Plan de cuidados para la prevención y tratamiento del alcoholismo en mujeres con depresión

Introducción: Los pacientes que sufren de patología dual (comorbilidad de una enfermedad mental y un trastorno por abuso de sustancias), presentan mayores riesgos y peor calidad de vida que los que presentan solamenteuna de las patologías.Varios estudios han demostrado que la comorbilidad de depresión y alcoholismo supone una elevada prevalencia y un aumento de la severidad de ambas patologías, lo que la convierte en un importante problema de salud.Las causas de la patología dual de depresión y alcoholismo son, los factores de riesgo que tienen en común, la angustia provocada por la sintomatología depresiva, que puede llevar a los enfermos a usar el alcohol como vía de escape y desarrollar alcoholismo, o que el consumo patológico de alcoholprovoque una depresión.Objetivo: Debido a la frecuencia con la que se presenta, en este trabajo mehe centrado en cómo prevenir y tratar el alcoholismo en mujeres con depresión, ya que en ellas la depresión suele ser la desencadenante del alcoholismo.Metodología: Para ello, he realizado una búsqueda bibliográfica para obtener información sobre estas patologías, y elaborar un plan de cuidados estandarizado. En él he analizado los problemas de salud, establecido objetivos y elaborado estrategias para mejorar la calidad de vida de los pacientes con esta comorbilidad o riesgo de ella.Conclusión: La falta de reconocimiento de la enfermedad y de adherencia terapéutica, son obstáculos que suelen presentar los pacientes alcohólicos y los que padecen depresión. Para resolverlos, es importante conocer los factores de riesgo y problemas de salud existentes en estos pacientes para detectar a las personas vulnerables y aplicarles la valoración diagnóstica y tratamiento que proceda. Es imprescindible crear una relación terapéutica positiva, entre el enfermo y el equipo sanitario multidisciplinar que le acompañará en su tratamiento, lo que fomentará una adecuada adherencia terapéutica.<br /

Photosynthetic activity of cotyledons is critical during post-germinative growth and seedling establishment

Thioredoxins (Trxs) play a relevant role in thiol-dependent redox regulation, which allows the rapid adaptation of chloroplast metabolism to unpredictable environmental conditions. In chloroplasts, Trxs use reducing equivalents provided by photoreduced ferredoxin (Fdx) via the action of a ferredoxin-thioredoxin reductase (FTR), thus linking redox regulation to light. In addition, these organelles contain an NADPH-thioredoxin reductase, NTRC, with a Trx domain at the C-terminus. NTRC efficiently reduces 2-Cys peroxiredoxins (Prxs), hence having antioxidant function. However, NTRC also participates in the redox regulation of processes, such as starch and chlorophyll biosynthesis, which are known to be regulated by Trxs. Thus, the question arising is whether there is a cross-talk between the 2 redox systems. Arabidopsis mutants simultaneously devoid of NTRC and Trx x or Trxs f show a dramatic growth inhibition phenotype, indicating that NTRC is required for the function of these unrelated Trxs. Remarkably, both the ntrc-trxx double mutant and, to a higher extent, the ntrc-trxf1f2 triple mutant show high mortality at the seedling stage, which is rescued by sucrose. These findings show the relevant role of redox regulation for chloroplast performance and uncover the key function of cotyledons chloroplasts at the transition to autotrophic metabolism during seedling establishment

Significados funcionales de la fotografía de guerra: las víctimas de Chiapas

Las fotografías que muestran a las víctimas de la guerra, tanto a los combatientes heridos y fallecidos como al pueblo que habita el área de conflicto, guardan diversos significados funcionales. Desde la denuncia social a la intimidación psicológica, las escenas de guerra que se publican en los diarios mundiales ofrecen diferentes lecturas para el espectador común, al que se le muestran a través de un lenguaje espectacular. Analizamos las funciones que residen en algunas imágenes de prensa sobre el conflicto de Chiapas

A qualitative study about immigrant workers’ perceptions of their working conditions in Spain

Background: Spain has recently become an inward migration country. Little is known about the occupational health of immigrant workers. This study aimed to explore the perceptions that immigrant workers in Spain had of their working conditions. Methods: Qualitative, exploratory, descriptive study. Criterion sampling. Data collected between September 2006 and May 2007 through semi-structured focus groups and individual interviews, with a topic guide. One hundred and fifty-eight immigrant workers (90 men/68 women) from Colombia (n = 21), Morocco (n = 39), sub-Saharan Africa (n = 29), Romania (n = 44) and Ecuador (n = 25), who were authorised (documented) or unauthorised (undocumented) residents in five medium to large cities in Spain. Results: Participants described poor working conditions, low pay and health hazards. Perception of hazards appeared to be related to gender and job sector. Informants were highly segregated into jobs by sex, however, so this issue will need further exploration. Undocumented workers described poorer conditions than documented workers, which they attributed to their documentation status. Documented participants also felt vulnerable because of their immigrant status. Informants believed that deficient language skills, non-transferability of their education and training and, most of all, their immigrant status and economic need left them with little choice but to work under poor conditions. Conclusions: The occupational health needs of immigrant workers must be addressed at the job level, while improving the enforcement of existing health and safety regulations. The roles that documentation status and economic need played in these informants’ work experiences should be considered and how these may influence health outcomes.Garcia Garcia, Ana Maria, [email protected]

NADPH Thioredoxin Reductase C and Thioredoxins Act Concertedly in Seedling Development

Thiol-dependent redox regulation of enzyme activity plays a central role in the rapid acclimation of chloroplast metabolism to ever-fluctuating light availability. This regulatory mechanism relies on ferredoxin reduced by the photosynthetic electron transport chain, which fuels reducing power to thioredoxins (Trxs) via a ferredoxin-dependent Trx reductase. In addition, chloroplasts harbor an NADPH-dependent Trx reductase, which has a joint Trx domain at the carboxyl terminus, termed NTRC. Thus, a relevant issue concerning chloroplast function is to establish the relationship between these two redox systems and its impact on plant development. To address this issue, we generated Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) mutants combining the deficiency of NTRC with those of Trxs f, which participate in metabolic redox regulation, and that of Trx x, which has antioxidant function. The ntrc-trxf1f2 and, to a lower extent, ntrc-trxx mutants showed severe growth-retarded phenotypes, decreased photosynthesis performance, and almost abolished light-dependent reduction of fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase. Moreover, the combined deficiency of both redox systems provokes aberrant chloroplast ultrastructure. Remarkably, both the ntrc-trxf1f2 and ntrc-trxx mutants showed high mortality at the seedling stage, which was overcome by the addition of an exogenous carbon source. Based on these results, we propose that NTRC plays a pivotal role in chloroplast redox regulation, being necessary for the activity of diverse Trxs with unrelated functions. The interaction between the two thiol redox systems is indispensable to sustain photosynthesis performed by cotyledons chloroplasts, which is essential for early plant development.España Mineco BIO2013-43556-PEspaña, Junta de Andalucía CVI-591

Una forma más equitativa de medir el desarrollo de género en España y sus comunidades autónomas

Antecedentes/Objetivos: Además del desarrollo de género, la equidad de género es un determinante estructural de la salud, importante para las políticas de salud pública. El índice de equidad de género (IEG) mide la distancia entre ambos sexos en las dimensiones empoderamiento, actividad económica y educación. Objetivo: Explorar la variabilidad en la inequidad de género en las comunidades autónomas (CC.AA.) de España en el año 2006, mediante la descripción del IEG modificado. Métodos: Estudio transversal ecológico. Dado que el IEG sólo hace visible la inequidad cuando es desfavorable a las mujeres, se calcula el IEG modificado que puede hacer visibles aquellos casos, de haberlos actualmente o en el futuro, en los que las mujeres están, en términos relativos, mejor que los hombres. Para ello, en lugar de calcular las diferencias de género en las dimensiones del IEG mediante un cociente de proporciones, estas se comparan en términos absolutos (diferencias en las proporciones). IEGm oscila entre –1 (inequidad hacia las mujeres), 0 (equidad) y 1 (inequidad hacia los hombres). Resultados: La inequidad desfavorable a las mujeres está presente en todas las CC.AA. de España (IEGm de España = –0,162). La más equitativa: País Vasco (–0,086). La menos, Navarra (–0,184). En actividad económica, todas las CC.AA. presentan inequidad desfavorable a las mujeres. Baleares es la más equitativa (–0,221). Castilla-La Mancha la menos (–0,355). Inversamente, en actividad económica, todas las CC.AA. presentan valores de inequidad desfavorables a los hombres. Castilla-La Mancha es la única CA donde el valor de la dimensión de empoderamiento es desfavorable a los hombres (0,033). Conclusiones: No contando el índice de equidad de género con dimensión de salud/esperanza de vida, su uso es útil en la búsqueda de asociaciones con la mortalidad. Dadas las diferencias interregionales en la equidad de género en España, la Ley de Igualdad y los Planes de Igualdad en las CC.AA. deben trabajar para asegurar la equidad entre mujeres y hombres en todas sus dimensiones. En España persisten las desigualdades interregionales este-oeste en el desarrollo de género, principalmente debido al peso del empoderamiento político en el IEGm

Looking twice at the gender equity index for public health impact.

Background: It has been shown that gender equity has a positive impact on the everyday activities of people (decision making, income allocation, application and observance of norms/rules) which affect their health. Gender equity is also a crucial determinant of health inequalities at national level; thus, monitoring is important for surveillance of women’s and men’s health as well as for future health policy initiatives. The Gender Equity Index (GEI) was designed to show inequity solely towards women. Given that the value under scrutiny is equity, in this paper a modified version of the GEI is proposed, the MGEI, which highlights the inequities affecting both sexes. Methods: Rather than calculating gender gaps by means of a quotient of proportions, gaps in the MGEI are expressed in absolute terms (differences in proportions). The Spearman’s rank coefficient, calculated from country rankings obtained according to both indexes, was used to evaluate the level of concordance between both classifications. To compare the degree of sensitivity and obtain the inequity by the two methods, the variation coefficient of the GEI and MGEI values was calculated. Results: Country rankings according to GEI and MGEI values showed a high correlation (rank coef. = 0.95). The MGEI presented greater dispersion (43.8%) than the GEI (19.27%). Inequity towards men was identified in the education gap (rank coef. = 0.36) when using the MGEI. According to this method, many countries shared the same absolute value for education but with opposite signs, for example Azerbaijan (−0.022) and Belgium (0.022), reflecting inequity towards women and men, respectively. This also occurred in the empowerment gap with the technical and professional job component (Brunei:-0.120 vs. Australia, Canada Iceland and the U.S.A.: 0.120). Conclusion: The MGEI identifies and highlights the different areas of inequities between gender groups. It thus overcomes the shortcomings of the GEI related to the aim for which this latter was created, namely measuring gender equity, and is therefore of great use to policy makers who wish to understand and monitor the results of specific equity policies and to determine the length of time for which these policies should be maintained in order to correct long-standing structural discrimination against women

Looking twice at the gender equity index for public health impact

Background: It has been shown that gender equity has a positive impact on the everyday activities of people (decision making, income allocation, application and observance of norms/rules) which affect their health. Gender equity is also a crucial determinant of health inequalities at national level; thus, monitoring is important for surveillance of women’s and men’s health as well as for future health policy initiatives. The Gender Equity Index (GEI) was designed to show inequity solely towards women. Given that the value under scrutiny is equity, in this paper a modified version of the GEI is proposed, the MGEI, which highlights the inequities affecting both sexes. Methods: Rather than calculating gender gaps by means of a quotient of proportions, gaps in the MGEI are expressed in absolute terms (differences in proportions). The Spearman’s rank coefficient, calculated from country rankings obtained according to both indexes, was used to evaluate the level of concordance between both classifications. To compare the degree of sensitivity and obtain the inequity by the two methods, the variation coefficient of the GEI and MGEI values was calculated. Results: Country rankings according to GEI and MGEI values showed a high correlation (rank coef. = 0.95). The MGEI presented greater dispersion (43.8%) than the GEI (19.27%). Inequity towards men was identified in the education gap (rank coef. = 0.36) when using the MGEI. According to this method, many countries shared the same absolute value for education but with opposite signs, for example Azerbaijan (−0.022) and Belgium (0.022), reflecting inequity towards women and men, respectively. This also occurred in the empowerment gap with the technical and professional job component (Brunei:-0.120 vs. Australia, Canada Iceland and the U.S.A.: 0.120). Conclusion: The MGEI identifies and highlights the different areas of inequities between gender groups. It thus overcomes the shortcomings of the GEI related to the aim for which this latter was created, namely measuring gender equity, and is therefore of great use to policy makers who wish to understand and monitor the results of specific equity policies and to determine the length of time for which these policies should be maintained in order to correct long-standing structural discrimination against women.This research was funded by the Institute of Women, Spanish Ministry of Health, Social Services and Equality (Ref. 112–09) and has been presented orally in “Health and equity in all policies” (SEE-SESPAS), Madrid, October 6-7th 2011