Fluoretação da água de abastecimento público e prevalência de fluorose dentária em bairro da periferia de Bauru, SP

OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this study were to assess the fluoride concentration in the public water supply and the prevalence of dental fluorosis in schoolchildren between 7 and 15 years old, living in a peripheral district of the municipality of Bauru. MATERIAL AND METHODS: For this, fifty two water samples were collected on three different days of one week. These samples were analyzed for fluoride by means of the ion-sensitive electrode method (Orion 9609) coupled to a potentiometer (Procyon, model 720). In this method, 1.0 mL of TISAB II (Orion) was added to 1.0 mL of the sample. For the epidemiological survey of fluorosis, 52 schoolchildren of both genders, aged between 7 and 15 were assessed, with prior authorization from their caretakers. Only one person examined the children, after supervised toothbrushing and drying with cotton wool rolls. The TF index was used. RESULTS: The fluoride concentrations in the water samples ranged from 0.62 to 1.20 mg/L, with a mean of 0.9 mg/L. The prevalence of dental fluorosis was 33%, with severity ranging from TF1 to TF4 (Kappa of 0.73 and concordance of 83.33%). CONCLUSIONS: The results from the analysis of water samples indicated a fluoride concentration greater than recommended for Bauru. The fluorosis levels found were higher than expected for a peripheral district, in which water is one of the few sources of fluoride.OBJETIVOS: Avaliar a concentração de flúor na água de abastecimento público e a prevalência de fluorose dentária de escolares entre 7 e 15 anos de idade, residentes em um bairro da periferia de Bauru. MATÉRIAL E MÉTODOS: Foram coletadas 52 amostras de água durante três dias de uma semana e analisadas utilizando-se o eletrodo íon sensível (Orion 9609), acoplado a um potenciômetro (Procyon, modelo 720), com 1,0 mL da amostra à qual foi adicionado 1,0 mL de TISAB II (Orion). Para o levantamento epidemiológico de fluorose foram examinados 52 escolares entre 7 e 15 anos de idade, de ambos os gêneros, mediante a obtenção de autorização prévia dos responsáveis. Somente um examinador realizou os exames após escovação supervisionada e secagem dos dentes com rolos de algodão. O índice utilizado foi o TF, estabelecido a partir do grau máximo verificado em cada indivíduo. RESULTADOS: A concentração de flúor na água variou entre 0,62 e 1,15 mg/L, mantendo uma média de 0,9 mg/L. A prevalência de fluorose dentária verificada foi de 33%, com severidade variando entre TF1 e TF4 (Kappa=0,73 e concordância de 83,33%). CONCLUSÕES: Os resultados da análise das amostras de água indicam uma concentração média de flúor acima do recomendado para Bauru. O índice de fluorose dentária verificado foi maior que o esperado para um bairro da periferia, onde a água é uma das poucas fontes de ingestão de flúor

Prevalence, associated factors and outcomes of pressure injuries in adult intensive care unit patients: the DecubICUs study

Funder: European Society of Intensive Care Medicine; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100013347Funder: Flemish Society for Critical Care NursesAbstract: Purpose: Intensive care unit (ICU) patients are particularly susceptible to developing pressure injuries. Epidemiologic data is however unavailable. We aimed to provide an international picture of the extent of pressure injuries and factors associated with ICU-acquired pressure injuries in adult ICU patients. Methods: International 1-day point-prevalence study; follow-up for outcome assessment until hospital discharge (maximum 12 weeks). Factors associated with ICU-acquired pressure injury and hospital mortality were assessed by generalised linear mixed-effects regression analysis. Results: Data from 13,254 patients in 1117 ICUs (90 countries) revealed 6747 pressure injuries; 3997 (59.2%) were ICU-acquired. Overall prevalence was 26.6% (95% confidence interval [CI] 25.9–27.3). ICU-acquired prevalence was 16.2% (95% CI 15.6–16.8). Sacrum (37%) and heels (19.5%) were most affected. Factors independently associated with ICU-acquired pressure injuries were older age, male sex, being underweight, emergency surgery, higher Simplified Acute Physiology Score II, Braden score 3 days, comorbidities (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, immunodeficiency), organ support (renal replacement, mechanical ventilation on ICU admission), and being in a low or lower-middle income-economy. Gradually increasing associations with mortality were identified for increasing severity of pressure injury: stage I (odds ratio [OR] 1.5; 95% CI 1.2–1.8), stage II (OR 1.6; 95% CI 1.4–1.9), and stage III or worse (OR 2.8; 95% CI 2.3–3.3). Conclusion: Pressure injuries are common in adult ICU patients. ICU-acquired pressure injuries are associated with mainly intrinsic factors and mortality. Optimal care standards, increased awareness, appropriate resource allocation, and further research into optimal prevention are pivotal to tackle this important patient safety threat

Prevalence, associated factors and outcomes of pressure injuries in adult intensive care unit patients: the DecubICUs study

Funder: European Society of Intensive Care Medicine; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100013347Funder: Flemish Society for Critical Care NursesAbstract: Purpose: Intensive care unit (ICU) patients are particularly susceptible to developing pressure injuries. Epidemiologic data is however unavailable. We aimed to provide an international picture of the extent of pressure injuries and factors associated with ICU-acquired pressure injuries in adult ICU patients. Methods: International 1-day point-prevalence study; follow-up for outcome assessment until hospital discharge (maximum 12 weeks). Factors associated with ICU-acquired pressure injury and hospital mortality were assessed by generalised linear mixed-effects regression analysis. Results: Data from 13,254 patients in 1117 ICUs (90 countries) revealed 6747 pressure injuries; 3997 (59.2%) were ICU-acquired. Overall prevalence was 26.6% (95% confidence interval [CI] 25.9–27.3). ICU-acquired prevalence was 16.2% (95% CI 15.6–16.8). Sacrum (37%) and heels (19.5%) were most affected. Factors independently associated with ICU-acquired pressure injuries were older age, male sex, being underweight, emergency surgery, higher Simplified Acute Physiology Score II, Braden score 3 days, comorbidities (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, immunodeficiency), organ support (renal replacement, mechanical ventilation on ICU admission), and being in a low or lower-middle income-economy. Gradually increasing associations with mortality were identified for increasing severity of pressure injury: stage I (odds ratio [OR] 1.5; 95% CI 1.2–1.8), stage II (OR 1.6; 95% CI 1.4–1.9), and stage III or worse (OR 2.8; 95% CI 2.3–3.3). Conclusion: Pressure injuries are common in adult ICU patients. ICU-acquired pressure injuries are associated with mainly intrinsic factors and mortality. Optimal care standards, increased awareness, appropriate resource allocation, and further research into optimal prevention are pivotal to tackle this important patient safety threat

Correction to: Prevalence, associated factors and outcomes of pressure injuries in adult intensive care unit patients: the DecubICUs study

The original version of this article unfortunately contained a mistake

Action of ferric and aluminium ions on the dormancy breakage of Stylosanthes humilis seeds

Dormancy of scarified seeds of Stylosanthes humilis was broken by acidic Al^3+ and Fe^3+ solutions. Fe^+3-stimulated seeds exhibited a high activity of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) oxidase and produced great amounts of ethylene, which showed correlated with the germination process. In addition, specific inhibitors of ethylene biosynthesis and action largely depressed the Fe^3+-stimulated germination, leading to the conclusion that the ion broke dormancy by triggering ethylene production by the seeds. By contrast, inhibitors of ethylene biosynthesis and action did not impair germination of Al^3+-stimulated dormant seeds. Moreover, ethylene production and activity of ACC oxidase of Al^3+-treated seeds was substantially decreased by inhibitors of ethylene biosynthesis, but germination kept large. Together these data suggest that ethylene biosynthesis was not required in the chain of events triggered by Al^3+ leading to dormancy breakage. Methyl viologen (MV), a reactive oxygen species-generating compound, broke dormancy of seeds to the same extent as Al^3+ did. Germination of both Al^3+- and MV-stimulated dormant seeds was inhibited by sodium selenate, an antioxidant compound; selenate, however had no effect on germination of Fe^3+-stimulated seeds. Together these data indicate that the mechanisms underlying the germination of Al^3+- and Fe^3+-treated seeds are not the same

Conhecimento dos médicos pediatras e odontopediatras de Bauru e Marília a respeito de flúor

A proposta deste trabalho foi verificar o conhecimento dos médicos pediatras e odontopediatras, a respeito dos compostos fluoretados. Para tanto, foram visitados 91 médicos pediatras e 72 odontopediatras dos municípios de Bauru e Marília, que ao concordarem em participar da pesquisa receberam um questionário com 22 questões. O preenchimento e a devolução foram imediatos. Os dados obtidos foram analisados por meio de estatística descritiva, utilizando freqüências absolutas e relativas, representadas através de tabelas. Mediante a análise dos questionários, verificou-se que alguns polivitamínicos que contêm flúor são usualmente prescritos pelos médicos pediatras, ao passo que os géis, vernizes e soluções para bochecho são bastante empregados pelos odontopediatras. Não foi estabelecida relação entre o conhecimento e tempo de formado, a idade do profissional, a universidade de origem, a cidade em que trabalha e a área de atuação (particular, rede pública ou em ambos) desses profissionais. Os resultados obtidos sugerem que o conhecimento dos médicos pediatras e odontopediatras, das cidades de Bauru e de Marília, a respeito da presença de flúor em várias fontes de ingestão se mostrou insuficiente e, em algumas situações, preocupante, com relação à prevenção de fluorose dentária.The aim of this study was to evaluate the knowledge of pediatric doctors and dentists, in respect to the use of fluoridated compounds. Ninety-one pediatric doctors and seventy-two pediatric dentists from Bauru and Marília municipalities were visited. After agreeing in participating, they received a questionnaire with 22 questions. They immediately filled and returned the questionnaires. Data obtained were analyzed by descriptive statistics, using absolute and relative frequencies, represented by tables. Some pediatric drugs containing a combination of vitamins and fluoride are usually prescribed by pediatric doctors, while fluoride gels, varnishes and rinsing solutions are often recommended by pediatric dentists. It was not established a relationship between the knowledge of pediatric doctors and dentists regarding the sources of fluoride intake and gender, time of graduation, age, place of graduation, city and area of working (public, private area or both). The results suggest that the knowledge of pediatric doctors and pediatric dentists that work in Bauru and Marília, regarding the presence of fluoride in various sources of intake is insufficient and, in some cases, concerning, with respect to the prevention of dental fluorosis