The concept of Index for the Assessment of Regulations' Significance (IARS) in regulatory impact evaluation

This article aims to present the concept of the Index for the Assessment of Regulations’ Significance as a tool used in parliamentary regulatory impact assessment, with a special focus on expost assessment. The Index is an element of the broadly defined economic analysis of law, which can facilitate a more effective scrutiny of parliamentary lawmaking. The Index also enables theRIA (Regulatory Impact Assessment) to be verified by the act originator at the stage of the ex-ante regulatory impact assessment. Furthermore, the Index can also serve as a tool for conducting an analysis of the overall legislation process employed in parliament over a given period of time, on the basis of the adopted legal and substantive criteria.Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie koncepcji wskaźnika oceny istotności regulacji jako narzędzia do wykorzystania w parlamentarnej ocenie skutków regulacji, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem oceny ex-post. Wskaźnik jest elementem szeroko rozumianej ekonomicznej analizy prawa, która umożliwić może skuteczniejszą kontrolę stanowienia prawa przez parlamenty. Wskaźnik umożliwia także weryfikację RIA przeprowadzonego przez projektodawcę na etapie oceny skutków regulacji ex-ante. Ponadto wskaźnik służyć może do przeprowadzenia analizy całego procesu legislacyjnego w parlamencie w danym okresie na podstawie przyjętych kryteriów prawnych i merytorycznych

REGUŁY FISKALNE W WARUNKACH KRYZYSU FINANSÓW PUBLICZNYCH

The article presents the essence and the meaning of the fiscal rules of the budgetary policy with particular emphasis on the period of financial crisis since 2008. The author presets the fiscal rules (criteria) in the European Union and national solutions. Attention is paid to the extent and nature of fiscal rules implemented or modified in the period 2009-2010.W artykule zaprezentowano istotę i znaczenie reguł fiskalnych w polityce budżetowej ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem okresu kryzysu finansowego, tj. od 2008 roku. Autorka przedstawiła reguły fiskalne obowiązujące w Unii Europejskiej, czyli na poziomie ponadnarodwym oraz rozwiązania krajowe w tym zakresie. Uwagę zwrócono szczególnie na zakres i rodzaj reguł fiskalnych wdrożonych lub zmodyfikowanych w okresie 2009-2010

The concept of Index for the Assessment of Regulations' Significance (IARS) in regulatory impact evaluation

This article aims to present the concept of the Index for the Assessment of Regulations’ Significance as a tool used in parliamentary regulatory impact assessment, with a special focus on expost assessment. The Index is an element of the broadly defined economic analysis of law, which can facilitate a more effective scrutiny of parliamentary lawmaking. The Index also enables the RIA (Regulatory Impact Assessment) to be verified by the act originator at the stage of the ex-ante regulatory impact assessment. Furthermore, the Index can also serve as a tool for conducting an analysis of the overall legislation process employed in parliament over a given period of time, on the basis of the adopted legal and substantive criteria

Sovereign debt management in the face of climate liabilities: perspective of European Union member states

Climate change impact on sovereign debt management has become an issue of great concern. The aim of this paper is to analyse the changes in the traditional approach of sovereign debt managers in the face of the pursued climate policy and different scenarios of climate liabilities for 2050. We follow a novel threefold research approach: 1) assessment of the estimated level of current climate liabilities based on the Fiscal Risk Matrix; 2) performing forward-looking climate debt projections over the timeframe 2025- 2050 for the EU countries; 3) conducting case study research on EU countries, to identify the sovereign climate debt management activities undertaken so far and to define a series of good-practice guidelines. Findings indicate a growing role of the climate financial mechanisms in sovereign debt management. In particular, our climate scenario approach reveals those scenarios in which a country’s fiscal position indicators are more vulnerable from the standpoint of rising public expenditure due to the country’s inability to manage CO2 gas emissions. Each country is responsible for its climate pathway by 2050 and this will be mainly determined by the timeliness, efficacy and appropriateness of the public policies and measures implemented to mitigate climate change

Chapter Introduction

This book focuses on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on changing labour markets and accelerating digitalisation of the workplace in Central and Eastern Europe. The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted workplaces substantially. As the lockdowns or stay-at-home measures entered into force, a large proportion of the workforce was instructed to stay home and continue to work remotely if their functions made it possible. This policy accelerated the introduction of many digital solutions, requiring the establishment of new patterns of work, and new institutional logic guiding daily activity for both organisations and individuals. In a relatively short time, remote working has become a kind of commonly accepted new institution with its own new logic, structures, rules, and behaviours (Jacks, 2021). The trends contributing to a shift towards more flexible, digital working patterns were emerging before the pandemic (over the last decade) in response to societal developments, the increasing participation of women, and greater global competition. In 2020, the combined health and economic shocks have only deepened the concerns about technology-driven displacement of jobs, growing income inequality, and rising societal discord towards globalisation

Chapter 12 Individual Work Pricing by Non-fungible Personal Tokens (“NFT Gig Tokens”) – a New Opportunity for Gig Workers

The COVID-19 pandemic transformed the way people operate in all fields of their activity – individual, social, economic, cultural, civic, to name the most essential spheres. One of the crucial changes to the rules existing within pre-pandemic societies was the modification of the work environment and principles (Ralph et al., 2020; Masood et al., 2022). The patterns developed within the gig economy, which are based on the idea of flexibility and the use of technological communication platforms, proved to be the most common response to the change (Diab- Bahman & Al-Enzi, 2020). When it comes to specific problems that were highlighted by the pandemic, the issue of labour pricing occurred to be of concern. The development of online communication tools created new opportunities to provide services and share results of one’s work via the Internet. It is worth noting that even before the COVID-19, the issue of work valuation was crucial for some groups, for example, for artists. The token became an important way of work monetisation both for them and the new services providers. More and more one hears about artists converting their artworks (the results of their work) into non-fungible tokens (NFT tokens). But will only celebrities (artists, actors, and influencers) use this tool in the future? This question occurred to be an extremely relevant matter in a (post)pandemic world. It seems that NFT gig tokens are an answer to the challenges occurring on the labour market, related to the popularisation of the employment model in the gig economy and the issue of valuing work offered by gig workers

Growing fiscal risk in European Union resulting from government contingent liabilities in the pandemic crisis – assessment and policy recommendations

The pandemic crisis, responsible for increased levels of financing with public debt and contingent liabilities, may trigger another debt crisis across the European Union. Our research indicates that member states are increasingly willing to use public guarantees and other off-budget instruments, which are classified as "hidden debt" or "hidden expenditure". Simulations have shown that if public guarantees have to be covered by the budget, an unprecedented increase in a public debt may occur across the euro area countries and the entire EU as a whole. Therefore, the authors recommend the introduction of uniform rules for estimating fiscal risk due to contingent liabilities, as well as standards for their reporting, allowing for their constant monitoring at the EU level

NEW SOLUTIONS IN LOCAL GOVERNMENTS FINANCES IN LIGHT OF AN INCREASING PUBLIC DEBT IN POLAND

Dług samorządów terytorialnych stanowi w ostatnim czasie jeden z elementów oceny stanu finansów publicznych w Polsce. Problemem wydaje się przede wszystkim dynamiczna skala przyrostu zadłużenia lokalnego i jego oddziaływania na przyrost państwowego długu publicznego. W tym kontekście podjęto kilka ważnych zmian prawnych i organizacyjnych, które zainicjowano w nowelizacji ustawy o finansach publicznych z 2009 r. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest analiza najważniejszych rozwiązań prawnych nałożonych na finanse samorządowe w ostatnich dwóch latach oraz ich weryfikacja na bazie wybranych wyników badania ankietowego na grupie miast i województw.The debt of territorial governments has recently become one of the elements of the analysis of the state of public finance in Poland as it is believed that the rapid rise of the level of indebtedness of those bodies is reflected in the public debt. This, in turn, has triggered some major amendments of legal and organisational nature that were introduced in the amended law on public finance. The aim of this paper is to analyse the main legal solutions that have been implemented in the last two years with regard to local governments finances, and revise them based on the results of a survey made on a group of towns and voivodeships