Geography and ecology shape the phylogenetic composition of Amazonian tree communities

Aim: Amazonia hosts more tree species from numerous evolutionary lineages, both young and ancient, than any other biogeographic region. Previous studies have shown that tree lineages colonized multiple edaphic environments and dispersed widely across Amazonia, leading to a hypothesis, which we test, that lineages should not be strongly associated with either geographic regions or edaphic forest types. Location: Amazonia. Taxon: Angiosperms (Magnoliids; Monocots; Eudicots). Methods: Data for the abundance of 5082 tree species in 1989 plots were combined with a mega-phylogeny. We applied evolutionary ordination to assess how phylogenetic composition varies across Amazonia. We used variation partitioning and Moran\u27s eigenvector maps (MEM) to test and quantify the separate and joint contributions of spatial and environmental variables to explain the phylogenetic composition of plots. We tested the indicator value of lineages for geographic regions and edaphic forest types and mapped associations onto the phylogeny. Results: In the terra firme and várzea forest types, the phylogenetic composition varies by geographic region, but the igapó and white-sand forest types retain a unique evolutionary signature regardless of region. Overall, we find that soil chemistry, climate and topography explain 24% of the variation in phylogenetic composition, with 79% of that variation being spatially structured (R$^{2}$ = 19% overall for combined spatial/environmental effects). The phylogenetic composition also shows substantial spatial patterns not related to the environmental variables we quantified (R$^{2}$ = 28%). A greater number of lineages were significant indicators of geographic regions than forest types. Main Conclusion: Numerous tree lineages, including some ancient ones (>66 Ma), show strong associations with geographic regions and edaphic forest types of Amazonia. This shows that specialization in specific edaphic environments has played a long-standing role in the evolutionary assembly of Amazonian forests. Furthermore, many lineages, even those that have dispersed across Amazonia, dominate within a specific region, likely because of phylogenetically conserved niches for environmental conditions that are prevalent within regions

Geography and ecology shape the phylogenetic composition of Amazonian tree communities

AimAmazonia hosts more tree species from numerous evolutionary lineages, both young and ancient, than any other biogeographic region. Previous studies have shown that tree lineages colonized multiple edaphic environments and dispersed widely across Amazonia, leading to a hypothesis, which we test, that lineages should not be strongly associated with either geographic regions or edaphic forest types.LocationAmazonia.TaxonAngiosperms (Magnoliids; Monocots; Eudicots).MethodsData for the abundance of 5082 tree species in 1989 plots were combined with a mega-phylogeny. We applied evolutionary ordination to assess how phylogenetic composition varies across Amazonia. We used variation partitioning and Moran's eigenvector maps (MEM) to test and quantify the separate and joint contributions of spatial and environmental variables to explain the phylogenetic composition of plots. We tested the indicator value of lineages for geographic regions and edaphic forest types and mapped associations onto the phylogeny.ResultsIn the terra firme and várzea forest types, the phylogenetic composition varies by geographic region, but the igapó and white-sand forest types retain a unique evolutionary signature regardless of region. Overall, we find that soil chemistry, climate and topography explain 24% of the variation in phylogenetic composition, with 79% of that variation being spatially structured (R2 = 19% overall for combined spatial/environmental effects). The phylogenetic composition also shows substantial spatial patterns not related to the environmental variables we quantified (R2 = 28%). A greater number of lineages were significant indicators of geographic regions than forest types.Main ConclusionNumerous tree lineages, including some ancient ones (>66 Ma), show strong associations with geographic regions and edaphic forest types of Amazonia. This shows that specialization in specific edaphic environments has played a long-standing role in the evolutionary assembly of Amazonian forests. Furthermore, many lineages, even those that have dispersed across Amazonia, dominate within a specific region, likely because of phylogenetically conserved niches for environmental conditions that are prevalent within regions

Mapping density, diversity and species-richness of the Amazon tree flora

Using 2.046 botanically-inventoried tree plots across the largest tropical forest on Earth, we mapped tree species-diversity and tree species-richness at 0.1-degree resolution, and investigated drivers for diversity and richness. Using only location, stratified by forest type, as predictor, our spatial model, to the best of our knowledge, provides the most accurate map of tree diversity in Amazonia to date, explaining approximately 70% of the tree diversity and species-richness. Large soil-forest combinations determine a significant percentage of the variation in tree species-richness and tree alpha-diversity in Amazonian forest-plots. We suggest that the size and fragmentation of these systems drive their large-scale diversity patterns and hence local diversity. A model not using location but cumulative water deficit, tree density, and temperature seasonality explains 47% of the tree species-richness in the terra-firme forest in Amazonia. Over large areas across Amazonia, residuals of this relationship are small and poorly spatially structured, suggesting that much of the residual variation may be local. The Guyana Shield area has consistently negative residuals, showing that this area has lower tree species-richness than expected by our models. We provide extensive plot meta-data, including tree density, tree alpha-diversity and tree species-richness results and gridded maps at 0.1-degree resolution

Geography and ecology shape the phylogenetic composition of Amazonian tree communities

Aim: Amazonia hosts more tree species from numerous evolutionary lineages, both young and ancient, than any other biogeographic region. Previous studies have shown that tree lineages colonized multiple edaphic environments and dispersed widely across Amazonia, leading to a hypothesis, which we test, that lineages should not be strongly associated with either geographic regions or edaphic forest types. Location: Amazonia. Taxon: Angiosperms (Magnoliids; Monocots; Eudicots). Methods: Data for the abundance of 5082 tree species in 1989 plots were combined with a mega‐phylogeny. We applied evolutionary ordination to assess how phylogenetic composition varies across Amazonia. We used variation partitioning and Moran's eigenvector maps (MEM) to test and quantify the separate and joint contributions of spatial and environmental variables to explain the phylogenetic composition of plots. We tested the indicator value of lineages for geographic regions and edaphic forest types and mapped associations onto the phylogeny. Results: In the terra firme and várzea forest types, the phylogenetic composition varies by geographic region, but the igapó and white‐sand forest types retain a unique evolutionary signature regardless of region. Overall, we find that soil chemistry, climate and topography explain 24% of the variation in phylogenetic composition, with 79% of that variation being spatially structured (R2 = 19% overall for combined spatial/environmental effects). The phylogenetic composition also shows substantial spatial patterns not related to the environmental variables we quantified (R2 = 28%). A greater number of lineages were significant indicators of geographic regions than forest types. Main Conclusion: Numerous tree lineages, including some ancient ones (>66 Ma), show strong associations with geographic regions and edaphic forest types of Amazonia. This shows that specialization in specific edaphic environments has played a long‐standing role in the evolutionary assembly of Amazonian forests. Furthermore, many lineages, even those that have dispersed across Amazonia, dominate within a specific region, likely because of phylogenetically conserved niches for environmental conditions that are prevalent within regions

Mapping density, diversity and species-richness of the Amazon tree flora

Using 2.046 botanically-inventoried tree plots across the largest tropical forest on Earth, we mapped tree species-diversity and tree species-richness at 0.1-degree resolution, and investigated drivers for diversity and richness. Using only location, stratified by forest type, as predictor, our spatial model, to the best of our knowledge, provides the most accurate map of tree diversity in Amazonia to date, explaining approximately 70% of the tree diversity and species-richness. Large soil-forest combinations determine a significant percentage of the variation in tree species-richness and tree alpha-diversity in Amazonian forest-plots. We suggest that the size and fragmentation of these systems drive their large-scale diversity patterns and hence local diversity. A model not using location but cumulative water deficit, tree density, and temperature seasonality explains 47% of the tree species-richness in the terra-firme forest in Amazonia. Over large areas across Amazonia, residuals of this relationship are small and poorly spatially structured, suggesting that much of the residual variation may be local. The Guyana Shield area has consistently negative residuals, showing that this area has lower tree species-richness than expected by our models. We provide extensive plot meta-data, including tree density, tree alpha-diversity and tree species-richness results and gridded maps at 0.1-degree resolution

Determinação dos valores de referência para uréia e creatinina séricas em eqüinos

A determinação sérica de uréia e creatinina são de grande importância para avaliação da função renal. Ao aumento de uréia e creatinina no sangue, dá-se a denominação de azotemia. Animais com azotemia, moderada à severa, podem apresentar uma variedade de sinais clínicos, incluindo letargia, anorexia e alterações na produção de urina. Fatores como o método de análise, podem interferir nos valores de uréia e creatinina séricas. Sendo assim torna-se imperativo que um laboratório de análise clínicas possua seus próprios valores de referências. O presente estudo avaliou 193 amostras de soro sangüíneo de eqüinos, de ambos os sexos, clinicamente sadios e com idade entre 3 e 11 anos, com o objetivo de obter os valores de referência para uréia e creatinina séricas. Os valores séricos de uréia foram de 41,79 mg/dl, desvio padrão de 10,77; enquanto que os valores séricos de creatinina foram de 1,67mg/dl, com desvio padrão de  0,21. Palavras chave: creatinina, uréia, bioquímica sérica, eqüino. ABSTRACT The serum urea determination and creatinine are of great importance for evaluation of the renal function. The increase of urea and creatinine in the blood is called azotemia. Animals with moderate to the severe azotemia, can present a variety of clinical signals, including lethargy, anorexia and alterations in the urine production. Factors such as the analysis method can change the values of serum urea and creatinine. Therefore becomes imperative that a clinical laboratory of analysis possess its proper values of references. The present study evaluates 193 samples of equine serum, from animals with both sex, clinically healthy and with age raging between 3 and 11 years, looking for the values of reference for serum urea and creatinine. The serum values of urea were 41,79 mg/dl, shunting line standard of  10,77; whereas the serum values of creatinine were 1,67mg/dl, with shunting line standard of  0,21. Key words: creatinine, urea, serum biochemistry, hors

Teores de cobre, ferro, manganês e zinco no fígado e pâncreas de caprinos semi-confinados e confinados

Este trabalho foi realizado a fim de investigar os níveis de cobre, ferro, manganês e zinco no fígado e pâncreas de caprinos, submetidos a regime de semi-confinamento e confinamento. Utilizaram-se 14 caprinos, machos, sem raça definida, com idade oscilando entre quatro e seis meses. Os animais foram divididos em dois grupos de sete, permanecendo um grupo semi-confinado em piquetes e outro confinado em baia, recebendo ambos os lotes a mesma alimentação. Após cinco meses de observação, sacrificaram-se três animais de cada grupo, coletando-se amostras de fígado e pâncreas para dosagem dos minerais mencionados. Depois fez-se a inversão dos tratamentos com o restante dos animais, passando os confinados a soltos e estes a confinados, por mais dois meses, quando foram sacrificados e necropsiados. Desses, foram coletados novamente, amostras de fígado e pâncreas, para análise. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa, entre os dois grupos, nos níveis dos elementos estudados.This work was performed in order to investigate the levels of copper, iron, manganese and zinc in liver and pancreas goats under confined and semi-confined conditions. Fourteen male goats of from four to six months old and in gool health conditions were used. The animals were divided in two groups of seven. One group was maintained in semi-confined conditions with pasture, while the other group was confined in a stall. Both groups received the same diet. After a period of five months three animals of each group were slaughtered and liver and pancreas samples were collected in order to search for those minerals. During the subsequent two months the remaining animals were swop from their original groups and then slaughtered. Again samples of liver and pancreas were collected for analysis. Statistically, there was no significant difference between the two groups on the studied elements.Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq

<b><div align="justify"><body> <font color="#009900">Níveis de cálcio sérico de cadelas portadoras de tumor de mama</b></div></body>

A hipercalcemia é uma complicação de algumas neoplasias malignas, que pode ser resultado de metástases ósseas que determinam osteólise ou devido à produção de uma proteína que age de maneira semelhante ao paratohormônio (PTH), chamada Proteína-Relacionada ao PTH (Pr-PTH). Este trabalho objetivou verificar a ocorrência de hipercalcemia em cadelas portadoras de tumor de mama. Foram estudados 17 animais, dos quais apenas dois apresentaram hipercalcemia e nove, hipocalcemia. Palavras-chave: tumor, mama, cadelas, cálcio sérico AbstractMalignant tumours have been recognised as the most common cause of hypercalcemia in the dog, attributed to osteolytic processes secondary to bony metastases and to humoral factors causing increased bone resorption and decreased renal excretion of calcium. Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTH-rP) is a humoral factor that has been associated with hypercalcemia. We here report 17 patients with mammary gland neoplasia. Hypercalcemia was finding in 2 animals and hipocalcemia in 9 dogs. Key words: mamary tumours, dog, serum calcium</div