Espacialização horizontal da evaporação em ambiente protegido em Botucatu-SP

O Manejo da água de irrigação em uma cultura é de fundamental importância pois permite o uso racional deste fator de produção, visando a obtenção da máxima produção por unidade de água aplicada. Aliado a essa tecnologia, o cultivo em ambiente protegido possibilita produção contínua em épocas do ano em que as condições a campo normalmente são desfavoráveis, possibilitando o abastecimento do mercado nacional em todas as estações. O trabalho foi realizado na área experimental do Departamento de Engenharia Rural da Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Campus de Botucatu, com o objetivo de avaliar a espacialização do ambiente protegido, mediante a distribuição de minievaporímetros, para verificação da distribuição de energia em três alturas, 40, 80 e 120cm do solo, e a especialização horizontal. O trabalho foi conduzido em estufa plástica, com orientação Noroeste Sudoeste. As variáveis climatológicas, bem como a evaporação semanal dos minievaporímetros, foram avaliados durante 8 meses. Os resultados obtidos indicaram que a espacialização da distribuição dos minievaporômetros mostrou que no período de estudo, de 07 maio a 16 de julho, ocorreu maior evaporação no ambiente a 40cm do solo, ou seja, nos meses mais frios. No período de 30 de julho a 16 de setembro a maior evaporação ocorreu a 80cm do solo. Os minievaporímetros instalados a 120cm do solo apresentaram valores menores ou iguais ao  das demais alturas, independentemente do período avaliado. A face Sudoeste do ambiente, para todo o período estudado, apresentou maior evaporação. Ocorreu maior evaporação no ambiente protegido nos meses mais frios do ano, para os minievaporímetros que estavam próximos ao solo.Saber aprovechar el manejo del agua al irrigar una cultura es muy importante una vez que permite utilizarla de forma racional lo que permite obtener una producción máxima para cada unidad de agua aplicada. Aliar esa tecnologia al cultivo en áreas de protección posibilita la producción contínua incluso en las épocas del año en que las condiciones en el campo son desfavorables. Otra ventaja es que permite el abastecimiento de productos en el mercado nacional durante todas las estaciones del año. Realizamos el trabajo en el Campo Experimental del Departamento de Ingenieria Rural de Universidad Estadual Paulista- UNESP- Campus de Botucatú, con el objetivo de evaluar la especialidad del ambiente protegido distribuyendo mini-evaporímetros para verificar da distribución de energia en tres alturas: a 40, a80 y a 120 cm del suelo y todavia, la especialidad horizontal . el desarrollo del trabajo se dió en estufas cubiertas de material plástico(nylon) con orientación Noroeste /Suroeste. Las variabilidades del clima y de la evaporación semanal expelida pelos minievaporímetros fue acompañada y estudiada durante 8 meses. Los resultados obtenidos indicaron que la especialidad de la distribución de los mini-evaporímetros, en el período de 07 de mayo a 16 de Julio fue mayor en el ambiente a 40cm del suelo durante los meses mas fríos. Durante el período de 30 de Julio a 16 de Septiembre, se dió mayor evaporación en el espacio experimental con los mini-evaporímetros a 80cm del suelo.  Ya los mini-evaporímetros instalados a 120cm del suelo  presentaron valores menores o iguales a  los de las otras alturas independientemente del período estudiado. La parte del área  vuelta para el suroeste presentó durante todo el estudio mayores índices de evaporación. Los mayores índices de evaporación se obtuvieron durante los meses mas frios en las áreas donde los mini-evaporímetros estaban mas próximos al suelo.The management of irrigation water in a culture is important because it allows the rational use of this factor of production aimed at obtaining the maximum output per unit of water applied. Allied to this technology, the cultivation in protected environment enables continuous production at times of the year in which conditions are usually unfavorable to the field, allowing the supply of the domestic market in all seasons. The study was conducted in the experimental area of Department of Rural Engineering of the Paulista State University - UNESP, campus of Botucatu, to evaluate the spatial protected environment through the distribution of minievaporimeters to check the distribution of energy in three heights, 40, 80 and 120 cm from the ground and the horizontal specialization. The study was conducted in plastic greenhouse, with guidance Northwest-Southwest. The climatological variables, and the weekly evaporation of minievaporimeters were evaluated for 8 months. The results indicated that the spatial distribution of minievaporimeters showed that during the study period from 07th May to 16th July ocurred greater evaporation in the environment to 40 cm of soil, ie, during the coldest months. The period from July 30th to September 16th the highest evaporation occurred at 80 cm soil. The minievaporimeters installed to 120 cm of soil showed values less than or equal, in other times, regardless of the evaluation period. The west side of the environment had higher evaporation for the entire study period. There was more evaporation in the protected environment during the coldest months of the year for minievaporimeters which were near the ground

Rare Variants of Putative Candidate Genes Associated With Sporadic Meniere's Disease in East Asian Population

Objectives: The cause of Meniere's disease (MD) is unclear but likely involves genetic and environmental factors. The aim of this study was to investigate the genetic basis underlying MD by screening putative candidate genes for MD. Methods: Sixty-eight patients who met the diagnostic criteria for MD of the Barany Society were included. We performed targeted gene sequencing using next generation sequencing (NGS) panel composed of 45 MD-associated genes. We identified the rare variants causing non-synonymous amino acid changes, stop codons, and insertions/deletions in the coding regions, and excluded the common variants with minor allele frequency >0.01 in public databases. The pathogenicity of the identified variants was analyzed by various predictive tools and protein structural modeling. Results: The average read depth for the targeted regions was 1446.3-fold, and 99.4% of the targeted regions were covered by 20 or more reads, achieving the high quality of the sequencing. After variant filtering, annotation, and interpretation, we identified a total of 15 rare heterozygous variants in 12 (17.6%) sporadic patients. Among them, four variants were detected in familial MD genes (DTNA, FAM136A, DPT), and the remaining 11 in MD-associated genes (PTPN22, NFKB1, CXCL10, TLR2, MTHFR, SLC44A2, NOS3, NOTCH2). Three patients had the variants in two or more genes. All variants were not detected in our healthy controls (n = 100). No significant differences were observed between patients with and without a genetic variant in terms of sex, mean age of onset, bilaterality, the type of MD, and hearing threshold at diagnosis. Conclusions: Our study identified rare variants of putative candidate genes in some of MD patients. The genes were related to the formation of inner ear structures, the immune-associated process, or systemic hemostasis derangement, suggesting the multiple genetic predispositions in the development of MD

Differential GAP requirement for Cdc42-GTP polarization during proliferation and sexual reproduction.

The formation of a local zone of Cdc42 GTPase activity, which governs cell polarization in many cell types, requires not only local activation but also switch-off mechanisms. In this study, we identify Rga3, a paralog of Rga4, as a novel Cdc42 GTPase-activating protein (GAP) in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe Contrary to Rga4, Rga3 localizes with Cdc42-GTP to sites of polarity. Rga3 is dispensable for cell polarization during mitotic growth, but it limits the lifetime of unstable Cdc42-GTP patches that underlie cell pairing during sexual reproduction, masking a partly compensatory patch-wandering motion. In consequence, cells lacking rga3 hyperpolarize and lose out in mating competition. Rga3 synergizes with the Cdc42 GAPs Rga4 and Rga6 to restrict Cdc42-GTP zone sizes during mitotic growth. Surprisingly, triple-mutant cells, which are almost fully round, retain pheromone-dependent dynamic polarization of Cdc42-GTP, extend a polarized projection, and mate. Thus, the requirement for Cdc42-GTP hydrolysis by GAPs is distinct during polarization by intrinsic or extrinsic cues

Dimensions and Dichotomy in Metamodeling

ion A metamodel is a model for the information that can be expressed during (software) modeling. Basically, a metamodel is a model of models. It consists of entities defining the model elements and therefore the modeling language. The main purpose of a metamodel is to relate these model elements. The different levels of abstraction are illustrated in Fig. 2 [Ode95]. On the data- and process-level, the entities are run-time objects, i.e. instances of classes and processes running on a concrete system. On the level of models, we have different models describing the underlying physical system, e.g. Employee and Employer are classes of a structure diagram. The next abstraction, the metamodel level, describes the model in which, for example, the entities are classes and objects. Following the example given in Fig. 2, we consider Employer as an instance of Class of the metamodel. In order to express these concepts, we need a further level, defining the used language for the metamodel. This..

A Metamodel for Object-Oriented Statecharts

In this paper we present an approach for the definition of object-oriented modeling languages using a metamodel. In order to achieve a precise semantics we are using the formal specification language Object-Z as a metalanguage. We are considering abstract syntax and static semantics in order to define the concepts of models and the constraints between different models. The behavior of the models is determined by its dynamic semantics. Especially for behavioral models like statecharts or interaction diagrams, the dynamic semantics is very important. Using Object-Z we have one single metalanguage defined independently from the UML for all three aspects (abstract syntax, static semantics and dynamic semantics). Using this approach we define object-oriented statecharts as proposed by Harel and Gery [12] and used in the UML. Object-oriented statecharts are used for the specification of the complete behavior of classes. The abstract syntax and the static semantics define the structure of sta..

Dimensions and Dichotomy in Metamodeling

Metamodeling is playing an increasingly important role in object-oriented software engineering. However, most approaches use metamodels in a very pragmatic way and important conceptual questions are left open. In this paper, an object-oriented metamodeling methodology based on a formal metalanguage is introduced. The methodology allows for the description of all relevant properties of a metamodel, i. e. abstract syntax, static and dynamic semantics. Different kinds of instantiation relations are identified and a dichotomy for the classification of metaentities is developed. The reflection of the instantiation relations by the metalanguage is shown

Dimensions and dichotomy in metamodeling

Metamodeling is playing an increasingly important role in object-oriented software engineering. However, most approaches use metamodels in a very pragmatic way and important conceptual questions are left open. In this paper, an object-oriented metamodeling methodology based on a formal metalanguage is introduced. The methodology allows for the description of all relevant properties of a metamodel, i. e. abstract syntax, static and dynamic semantics. Different kinds of instantiation relations are identified and a dichotomy for the classiffcation of metaentities is developed. The reflection of the instantiation relations by the metalanguage is shown.Laboratorio de Investigación y Formación en Informática Avanzad

Horizontal and Vertical Structuring Techniques for Statecharts

In this paper we present an algebraic approach to statecharts as they are used in the Statemate tool in the style of "Petri-Nets are Monoids" for place-transition nets developed by Meseguer and Montanari. We apply the framework of high-level-replacement systems, a categorical generalization of graph transformation systems, in order to de#ne union as horizontal as well as transformation and re#nementasvertical structuring techniques for statecharts. The #rst main result shows compatibility of union and transformation in a suitable category of statecharts. We present an algorithm for the computation of all transitions enabled within one step. The second main result shows the correctness of this algorithm. We de#ne re#nement morphisms for statecharts, which allow re#nement of arbitrary states, in contrast to concepts in the literature where only basic and root states are subject of re#nement. The third main result shows that re#nement morphisms are compatible with the behavio..