¿Gracias al negocio o a pesar del negocio? La intersección entre familia y empresa para los emprendedores inmigrantes en Galicia

Este artículo analiza, de forma comparativa, las estrategias de participación de la familia en la empresa a través de las narraciones de emprendedores inmigrantes extranjeros y retornados en Galicia. La intersección entre negocio y familia ha sido un elemento central en el marco de la literatura sobre empresariado inmigrante, de modo que los conceptos «empresa familiar» y «empresa inmigrante» han sido presentados como sinónimos. Las diferentes investigaciones en esta línea han sacado a la luz como el uso de mano de obra femenina en la empresa es clave para el éxito de los negocios, pero dificulta la visibilidad de contribución y la independencia de las mujeres. Asimismo, la investigación ha puesto de manifiesto como la dedicación al negocio por parte de las siguientes generaciones puede bloquear la trayectoria educativa de los hijos. Sin embargo, los resultados de este trabajo de investigación muestran que los negocios liderados por mujeres solas no necesariamente son sinónimo de una mejor inserción sociolaboral y percepción de movilidad social positiva, y que las estrategias de participación de los hijos en el negocio guardan relación con la percepción de movilidad experimentada por los padres. El acceso diferencial a la ciudadanía muestra unas estrategias diferenciales para emprendedores retornados y extranjeros. Las narrativas analizadas han sido obtenidas a través de 74 entrevistas en profundidad semiestructuradas a inmigrantes emprendedores retornados y extranjeros en Galicia.This paper analyses the strategies for family participation in businesses through the narratives of foreign and returnee entrepreneurs in Galicia. The intersection between business and family has been a central theme in the literature on immigrant entrepreneurship, where 'family business' and 'immigrant business' are two synonymous concepts. This field of research has revealed that the use of female labour within business activity is a key factor in the success of the business, but that women's contribution to such success is largely invisible and their independence is hindered. On the other hand, the literature has studied how the participation of children in the business might impact negatively on their educational paths. This paper argues that women who run a business do not necessarily improve their opportunities for social and labour market integration or positive social mobility; and that the strategies by which children participate in the business is strongly linked to the parent's perception of social mobility. The differential access to citizenship for returnees and foreigners has an impact on the entrepreneurial strategies of both groups. The narratives analysed in this paper have been obtained through 74 semi-structured interviews with returnee and foreign immigrant entrepreneurs in Galicia

Because of the Business or Despite the Business? : the Intersection between Family and Enterprise for Immigrant Entrepreneurs in Galicia

Este artículo analiza, de forma comparativa, las estrategias de participación de la familia en la empresa a través de las narraciones de emprendedores inmigrantes extranjeros y retornados en Galicia. La intersección entre negocio y familia ha sido un elemento central en el marco de la literatura sobre empresariado inmigrante, de modo que los conceptos «empresa familiar» y «empresa inmigrante» han sido presentados como sinónimos. Las diferentes investigaciones en esta línea han sacado a la luz como el uso de mano de obra femenina en la empresa es clave para el éxito de los negocios, pero dificulta la visibilidad de contribución y la independencia de las mujeres. Asimismo, la investigación ha puesto de manifiesto como la dedicación al negocio por parte de las siguientes generaciones puede bloquear la trayectoria educativa de los hijos. Sin embargo, los resultados de este trabajo de investigación muestran que los negocios liderados por mujeres solas no necesariamente son sinónimo de una mejor inserción sociolaboral y percepción de movilidad social positiva, y que las estrategias de participación de los hijos en el negocio guardan relación con la percepción de movilidad experimentada por los padres. El acceso diferencial a la ciudadanía muestra unas estrategias diferenciales para emprendedores retornados y extranjeros. Las narrativas analizadas han sido obtenidas a través de 74 entrevistas en profundidad semiestructuradas a inmigrantes emprendedores retornados y extranjeros en Galicia.This paper analyses the strategies for family participation in businesses through the narratives of foreign and returnee entrepreneurs in Galicia. The intersection between business and family has been a central theme in the literature on immigrant entrepreneurship, where ‘family business’ and ‘immigrant business’ are two synonymous concepts. This field of research has revealed that the use of female labour within business activity is a key factor in the success of the business, but that women’s contribution to such success is largely invisible and their independence is hindered. On the other hand, the literature has studied how the participation of children in the business might impact negatively on their educational paths. This paper argues that women who run a business do not necessarily improve their opportunities for social and labour market integration or positive social mobility; and that the strategies by which children participate in the business is strongly linked to the parent’s perception of social mobility. The differential access to citizenship for returnees and foreigners has an impact on the entrepreneurial strategies of both groups. The narratives analysed in this paper have been obtained through 74 semi-structured interviews with returnee and foreign immigrant entrepreneurs in Galicia

Inmigrantes extranjeros y retornados en Galicia: la construcción del puente transnacional

La emigración ha marcado la historia y el desarrollo socioeconómico de Galicia; si bien, en la actualidad, ha variado en gran medida la intensidad, así como la dirección y el “color” de los flujos migratorios en esta Comunidad Autónoma. La presencia de población de nacionalidad extranjera y el importante peso del retorno de primeras, segundas y terceras generaciones de gallegos, desde el otro lado del Atlántico y desde países europeos, hacen de Galicia un territorio específico en el estudio del fenómeno de la inmigración. Este artículo se estructura en las siguientes partes. En primer lugar, a través de la explotación de fuentes secundarias (Padrón Municipal de Habitantes, Censos de Población y Viviendas, Encuesta de Población Activa, etc.), se presenta un análisis sociodemográfico de la población inmigrante en Galicia, atendiendo a variables como sexo, edad, país de origen y nacionalidad, inserción laboral y residencial. En segundo lugar, se desarrolla una tipología de la inmigración en Galicia en función del origen y la nacionalidad de los migrantes (retornados, familiares dependientes de retornados de emigrantes gallegos, inmigración extranjera sin lazos con Galicia, inmigración extranjera por lazos con Galicia, descendientes autónomos de emigrantes gallegos y fronterizos). En tercer lugar, se presentan los proyectos migratorios, de cada uno de los tipos de migrantes delimitados, así como sus estrategias de incorporación socio-laboral. Para finalizar se realiza un análisis de la política migratoria que se ha desarrollado en la Comunidad Autónoma gallega.Emigration has marked both the history and socioeconomic development of Galicia. Today however, it has undergone a series of changes in terms of its intensity, direction and “colour”. The presence of foreigners and the considerable numbers of first, second and third generation Galicians who opt to return to the region from America and Europe have turned Galicia into an object of study of the immigration phenomenon. This article is divided into various sections. In the first of these sections, secondary sources (the Municipal Population Census, Population and Housing Censuses, Active Workforce Surveys, etc.) are used to provide a socio-demographic analysis of the immigrant population in Galicia, in accordance with a range of variables including gender, age, country of origin and nationality, as well as labour and residential insertion. The second section describes the typology of immigration in Galicia based on migrants’ origin and nationality (returnees, dependent relatives of Galician emigrant returnees, foreign immigrants with no connections or ties with Galicia, autonomous descendents of Galician emigrants and transborder migrants). The third section describes the migratory projects of each type of migrant defined, as well as their strategies for labour and social incorporation. The final section analyses the migratory policy adopted by the Galician Autonomous Region

Latin American Inmigrant Women and Ethnic Entrepreneurship: Dominican Women in Madrid, Argentin and Venezuelan Women in Galicia

Texto dispoñible en galego e españolEste artigo presenta, desde unha perspectiva comparada, as estratexias empresariais das mulleres inmigrantes dominicanas en Madrid e das arxentinas e das venezolanas en Galicia. O texto céntrase na análise das variables que facilitan ou que dificultan a estratexia empresarial, a saber: a situación familiar e o tipo de migración (mulleres casadas, xefas de fogares monoparentais ou solteiras sen cargas familiares); as redes sociais e comunitarias e a presenza de “enclaves” étnicos; a experiencia empresarial previa no país de orixe; a socialización familiar no traballo por conta propia e a cultura de orixe. En función da articulación destas variables configúranse as diferentes estratexias empresariais de mobilidade social: a vía empresarial como estratexia refuxio; o empresariado como estratexia de continuidade profesional e a empresa como unha estratexia de mobilidade social familiarEste artículo presenta, desde una perspectiva comparada, las estrategias empresariales de las mujeres inmigrantes dominicanas en Madrid y de las argentinas y de las venezolanas en Galicia. El texto se centra en el análisis de las variables que facilitan o que dificultan la estrategia empresarial, a saber: la situación familiar y el tipo de migración (mujeres casadas, jefas de hogares monoparentales o solteras sin cargas familiares); las redes sociales y comunitarias y la presencia de “enclaves” étnicos; la experiencia empresarial previa en el país de origen; la socialización familiar en el trabajo por cuenta propia y la cultura de origen. En función de la articulación de estas variables se configuran las diferentes estrategias empresariales de movilidad social: la vía empresarial como estrategia refugio; el empresariado como estrategia de continuidad profesional y la empresa como una estrategia de movilidad social familiarThe article presents, from a comparative point of view, the entrepreneurial strategies of immigrant women from Dominican Republic in Madrid, and from Argentina and Venezuela in Galicia. The article focuses on the main variables that improve or not the entrepreneurial strategy: the family situation and the type of migration (married women, women heads of households, single women without economic charges); the social and community networks; the presence of “ethnic enclaves”; the entrepreneurial experience in the country of origin the family socialisation in self-employment and the culture of origin. The articulation of this variables will determine the different entrepreneurial social mobility strategies; entrepreneurship as a refuge strategy, entrepreneurship as a professional continuity strategy and entrepreneurship as a family social mobility strategyS

Thwarted or Facilitated? The Entrepreneurial Aspirations and Capabilities of New Migrants in the UK

This article draws on biographical interviews with migrants to assess their aspirations and capabilities to become entrepreneurs. By augmenting mixed embeddedness emphasis on contextual factors with Sen’s capabilities framework, we contribute to extant sociological debates on the interaction of structure and agency, the conceptualisation of aspirations, the non-pecuniary aspects of entrepreneurship and the role of institutions in neoliberal Britain. We argue that structural barriers drive the formation of aspirations to become entrepreneurs while at the same time limit their capabilities to do so. Entrepreneurial agency must be seen as relative autonomy, effective in strategic decision making but limited to the weak financial position in which migrant entrepreneurs operate

Detection of drug-drug interactions by modeling interaction profile fingerprints

Drug-drug interactions (DDIs) constitute an important problem in postmarketing pharmacovigilance and in the development of new drugs. The effectiveness or toxicity of a medication could be affected by the co-administration of other drugs that share pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic pathways. For this reason, a great effort is being made to develop new methodologies to detect and assess DDIs. In this article, we present a novel method based on drug interaction profile fingerprints (IPFs) with successful application to DDI detection. IPFs were generated based on the DrugBank database, which provided 9,454 well-established DDIs as a primary source of interaction data. The model uses IPFs to measure the similarity of pairs of drugs and generates new putative DDIs from the non-intersecting interactions of a pair. We described as part of our analysis the pharmacological and biological effects associated with the putative interactions; for example, the interaction between haloperidol and dicyclomine can cause increased risk of psychosis and tardive dyskinesia. First, we evaluated the method through hold-out validation and then by using four independent test sets that did not overlap with DrugBank. Precision for the test sets ranged from 0.4–0.5 with more than two fold enrichment factor enhancement. In conclusion, we demonstrated the usefulness of the method in pharmacovigilance as a DDI predictor, and created a dataset of potential DDIs, highlighting the etiology or pharmacological effect of the DDI, and providing an exploratory tool to facilitate decision support in DDI detection and patient safety.This work was supported by grants R01 LM010016 (CF), R01 LM010016-0S1 (CF), R01 LM010016-0S2 (CF), R01 LM008635 (CF), “Plan Galego de Investigación, Innovación e Crece-mento 2011–2015 (I2C)”, European Social Fund (ESF) and Angeles Alvariño program from Xunta de Galicia (Spain)S

Bricolage as Survival, Growth and Transformation:the Role of Patchworking in the Social Agency of Migrant Entrepreneurs

This article examines the patch-working strategies of migrant entrepreneurs as a form of social agency. ‘Patch-working’ – the reliance on supplementary forms of income to support business activity – is often seen as a means of cushioning the financial vulnerability of small firms. However, the mechanisms and forms that patch-working takes tend to be overlooked. Evidence from 42 West Midlands’ firms shows that, despite the highly constrained operating environment, the exercise of social agency can help to cushion against disadvantage and to rework their current conditions through patch-working. This allows for business growth, and even transformational growth in some cases, rather than sheer survival. Even so, our findings show that the agency of migrant entrepreneurs brings about only minor improvements in revenue and is certainly not capable of fundamentally changing either the nature of the sector or the structure of the labour market in which they are embedded

Computational Drug Target Screening through Protein Interaction Profiles

The development of computational methods to discover novel drug-target interactions on a large scale is of great interest. We propose a new method for virtual screening based on protein interaction profile similarity to discover new targets for molecules, including existing drugs. We calculated Target Interaction Profile Fingerprints (TIPFs) based on ChEMBL database to evaluate drug similarity and generated new putative compound-target candidates from the non-intersecting targets in each pair of compounds. A set of drugs was further studied in monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) and cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) enzyme through molecular docking and experimental assays. The drug ethoxzolamide and the natural compound piperlongumine, present in Piper longum L, showed hMAO-B activity with IC50 values of 25 and 65μM respectively. Five candidates, including lapatinib, SB-202190, RO-316233, GW786460X and indirubin-3′-monoxime were tested against human COX-1. Compounds SB-202190 and RO-316233 showed a IC50 in hCOX-1 of 24 and 25μM respectively (similar range as potent inhibitors such as diclofenac and indomethacin in the same experimental conditions). Lapatinib and indirubin3′-monoxime showed moderate hCOX-1 activity (19.5% and 28% of enzyme inhibition at 25μM respectively). Our modeling constitutes a multi-target predictor for large scale virtual screening with potential in lead discovery, repositioning and drug safetyThis study was supported by grant R01 LM006910 (GH) “Discovering and Applying Knowledge in Clinical Databases” from the U.S. National Library of Medicine, “Angeles Alvariño, Plan Galego de Investigación, Innovación e Crecemento 2011–2015 (I2C)” and European Social Fund (ESF)S

Structural Modifications on Natural-based Products: Synthetic Strategies and Biological Applications

Coumarins are a class of heterocyclic compounds present in a significant quantity in several plants. The simplest coumarin, a benzene ring fused with a pyran-2-one heterocycle, was first discovered in the 19th century and since then, due to the synthetic accessibility and the biological properties of its derivatives, has been playing an important role in the Medicinal Chemistry field. In fact, coumarins have been previously described as anticancer, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, enzymatic inhibitory and antioxidant agents.Another two interesting compounds found widely in nature are resveratrol derivatives and chalcones. Both families of compounds are known for having remarkable antioxidant activity, cardio- and neuroprotective effects, among other relevant biological properties. Therefore, we devised several synthetic strategies to incorporate these natural products in one compound, combining their potential as promising agents for the treatment of several illnesses. In our group, we have already synthesised multiple novel compounds incorporating into the coumarin scaffold the resveratrol or chalcones moieties with remarkable activities towards different pharmacological targets. In this work, we continue exploiting this strategy by incorporating different linkers at coumarin position 3, thus giving us a wide range of possibilities for new compound

Dietary and Lifestyle Patterns in the Spanish Pediatric Population (One to <10 Years Old): Design, Protocol, and Methodology of the EsNuPI Study

The interest in a healthy diet and lifestyle during the early stages of life increased, pointing out its role in the development of noncommunicable chronic diseases throughout adult life. Dietary habits and dietary patterns begin to be established in early childhood and persist during adulthood. Therefore, the EsNuPI ("Nutritional Study in Spanish Pediatric Population") study aims to depict the dietary patterns, physical activity, and sedentary behaviors in Spanish children aged from one to 50,000 inhabitants, stratified by Nielsen areas. Participants were involved in one face-to-face survey, followed by a telephone survey after at least one week. Information about dietary intake and habits was obtained using a quantitative food frequency questionnaire and two 24-h dietary recalls. Physical activity and sedentary behaviors were registered using a specific questionnaire based on a seven-day record. Data were processed and stratified by categorical variables to be statistically analyzed in order to meet the study objectives. This study is the first of its kind in a Spanish reference population of this age range and the first to evaluate whether the consumption of adapted milk formulas and dairy products is associated with healthier dietary patterns and better diet quality and lifestyles in this group