Leishmaniasis in Spain: Development and Validation of Ready-To-Use Gel-Form Nested and Real-Time PCRs To Detect Leishmania spp

Leishmaniasis is an endemic parasitic disease in at least 98 countries. In Spain, it is considered a zoonosis caused by Leishmania infantum, with an annual incidence of 0.62 cases/100,000 inhabitants. The predominant clinical manifestations are the cutaneous (CL) and visceral forms (VL), and the diagnosis is performed by parasitological, serological, and molecular tests. At the WHO Collaborating Center for Leishmaniasis (WHOCCLeish), routine diagnostic tests are based on a nested PCR (Ln-PCR), culture, and serological tests. To simplify our PCR protocol, we aimed to develop and validate a ready-to-use nested gel-form PCR (LeishGelPCR) and a duplex real-time PCR (qPCR) that allowed simultaneous detection of Leishmania and mammalian DNA as an internal control (Leish-qPCR). Clinical validation was performed in 200 samples from the WHOCCLeish collection; 92 and 85 out of 94 and 87 samples were positive by LeishGelPCR and Leish-qPCR, respectively, showing a sensitivity of 98% in both approaches. The specificity was 100% for LeishGelPCR and 98% for Leish-qPCR. The limits of detection of both protocols were similar (0.5 and 0.2 parasites/reaction). Parasite loads in VL and CL forms were similar, although high loads were observed when invasive samples were tested. In conclusion, LeishGelPCR and Leish-qPCR showed excellent performance in the diagnosis of leishmaniasis. These new forms of 18S rRNA gene PCR are equivalent to Ln-PCR and can be introduced in the algorithm for CL and VL diagnosis. IMPORTANCE Although the gold standard for diagnosis of leishmaniasis is the microscopic observation of amastigotes, molecular techniques are becoming a cost-efficient alternative. Currently, PCR is a routine resource that is used in many reference microbiology laboratories. In this article, we have described two ways to improve the reproducibility and usability of the molecular detection of Leishmania spp. These new approaches could be introduced even in middle- and low-resource laboratories; one is a ready-to-use gel-form system of a nested PCR and the other is a real-time PCR. We show why molecular diagnosis is the best methodology to confirm a clinical suspicion of leishmaniasis with higher sensitivity than traditional methods, thus facilitating early diagnosis and timely treatment of human leishmaniasis.This research was supported by Subprograma Retos de Colaboración, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (RTC-2016-5245-1) and Agreement CNM-Mundo Sano Foundation-Spain (MVP 1379).S

Microglial and neurogenic alterations in hypothalamus due to acute stress

This study was supported by FEDER/Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades – Agencia Estatal de Investigación from Spain (PSI2017-83408-P to Pedraza C.), and Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte from Spain (FPU16/05308 to Nieto-Quero A).Microglial cells are an important glial population known to be involved in several biological processes such as stress response. These cells engage an activated state following a stress insult that may lead to nervous tissue damage, including new cell generation impairment. This has been widely studied in regions with notable neurogenesis such as de hippocampus, however, the effect in other regions with fewer yet relevant neurogenesis remains partially unknown. One of them is the hypothalamus, a key vegetative control center playing an important role in stress response. Moreover, most of the stress models studied concern neuroinflammatory and neurogenic changes due to a chronic stressor but not a single stress event. Given the repercussion of these processes alone, it would be interesting to elucidate the relationship between microglial response, hypothalamic neurogenesis, and acute stress. This project focuses on studying acute stressed C57BL/6J mice, both at the histological and molecular level. An intense stressor combining water immersion and movement restriction was performed. Using immunohistochemical and molecular analysis with Luminex, we could analyze microglial distribution and morphology, neurogenesis, and inflammatory environment in the hypothalamic parenchyma (paraventromedial, ventromedial and arcuate nucleus).Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech

Effects of chronic stress on hippocampal microglia and neurogenesis of mice under social defeat stress.

Introduction: Chronic stress is the main environmental factor in the aetiology of depression and it is known that this type of stress may cause alterations in brain regions such as the hippocampus. Nevertheless, changes in a cellular basis are still a subject of study. Objective: The analysis of microglial cells and immature neurons in the dentate gyrus (DG) of stressed mice. Methods: C57BL/6J mice were subjected to Social Defeat Stress model (SDS), consisting of 6 days of social isolation prior to 10 days of stressor. The DG was analysed using immunohistochemistry techniques against Iba1 (microglia) and DCX (immature neurons) following image analysis (ImageJ) to obtain morphological and distribution data of microglial somas. Furthermore, hippocampal neurogenesis was assessed through stereological quantification of DCX+ cells (Visiopharm). Results: An increase in soma size under chronic stress conditions was shown, as well as a less circular and more ameboid soma. These changes were observed mainly in the infrapyramidal blade of the DG. According to microglial cells distribution parameters, the granular cell layer (GCL) was the region which presented the highest microglial density under SDS. Regarding hippocampal neurogenesis, a decrease in the number of DCX+ Type 2-3 cells was observed in the whole DG. Conclusion: All these results o!er a more profound insight of stress changes at a cellular level and could contribute to a better understanding of neurobiological basis in pathologies such as depression. Projects: PSI2017-83408-P (MINECO) and P20 00460 (Consejería de Conocimiento, Investigación y Universidades, Junta de Andalucía).University of Málaga and the projects PID2020-117464RB-I00 (Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, Spain) to Pedraza C. and Pérez-Martin M., PSI2017-83408-P (FEDER/Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades, Spain) to Pedraza C., UMA20- FEDERJA-112 (FEDER/Junta de Andalucía) to Pedraza C. and Pérez-Martin M. and P20-00460 (Consejería de Conocimiento, Investigación y Universidades, Junta de Andalucía) to Pedraza C. Predoctoral Fellowship: FPU16/05308 to Nieto-Quero A. and FPU19/03629 to Infantes-López MI., Ayuda A.2 para Contrato Predoctoral Del I Plan Propio de Investigación, Transferencia y Divulgación Científica de la Universidad de Málaga, Convocatoria 2021 to Munoz-Martin J. Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tec

Effects on the hippocampal microglia after acute treatment of a psychological stressor associated with depressive-like behaviours

Funding: This study was supported by FEDER/Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades – Agencia Estatal de Investigación from Spain (PSI2017-83408-P to C. Pedraza), and Ministerio de Universidades from Spain (FPU16/05308 to A. Nieto-Quero and FPU19/03629 to M.I. Infantes-López).Stressful life events may have a negative impact on mental health compromising people's well-being, so knowing the neurobiological changes that occur after psychosocial stressors can have an impact on overall health. However, the neurobiological mechanisms responsible for the negative effects are not known in detail, and the initial changes that take place after the initiation of a stress protocol are much less well understood. Hippocampus constitutes a target structure of the adverse effects of stress. Among the possible mechanisms involved, the response of microglia to stress is receiving increasing interest. For this reason, after 1 and 24 hours of submitted C57BL/6J mice to acute and intense stress procedure denominated WIRS (water immersion restraint stress), the microglial response were analysed using a set of morphofunctional parameters. Then, the levels of the cytokines: IL-6, IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha cytokine were measured. Furthermore, a complementary proteomic analysis based on the principle of mass spectrometry was carried out. Results reveal that acute stress increased the number of microglia and induced microglial morphofunctional changes. Regarding cytokines, acute stress only increased IL-6 levels, which remained elevated at 24 h. Proteomic analysis, over time (in 24 h post-stress), showed an increase in proteins associated with the intracellular calcium metabolism. These findings suggest a neuroinflammatory response after acute stress observed at one hour after the application of the WIRS protocol and maintained at least 24 hours after the end of the stressor.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tec

Social defeat stress induces microglial alterations and impaired cell survival in the hypothalamus according to behavioral phenotype

Stress is the main environmental cause for depression, known to cause brain immune alterations. As major brain immune cells, microglia undergo transcriptional and, consequently, morphological changes that result in tissue damage, including new cell generation impairment. Even so, few brain regions have been thoroughly studied, excluding key regulators as the hypothalamus, in which this process remains partially unknown. Moreover, there is a poor understanding in physiology related to behavioral outcome. Therefore, it would be interesting to study the relationship between microglia and cell proliferation in stressed mice while controlling for behavior. Here, we used the social defeat stress (SDS) paradigm as a depression-inducing protocol in 8-week-old male C57BL/6J mice for 10 consecutive days. Intruder mice behavior was analyzed to assess depression using behavioral tests and K-means clustering. By immunohistochemical and imaging procedures, microglial morphology, and distribution, as well as cell survival, were analyzed in the hypothalamic paraventricular, ventromedial and arcuate nucleus. Finally, statistical mediation analysis was conducted to evaluate the relationship among variables. Results show mice response to SDS was different, being half the mice resilient and half sensitive to depressive-like symptoms. Microglial morphological activation was enhanced in the ventromedial and arcuate nucleus, especially in stress sensitive animals. Similar results were observed in cell survival, which was particularly affected in sensitive mice. Strikingly, these cell survival changes were statistically mediated by microglial activation. As a conclusion, hypothalamic regions were found to respond differently to stress, accordingly to behavioral outcome, in terms of microglial activation and subsequent decrease in cell survival.This study was supported by FEDER/Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades – Agencia Estatal de Investigación from Spain (PSI2017-83408-P to Pedraza C.), FEDER/Junta de Andalucía from Spain (UMA20-FEDERJA-112 to Pedraza C. and Pérez- Martín M), and Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte from Spain (FPU19/03629 to Infantes-López MI and FPU16/05308 to Nieto-Quero A). Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech