37 research outputs found
Syntactic Complexity in L2 Swedish: The Effects of Language Proficiency, Mode of Production, and Individual Variation
This dissertation examines syntactic complexity in learner Swedish. Syntactic complexity is explored through both absolute and relative complexity. Absolute complexity refers to linguistic, structural complexity, and relative complexity can be seen as complexity in relation to the learner. Thus, syntactic complexity is defined as a structural property of learner language that can be observed in the varied use of long and embedded units of language and in the use of demanding structures. Syntactic complexity is inherently multifaceted and influenced by many factors. The present study focuses on the effects of language proficiency, mode of production, and individual variation. The theoretical underpinnings of the study are drawn from cognitive and usage-based approaches to language learning, and the dissertation incorporates ideas from both dynamic and systemic views of learner language development. This study also provides suggestions for teaching and assessing language.
The dissertation consists of three original publications and this summary. The data comprise written and spoken productions by 31 Finnish-speaking university students. A variety of syntactic complexity measures targeting different linguistic levels (e.g. the clausal level) are used. The first two substudies explore differences in absolute and relative complexity at two proficiency levels (lower vs higher) using quantitative analyses. The first substudy examines the effect of learnersâ language proficiency on the syntactic complexity and accuracy demonstrated in their language use, as well as on the relationship between these aspects of learner language in written production, whereas the second substudy investigates the differences in syntactic complexity between speech and writing. The third substudy is an individual-level enquiry that focuses on absolute complexity. In this study, complexity profiles in learnersâ productions are explored using a mixed-methods approach.
The results of the dissertation corroborate earlier findings demonstrating that syntactic complexity is a complex feature of learner language. Somewhat unexpectedly, the results of the first substudy do not indicate any statistically significant correlations between measures of syntactic complexity and accuracy. In line with several earlier studies, the results show that the learners at the higher proficiency level produced more accurate structures. However, in contrast with some earlier research, the learners at the lower proficiency level were able to produce relatively complex structures in their writing. As the second substudy shows, the difference in syntactic complexity between the two proficiency levels was more noticeable in speech, indicating that the mode of production employed has a strong effect on the resulting syntactic complexity. At the lower proficiency level, the written productions seemed more syntactically complex than the spoken productions, whereas the syntactic complexity in the two modes of production did not differ to a great extent at the higher proficiency level. In line with many previous studies, production in the spoken mode seemed more cognitively demanding for the learners at the lower proficiency level. Based on the results of the first two substudies, individual style of producing language seems to be one of the key determinants of syntactic complexity. The results from the third substudy, conducted at the individual level, validate this assumption: while some learners have distinctively individual styles of producing structures, others show more variation in their preferred complexification strategies. The results of this dissertation highlight the importance of considering the methodological choices when interpreting the results of both group- and individual-level studies, as not every aspect of syntactic complexity can be identified using only traditional quantitative measures of complexity.
This dissertation critically discusses the operationalisation of syntactic complexity and the problem of choosing suitable complexity measures. Future studies would benefit from analyses that focus on several different linguistic levels and, ideally, combine quantitative and qualitative approaches. The new method of categorising productions into complexity profiles explored in the third substudy could be further developed in future research to shift the focus from statistically significant differences between groups of learners to the individual-level examination of syntactic complexity.
Individual-level variation is especially important in language teaching and assessment. By examining the different complexity profiles together with learners, teachers can guide the learners and their productions accordingly. Language learners should also be aware of the fundamental differences between speech and writing and recognise how these differences affect their use of syntactically complex structures in these two modes of production. Equally important for teachers and learners is to acknowledge the relationship between complexity and other features of learner language, such as accuracy. Due to the non-linearity of development and the constant interaction between complexity and accuracy, for instance, these features can show simultaneous progress and regress in learner language. All in all, it is crucial to regard syntactic complexity as a multifaceted construct in both teaching and research.---
VÀitöstutkimuksessani tarkastelen syntaktista kompleksisuutta oppijanruotsissa. Syntaktista kompleksisuutta lÀhestytÀÀn sekÀ absoluuttisesta ettÀ suhteellisesta nÀkökulmasta. Absoluuttinen kompleksisuus viittaa lingvistiseen, rakenteelliseen kompleksisuuteen, kun taas suhteellista kompleksisuutta tutkitaan suhteessa oppijaan. NÀin ollen syntaktinen kompleksisuus mÀÀritellÀÀn monipuoliseksi pitkien ja alisteisten rakenteiden kÀytöksi, mutta myös vaativien rakenteiden tuottamiseksi. Syntaktinen kompleksisuus osana oppijankieltÀ on monitahoinen ilmiö, johon vaikuttavat monet tekijÀt. TÀssÀ vÀitöstutkimuksessa huomion kohteena ovat kielitaidon tason, tuotostavan ja yksilövariaation vaikutus. Teoreettinen viitekehys pohjautuu kognitiivisiin ja kÀyttöpohjaisiin nÀkemyksiin kielenoppimisesta, ja tutkimus yhdistÀÀ ajatuksia dynaamisista ja systemaattisista kielenoppimiskÀsityksistÀ. Tutkimustuloksia voidaan soveltaa niin kieltenopetuksessa kuin kielitaidon arvioinnissa.
VÀitöskirja koostuu yhteenveto-osan lisÀksi kolmesta osatutkimuksesta, joissa kÀytetty aineisto sisÀltÀÀ suullisia ja kirjallisia tuotoksia 31:ltÀ suomenkieliseltÀ yliopisto-opiskelijalta. Osatutkimuksissa hyödynnetÀÀn kompleksisuusmittareita, jotka mittaavat syntaktista kompleksisuutta eri tasoilla (esim. lausetaso). Kahdessa ensimmÀisessÀ osatutkimuksessa tutkitaan eroja kahden kielitaitotason (alempi ja ylempi) vÀlillÀ kvantitatiivisesti ja tarkastellaan sekÀ absoluuttista ettÀ suhteellista kompleksisuutta. EnsimmÀisessÀ osatutkimuksessa kartoitetaan kielitaidon vaikutusta syntaktiseen kompleksisuuteen ja tarkkuuteen sekÀ nÀiden vÀliseen suhteeseen kirjallisessa tuotoksessa, ja toisessa osatutkimuksessa tarkastellaan eroja kompleksisuudessa suullisen ja kirjallisen tuotoksen vÀlillÀ. Kolmas osatutkimus keskittyy absoluuttiseen kompleksisuuteen yksilötasolla ja kartoittaa kompleksisuusprofiileja oppijoiden tuotoksissa. LÀhestymistapa viimeisessÀ osatutkimuksessa on monimenetelmÀllinen, sillÀ kvantitatiivisia analyyseja tÀydennetÀÀn tuotosten kvalitatiivisella tarkastelulla.
VÀitöskirjan tulokset vahvistavat aiemman tutkimuksen nÀkemystÀ siitÀ, ettÀ syntaktinen kompleksisuus on monimutkainen osa oppijankieltÀ. On yllÀttÀvÀÀ, ettei syntaktisen kompleksisuuden ja tarkkuuden vÀlille voitu osoittaa tilastollisesti merkitsevÀÀ korrelaatiota ensimmÀisessÀ osatutkimuksessa. YhtenevÀisesti aiemman tutkimuksen kanssa tulokset osoittavat, ettÀ kielitaidolla on selvÀ vaikutus tuotoksen tarkkuuteen. Toisaalta myös alemmalla taitotasolla oppijat kykenevÀt tuottamaan suhteellisen kompleksisia rakenteita kirjallisesti. Ero syntaktisessa kompleksisuudessa taitotasojen vÀlillÀ on kuitenkin selvempi suullisessa tuotoksessa, kuten toisen osatutkimuksen tulokset osoittavat. Alemmalla taitotasolla kirjallinen tuotos on selvÀsti suullista tuotosta kompleksisempaa, kun taas ylemmÀllÀ taitotasolla merkittÀvÀÀ eroa tuotostapojen vÀlillÀ ei voida havaita. Tulokset tukevat aiempia havaintoja siitÀ, ettÀ suullinen tuotos on usein kognitiivisesti kuormittavampaa kielenoppijoille alemmilla kielitaitotasoilla. EnsimmÀisten osatutkimusten tulokset viittaavat myös siihen, ettÀ syntaktinen kompleksisuus voi vaihdella huomattavasti yksilötasolla. Kolmannen osatutkimuksen tulokset vahvistavat tÀmÀn havainnon viitaten siihen, ettÀ osalla oppijoista on vahva yksilöllinen tyyli tuottaa kieltÀ, kun taas toiset osoittavat suurempaa vaihtelua rakenteissaan. KeskeistÀ tÀssÀ tuloksessa on myös se, ettei syntaktista kompleksisuutta voi aina tarkastella pelkÀstÀÀn perinteisten kompleksisuusmittareiden avulla. Metodologisten valintojen huomiointi tuloksia tulkittaessa on ÀÀrimmÀisen tÀrkeÀÀ sekÀ ryhmÀ- ettÀ yksilötason tutkimuksissa.
VÀitöskirjassa pohdin kriittisesti syntaktisen kompleksisuuden operationalisointia ja mittareiden valinnan vaikutusta tutkimustuloksiin. Tulevassa tutkimuksessa tulisi keskittyÀ syntaktisen kompleksisuuden ilmentymiseen useilla lingvistisillÀ tasoilla, ja kvantitatiivista ja kvalitatiivista analyysia tulisi yhdistÀÀ tutkimusasetelmissa. TÀssÀ tutkimuksessa testattua uutta kategorisointimenetelmÀÀ, jonka mukaan yksilön profiili voidaan mÀÀrittÀÀ ryhmÀtason analyysien avulla, voidaan jatkossa kehittÀÀ edelleen. Tulevassa kompleksisuustutkimuksessa tulisi enenevÀssÀ mÀÀrin keskittyÀ myös yksilötasoon ryhmÀtason erojen sijaan.
Yksilötason variaatio on erityisen tÀrkeÀÀ huomioida kieltenopetuksessa ja arvioinnissa. Kompleksisuusprofiilien tarkastelu yhdessÀ oppijan kanssa voi auttaa opettajia ohjaamaan oppijaa tarkoituksenmukaisesti. LisÀksi oppijan tulisi olla tietoinen suullisen ja kirjallisen viestinnÀn eroista sekÀ erojen vaikutuksesta tuotokseen. TÀrkeÀÀ on myös huomioida syntaktisen kompleksisuuden ja tarkkuuden sekÀ muiden oppijankielen osa-alueiden vÀlinen suhde. Oppijankielen osa-alueet voivat kehittyÀ epÀlineaarisesti, ja niiden vÀlinen dynaaminen vuorovaikutus saattaa johtaa eri osa-alueiden yhdenaikaiseen kehitykseen ja taantumiseen. Yhteenvetona voidaan todeta, ettÀ syntaktinen kompleksisuus tulisi nÀhdÀ monitahoisena ilmiönÀ sekÀ opetuksessa ettÀ tutkimuksessa.---
I denna doktorsavhandling undersöks syntaktisk komplexitet i inlÀrarsvenska. Syntaktisk komplexitet granskas genom bÄde absolut och relativ komplexitet. Med absolut komplexitet avses lingvistisk, strukturell komplexitet, medan relativ komplexitet syftar till komplexitet i förhÄllande till inlÀraren. DÀrmed definieras syntaktisk komplexitet som en strukturell egenskap i inlÀrarsprÄket som framkommer via ett mÄngsidigt bruk av lÄnga och inbÀddade strukturer samt i bruket av utmanande strukturer. Syntaktisk komplexitet Àr mÄngdimensionell till sin natur och den pÄverkas av ett flertal faktorer. Denna undersökning granskar effekten av sprÄkfÀrdighetsnivÄ, modalitet och individuell variation. Den teoretiska referensramen baserar sig pÄ kognitiva och bruksbaserade perspektiv pÄ sprÄkinlÀrning och i avhandlingen kombineras dynamiska och systematiska uppfattningar om utvecklingen av sprÄkkunskaper. Studien erbjuder möjligheter till att tillÀmpa resultaten i sprÄkundervisning och i bedömning.
Avhandlingen innehÄller tre delstudier utöver detta sammandrag. Materialet bestÄr av muntlig och skriftlig produktion av 31 finsksprÄkiga universitetsstuderande. I studierna anvÀnds flera mÄtt pÄ syntaktisk komplexitet, som mÀter komplexiteten pÄ olika sprÄkliga nivÄer (t.ex. satsnivÄ). I de tvÄ första delstudierna undersöks skillnaderna i absolut och relativ komplexitet mellan tvÄ sprÄkfÀrdighetsnivÄer (lÀgre vs högre) med hjÀlp av kvantitativa analyser. Den första delstudien utforskar hur sprÄkfÀrdigheten pÄverkar den syntaktiska komplexiteten och korrektheten samt relationen dessa emellan i skriftlig produktion, medan den andra delstudien granskar skillnaderna i syntaktisk komplexitet mellan tal och skrift. Den tredje delstudien koncentrerar sig pÄ individnivÄn och pÄ absolut komplexitet. I den delstudien anvÀnds blandade metoder för att undersöka komplexitetsprofiler i inlÀrares produktion.
Undersökningen styrker tidigare iakttagelser om att syntaktisk komplexitet Àr en mÄngsidig komponent i inlÀrarsprÄk. NÄgot överraskande visar resultaten i den första delstudien inga statistiskt signifikanta korrelationer mellan syntaktisk komplexitet och korrekthet. I enlighet med tidigare undersökningar producerar inlÀrarna pÄ den högre fÀrdighetsnivÄn fler mÄlsprÄksenliga strukturer. DÀremot tyder resultaten pÄ att inlÀrarna ocksÄ pÄ den lÀgre fÀrdighetsnivÄn kan producera relativt komplexa strukturer i skrift, vilket avviker frÄn resultaten i flera tidigare studier. Den andra delstudien avslöjar att skillnaden i syntaktisk komplexitet mellan fÀrdighetsnivÄerna Àr mer tydlig i muntlig produktion. PÄ den lÀgre fÀrdighetsnivÄn uppvisar inlÀrarna högre komplexitet i den skriftliga produktionen Àn i den muntliga. PÄ den högre fÀrdighetsnivÄn visar dÀremot jÀmförelsen mellan muntlig och skriftlig produktion inte pÄ nÄgra stora skillnader i komplexitet. Detta resultat överensstÀmmer med flera tidigare forskningsresultat och tyder pÄ att modaliteten spelar en stor roll för den syntaktiska komplexiteten. Den muntliga produktionen verkar vara kognitivt mer krÀvande för inlÀrare med begrÀnsade sprÄkkunskaper. DÀrtill tyder resultaten i bÄde den första och andra delstudien pÄ att skillnaderna kan vara betydande pÄ individnivÄ. Resultaten frÄn den tredje delstudien bekrÀftar detta antagande: somliga inlÀrare verkar ha ett relativt stabilt sÀtt att producera sprÄk, medan andra visar mer variation i sina strukturer. Resultaten i denna avhandling visar hur viktigt det Àr att beakta de metodologiska valen nÀr man tolkar resultaten frÄn bÄde grupp- och individnivÄstudier. Det Àr inte möjligt att observera alla aspekter av syntaktisk komplexitet med hjÀlp av traditionella, kvantitativa komplexitetsmÄtt.
I denna doktorsavhandling diskuterar jag kritiskt valet av komplexitetsmÄtt och operationaliseringen av syntaktisk komplexitet. I framtida studier skulle det vara nyttigt att koncentrera sig pÄ flera sprÄkliga nivÄer samt att kombinera kvantitativa och kvalitativa analyser. I den tredje delstudien anvÀnds en ny metod för att utgÄende frÄn analyser pÄ gruppnivÄ kategorisera inlÀrares produktion med hjÀlp av profiler. Denna metod skulle kunna utvecklas vidare i framtida forskning och dÀrmed bidra till att rikta fokus mot individnivÄn.
Det Àr speciellt viktigt att beakta variationen pÄ individnivÄ i sprÄkundervisningen och i bedömningen. Genom att granska komplexitetsprofilerna tillsammans med inlÀrarna kan lÀraren handleda dem pÄ ett mer ÀndamÄlsenligt sÀtt. SprÄkinlÀrare borde ocksÄ vara medvetna om de grundlÀggande skillnaderna mellan tal och skrift och kÀnna till hur dessa skillnader pÄverkar deras produktion. Det Àr viktigt för bÄde lÀrarna och inlÀrarna att vara medvetna om relationen mellan komplexitet och övriga aspekter av inlÀrarsprÄket, sÄsom korrekthet. Dessa aspekter kan utvecklas icke-linjÀrt och interaktionen mellan dem kan leda till att inlÀrarsprÄket visar tecken pÄ samtidig progression och regression. Sammanfattningsvis kan man konstatera att det Àr ytterst viktigt att man bÄde i undervisning och i forskning inser att syntaktisk komplexitet Àr en mÄngfacetterad del av ett inlÀrarsprÄk
Syntaktisk komplexitet och korrekthet i finska universitetsstudenters skriftliga inlÀrarsvenska: en jÀmförelse mellan tvÄ fÀrdighetsnivÄer.
I denna studie undersöks hur syntaktisk komplexitet och korrekthet skiljer sig pÄ tvÄ olika fÀrdighetsnivÄer i skriftlig inlÀrarsvenska samt vilken relation som föreligger mellan komplexitet och korrekthet pÄ dessa fÀrdighetsnivÄer. Enligt tidigare studier ökar bÄde komplexiteten och korrektheten i syntaktiska strukturer i samband med ökade kunskaper i mÄlsprÄket, men det finns ocksÄ studier som har visat pÄ motstridiga resultat (Wolfe-Quintero et al., 1998). Vidare Àr det oklart om relationen mellan dessa komponenter Àr konkurrerande (Skehan, 1998) eller stödjande (Robinson, 2001).Materialet i denna studie bestÄr av 31 uppsatser skrivna av finska universitetsstudenter. Fokuset ligger pÄ strukturernas yttre komplexitet och följande komplexitetsmÄtt anvÀnds i analysen: den genomsnittliga lÀngden pÄ T-enheter och satser, andelen bisatser och förekomsten av bisatser med satsadverbial och topikaliserade strukturer. Korrekthetsaspekten avgrÀnsas till fel i ordföljden och mÀts med andelen felfria satser, felfria bisatser och felfria bisatser med satsadverbial samt förekomsten av inversion jÀmfört med det totala antalet topikaliserade strukturer.Resultaten tyder pÄ att fÀrdighetsnivÄn huvudsakligen pÄverkar korrekthetsaspekten medan komplexiteten ocksÄ kan pÄverkas av andra faktorer, sÄsom inlÀrarens allmÀnna kÀnnedom om strukturer i mÄlsprÄket. NÄgot överraskande visar resultaten inga statistiskt signifikanta korrelationer mellan komplexitet och korrekthet. DÀrmed visar resultaten inget stöd för vare sig konkurrerande eller stödjande samband mellan dessa komponenter, med eventuellt undantag för en tendens till konkurrerande relation mellan bisatser med satsadverbial och korrekthet pÄ den högre fÀrdighetsnivÄn och mellan topikaliserade strukturer och korrekthet pÄ den lÀgre nivÄn.</p
Measuring Syntactic Complexity in Spoken and Written Learner Language: Comparing the Incomparable?
Spoken and written
language are two modes of language. When learners aim at higher skill
levels, the expected outcome of successful second language learning is
usually to become a fluent speaker and writer who can produce accurate
and complex language in the target language. There is an axiomatic
difference between speech and writing, but together they form the
essential parts of learnersâ L2 skills. The two modes have their own
characteristics, and there are differences between native and nonnative
language use. For instance, hesitations and pauses are not visible in
the end result of the writing process, but they are characteristic of
nonnative spoken language use. The present study is based on the
analysis of L2 English spoken and written productions of 18 L1 Finnish
learners with focus on syntactic complexity. As earlier spoken language
segmentation units mostly come from fluency studies, we conducted an
experiment with a new unit, the U-unit, and examined how using this unit
as the basis of spoken language segmentation affects the results.
According to the analysis, written language was more complex than spoken
language. However, the difference in the level of complexity was
greatest when the traditional units, T-units and AS-units, were used in
segmenting the data. Using the U-unit revealed that spoken language may,
in fact, be closer to written language in its syntactic complexity than
earlier studies had suggested. Therefore, further research is needed to
discover whether the differences in spoken and written learner language
are primarily due to the nature of these modes or, rather, to the units
and measures used in the analysis.</p
Snacking Gamers
The digital games have become a major industry during last decades, and game-playing appears as an important leisure-time hobby for millions of consumers worldwide. In addition to playing at home, the serious gamers participate in LAN parties to join as a community of gamers for a weekend long event. While the popular culture connects gaming with the junk food and in many gaming events this seems to be true, we argue that this is just a half-truth. In this work-in-progress paper, we examine how the serious gamers eat during and outside the gaming events in relation to their mundane snacking practices. We introduce our research approach and the goals for a study that conducted in two LAN (Local Area Network) parties in Finland by observing and interviewing the participants (n=45). We aim to enrich existing discussions on the digital game-playing, eating practices, (un)healthy snacking and serious consumer communities.</p
Foodscapeista gamescapeiksi : vÀlipalat pelaamiskÀytÀnnöissÀ
Tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan pelaajien jokapĂ€ivĂ€istĂ€ elĂ€mÀÀ etsimĂ€llĂ€ hetkiĂ€, gamescapeja, joissa pelaamisen kĂ€ytĂ€nnöt yhdistyvĂ€t vĂ€lipalojen kulutuskĂ€ytĂ€ntöihin. NĂ€in pyritÀÀn vastaamaan nĂ€kemyksiin, joiden mukaan pelaamista tulisi tarkastella kokonaisvaltaisesti osana erilaisten ihmisten arkea moninaisissa tilanteissa ja ympĂ€ristöissĂ€, osana kulttuurista kehystĂ€. TyössĂ€ muodostetaan netnografisen metodologian avulla, arjen kĂ€ytĂ€ntöihin ja tilallisuuteen perustuva gamescape-typologia: Tosissaan â Helposti energiaa, YhdessĂ€ hauskaa â Herkuttelua tai kieltĂ€ytymistĂ€, LiikkeellĂ€ â EvÀÀt matkassa tai matkalta sekĂ€ Arjen vĂ€litilassa â PelejĂ€ ja vĂ€lipaloja. Työ rakentaa monipuolista kuvaa pelaajien arjesta ja siten rikkoo yksiulotteisia oletuksia pelaajien ruokakulttuurista. Tutkimus myös luo jatkotutkimusehdotuksia kulttuurisen pelitutkimuksen ja pelisuunnittelun kentĂ€lle.fi=vertaisarvioitu|en=peerReviewed
Foodscapeista gamescapeiksi: VÀlipalat pelaamiskÀytÀnnöissÀ
Tutkimuksessa
tarkastellaan pelaajien jokapÀivÀistÀ elÀmÀÀ etsimÀllÀ hetkiÀ, gamescapeja,
joissa pelaamisen kÀytÀnnöt yhdistyvÀt vÀlipalojen kulutuskÀytÀntöihin. NÀin
pyritÀÀn vastaamaan nÀkemyksiin, joiden mukaan pelaamista tulisi tarkastella
kokonaisvaltaisesti osana erilaisten ihmisten arkea moninaisissa tilanteissa ja
ympÀristöissÀ, osana kulttuurista kehystÀ. TyössÀ muodostetaan netnografisen
metodologian avulla, arjen kÀytÀntöihin ja tilallisuuteen perustuva
gamescape-typologia: Tosissaan - Helposti
energiaa, YhdessÀ hauskaa - Herkuttelua tai kieltÀytymistÀ, LiikkeellÀ - EvÀÀt
matkassa tai matkalta sekÀ Arjen
vÀlitilassa - PelejÀ ja vÀlipaloja. Työ rakentaa monipuolista kuvaa
pelaajien arjesta ja siten rikkoo yksiulotteisia oletuksia pelaajien
ruokakulttuurista. Tutkimus myös luo jatkotutkimusehdotuksia kulttuurisen
pelitutkimuksen ja pelisuunnittelun kentÀlle. </p
Coxsackievirus B1 infections are associated with the initiation of insulin-driven autoimmunity that progresses to type 1 diabetes
Aims/hypothesis Islet autoimmunity usually starts with the appearance of autoantibodies against either insulin (IAA) or GAD65 (GADA). This categorises children with preclinical type 1 diabetes into two immune phenotypes, which differ in their genetic background and may have different aetiology. The aim was to study whether Coxsackievirus group B (CVB) infections, which have been linked to the initiation of islet autoimmunity, are associated with either of these two phenotypes in children with HLA-conferred susceptibility to type 1 diabetes. Methods All samples were from children in the Finnish Type 1 Diabetes Prediction and Prevention (DIPP) study. Individuals are recruited to the DIPP study from the general population of new-born infants who carry defined HLA genotypes associated with susceptibility to type 1 diabetes. Our study cohort included 91 children who developed IAA and 78 children who developed GADA as their first appearing single autoantibody and remained persistently seropositive for islet autoantibodies, along with 181 and 151 individually matched autoantibody negative control children, respectively. Seroconversion to positivity for neutralising antibodies was detected as the surrogate marker of CVB infections in serial follow-up serum samples collected before and at the appearance of islet autoantibodies in each individual. Results CVB1 infections were associated with the appearance of IAA as the first autoantibody (OR 2.4 [95% CI 1.4, 4.2], corrected p = 0.018). CVB5 infection also tended to be associated with the appearance of IAA, however, this did not reach statistical significance (OR 2.3, [0.7, 7.5], p = 0.163); no other CVB types were associated with increased risk of IAA. Children who had signs of a CVB1 infection either alone or prior to infections by other CVBs were at the highest risk for developing IAA (OR 5.3 [95% CI 2.4, 11.7], p <0.001). None of the CVBs were associated with the appearance of GADA. Conclusions/interpretation CVB1 infections may contribute to the initiation of islet autoimmunity being particularly important in the insulin-driven autoimmune process.Peer reviewe
Permutation-based significance analysis reduces the type 1 error rate in bisulfite sequencing data analysis of human umbilical cord blood samples
DNA methylation patterns are largely established in-utero and might mediate the impacts of in-utero conditions on later health outcomes. Associations between perinatal DNA methylation marks and pregnancy-related variables, such as maternal age and gestational weight gain, have been earlier studied with methylation microarrays, which typically cover less than 2% of human CpG sites. To detect such associations outside these regions, we chose the bisulphite sequencing approach. We collected and curated clinical data on 200 newborn infants; whose umbilical cord blood samples were analysed with the reduced representation bisulphite sequencing (RRBS) method. A generalized linear mixed-effects model was fit for each high coverage CpG site, followed by spatial and multiple testing adjustment of P values to identify differentially methylated cytosines (DMCs) and regions (DMRs) associated with clinical variables, such as maternal age, mode of delivery, and birth weight. Type 1 error rate was then evaluated with a permutation analysis. We discovered a strong inflation of spatially adjusted P values through the permutation analysis, which we then applied for empirical type 1 error control. The inflation of P values was caused by a common method for spatial adjustment and DMR detection, implemented in tools comb-p and RADMeth. Based on empirically estimated significance thresholds, very little differential methylation was associated with any of the studied clinical variables, other than sex. With this analysis workflow, the sex-associated differentially methylated regions were highly reproducible across studies, technologies, and statistical models.Peer reviewe
Measuring Syntactic Complexity in Spoken and Written Learner Language: Comparing the Incomparable?
Spoken and written language are two modes of language. When learners aim at higher skill levels, the expected outcome of successful second language learning is usually to become a fluent speaker and writer who can produce accurate and complex language in the target language. There is an axiomatic difference between speech and writing, but together they form the essential parts of learnersâ L2 skills. The two modes have their own characteristics, and there are differences between native and nonnative language use. For instance, hesitations and pauses are not visible in the end result of the writing process, but they are characteristic of nonnative spoken language use. The present study is based on the analysis of L2 English spoken and written productions of 18 L1 Finnish learners with focus on syntactic complexity. As earlier spoken language segmentation units mostly come from fluency studies, we conducted an experiment with a new unit, the U-unit, and examined how using this unit as the basis of spoken language segmentation affects the results. According to the analysis, written language was more complex than spoken language. However, the difference in the level of complexity was greatest when the traditional units, T-units and AS-units, were used in segmenting the data. Using the U-unit revealed that spoken language may, in fact, be closer to written language in its syntactic complexity than earlier studies had suggested. Therefore, further research is needed to discover whether the differences in spoken and written learner language are primarily due to the nature of these modes or, rather, to the units and measures used in the analysis