Analysis of the scientific evolution of building sustainability assessment methods

Versión preprint abierta. Versión definitiva embargadaThe research field concerning building sustainability assessment methods is broad, complex and fragmented due to the great diversity of disciplines and approaches involved. This makes it difficult to obtain useful and unbiased information for future studies so a full review of contributions could provide a comprehensive critical perspective. This paper applies the SciMAT software to analyse the evolution of this research field by means of a systematic literature review of bibliographic records for building sustainability assessment methods, and a review based on the bibliometric analysis of 4203 selected records. In addition, hidden themes and their development in this field have been identified from 1975 to 2017 to produce strategic diagrams of the thematic evolution and performance indicators of the research field in different periods. The results obtained show a scientific field in constant evolution, from its initial focus on environmental impacts and energy efficiency to the gradual inclusion of the social and economic aspects of sustainability building. This has served as a basis for the development of study models, such as LEED and BREEAM. This study makes a valuable contribution because it gives field experts a comprehensive view of the status quo and predicts the dynamic directions of future research

Molten salt attack on multilayer and funcionally-graded YSZ coating

[EN] Thermal barrier coatings have been extensively studied in the last years in order to increase the operational temperature of the current gas turbines as well as to improve the coating lifetime. Many coating characteristics must be met to achieve these requirements (low thermal conductivity, high thermal fatigue resistance...); therefore, complex systems have been engineered for these purposes. One of the possibilities to optimise the different properties deals with the design of multilayer or functionally-graded coatings where various types of microstructures with different characteristics are combined. One of the most important cause of gas turbines degradation relates to the attack of different type of particles which are suspended in the atmosphere (sand, fly ash...). These solid particles are molten at the operational temperatures and then, the molten salts chemically react with the coating. For this reason, the present research was focused on this type of attack. In the present work, the molten salt attack of various YSZ coatings with multilayer and functionally-graded design was addressed. Two different type of microstructures were specifically combined for this design: the APS coating microstructure obtained from conventional (microstructured) powder and a bimodal structure with nanozones obtained from nanostructured feedstock. Besides, different salts were used to simulate different attack environments (desert sand and volcanic fly ash). Findings show that nanozones act as barrier against the penetration of molten salts toward deeper layer. However, a layer formed by nanozones can detach when the salt attack is too aggressive. Hence, functionally-graded coatings, where two types of microstructures are combined through the whole coating, become ideal to diminish the molten salt attack.This work has been supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (project MAT2015-67586-C3-R) as well as A. Borrell and L. Navarro thanks for their post-doc (RyC-2016-20915) and pre-doc (BES-2016-077792) contracts respectively. P. Carpio acknowledges the Valencia Government for his post-doc contract (APOSTD/2016/040).Carpio-Cobo, P.; Salvador Moya, MD.; Borrell Tomás, MA.; Navarro-López, L.; Sánchez, E. (2018). Molten salt attack on multilayer and funcionally-graded YSZ coating. Ceramics International. 44(11):12634-12641. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2018.04.062S1263412641441

Impacto de la informalidad en la concesión autofinanciada del Corredor Javier Prado, paquete de servicio N° 2.1

El presente trabajo de investigación analiza el impacto de transporte público urbano informal en el Contrato de Concesión del Servicio Público de Transporte de Pasajeros en los Corredores Complementarios del Sistema Integrado de Transporte, Corredor Javier Prado, Paquete de Servicio N° 2.1, suscrito el 14 de noviembre de 2014 entre la Municipalidad Metropolitana de Lima y el Consorcio Expreso Javier Prado S.A., hoy Allin Group - Javier Prado S.A., en calidad de Concesionario

Microcrédito. Macrosolución para erradicar la pobreza

A todos y a todas que estén a punto de leer este libro. Vivimos una época de grandes cambios sociales, económicos, políticos. Lo que sucede al otro lado del planeta, por más lejano que nos parezca, afecta nuestras vidas. Lo que sucede aquí, ahora, las decisiones que tomamos como ciudadanos y ciudadanas, moldea el presente y señala el futuro. A estas relaciones de interdependencia entre lo más cercano y lo más lejano llamamos globalización. La globalización no es un fenómeno solamente económico, no se trata simplemente de dinero. Su contenido económico-financiero oculta otros aspectos que son igualmente importantes, que alteran las relaciones humanas. Uno de ellos es que la globalización ha generado más desigualdad, más concentración de la riqueza y un acentuado empobrecimiento de amplios sectores de la población. En definitiva, más exclusión. Porque, a día de hoy, el 20% más rico de la población mundial consume el 80% de las riquezas del mundo. Desigualdad-exclusión-pobreza, un trinomio que da como resultado la falta de dignidad. No es digno vivir así. No es humano vivir así. Pero allí donde vemos desigualdad y falta de oportunidades, hay millones de personas luchando para superarlas, para empoderarse, para salir del espiral de pobreza extrema con ingenio, trabajo y solidaridad

Proposal of Rural Housing and Habitat Improvement of the Town El Encanto, in Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico

In the state of Chiapas, Mexico, there are numerous rural communities located in isolated territories and away from important population centers. Families, in essence, have indigenous roots and low economic incomes and, because of this condition, their homes are precarious, unsafe and unhealthy, with many limitations to access basic water and sanitation services, as well as basic health services, recreation, education, communication, etc. This study analyzed the housing and habitat problem of the El Encanto community, located on the coast of Tapachula, Chiapas. As a result, structurally safe, economical and healthy housing proposals were developed, with water and sanitation services, functional spaces with sociocultural characteristics, typology and appropriate to environmental conditions, with the use of ecotechnologies and building materials of the place for the conservation of the environment and biodiversity, in addition, proposals for community equipment for habitat improvement were developed

Gauge fields and curvature in graphene

The low energy excitations of graphene can be described by a massless Dirac equation in two spacial dimensions. Curved graphene is proposed to be described by coupling the Dirac equation to the corresponding curved space. This covariant formalism gives rise to an effective hamiltonian with various extra terms. Some of them can be put in direct correspondence with more standard tight binding or elasticity models while others are more difficult to grasp in standard condensed matter approaches. We discuss this issue, propose models for singular and regular curvature and describe the physical consequences of the various proposals.Comment: Proceedings of the International Conference on Theoretical Physics: Dubna-Nano2008 to be published online in Journal of Physics: Conference serie

Performance of Screening Strategies for Latent Tuberculosis Infection in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Results from the ENEIDA Registry of GETECCU

(1) Aims: Patients receiving antitumor necrosis factor (anti-TNF) therapy are at risk of developing tuberculosis (TB), usually due to the reactivation of a latent TB infection (LTBI). LTBI screening and treatment decreases the risk of TB. This study evaluated the diagnostic performance of different LTBI screening strategies in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). (2) Methods: Patients in the Spanish ENEIDA registry with IBD screened for LTBI between January 2003 and January 2018 were included. The diagnostic yield of different strategies (dual screening with tuberculin skin test [TST] and interferon-gamma-release assay [IGRA], two-step TST, and early screening performed at least 12 months before starting biological treatment) was analyzed. (3) Results: Out of 7594 screened patients, 1445 (19%; 95% CI 18-20%) had LTBI. Immunomodulator (IMM) treatment at screening decreased the probability of detecting LTBI (20% vs. 17%, p = 0.001). Regarding screening strategies, LTBI was more frequently diagnosed by dual screening than by a single screening strategy (IGRA, OR 0.60; 95% CI 0.50-0.73, p < 0.001; TST, OR 0.76; 95% CI 0.66-0.88, p < 0.001). Two-step TST increased the diagnostic yield of a single TST by 24%. More cases of LTBI were diagnosed by early screening than by routine screening before starting anti-TNF agents (21% [95% CI 20-22%] vs. 14% [95% CI 13-16%], p < 0.001). The highest diagnostic performance for LTBI (29%) was obtained by combining early and TST/IGRA dual screening strategies in patients without IMM. (4): Conclusions: Both early screening and TST/IGRA dual screening strategies significantly increased diagnostic performance for LTBI in patients with IBD, with optimal performance achieved when they are used together in the absence of IMM

Axicabtagene ciloleucel compared to tisagenlecleucel for the treatment of aggressive B-cell lymphoma

Axicabtagene ciloleucel (axi-cel) and tisagenlecleucel (tisa-cel) are CD19-targeted chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells approved for relapsed/refractory (R/R) large B-cell lymphoma (LBCL). We performed a retrospective study to evaluate safety and efficacy of axi-cel and tisa-cel outside the setting of a clinical trial. Data from consecutive patients with R/R LBCL who underwent apheresis for axi-cel or tisa-cel were retrospectively collected from 12 Spanish centers. A total of 307 patients underwent apheresis for axi-cel (n=152) and tisa-cel (n=155) from November 2018 to August 2021, of which 261 (85%) received a CAR T infusion (88% and 82%, respectively). Median time from apheresis to infusion was 41 days for axi-cel and 52 days for tisa-cel (P=0.006). None of the baseline characteristics were significantly different between both cohorts. Both cytokine release syndrome and neurologic events (NE) were more frequent in the axi-cel group (88% vs. 73%, P=0.003, and 42% vs. 16%, P= 2 and progressive disease before lympho-depletion. Safety and efficacy results in our real-world experience were comparable with those reported in the pivotal trials. Patients treated with axi-cel experienced more toxicity but similar non-relapse mortality compared with those re-ceiving tisa-cel. Efficacy was not significantly different between both products

Cuando creíamos que todo estaba dicho sobre la autonomía

En la capital de un país de América Latina y el Caribe, en una institución de salud muy prestigiosa, con investigadores acreditados, con comité de ética que revisa y aprueba o rechaza los protocolos, con innumerables documentos nacionales e internacionales, con la presencia de una autoridad regulatoria de las investigaciones; algo sucedió sin que nadie lo notara… hasta que una persona fue reclutada de modo solapado y sintió que no quería ser “un número y algo más”

PERSPECTIVA PSICOSOCIAL DE LOS DERECHOS HUMANOS

Hoy en día es imprescindible abordar el problema de los derechos desde una perspectiva holística que integre la posición que el individuo ocupa en la sociedad y el impacto de los hechos sociales sobre su persona. Esta perspectiva va por lo tanto más allá del enfoque clásico de las violaciones a los derechos civiles y políticos de los ciudadanos sino, también incluye sus derechos económicos, sociales y culturales. Cualquier enfoque de tipo holístico debe entender al ser humano en su ambiente, social, cultural, natural y en función a todas las estructuras existentes, por más sutiles que sean o invisibles que parezcan. Precisamente este libro permite apreciar la dimensión amplia y compleja del ser en sociedad y las interacciones que de ambas partes se generan y las ramificaciones que producen. No es un ejercicio fácil y los editores de este volumen han logrado un salto cuántico al poder congregar en un solo espacio miradas que en otras circunstancias podrían haber sido opuestas y hasta contrarias a nuestra comprensión de problemas que, en efecto, tienen raíces comunes. El libro está dividido en 5 secciones, El espíritu de los tiempos actuales y los Derechos Humanos, Construcción ciudadana y ejercicio de los Derechos Humanos, Violaciones a Derechos Humanos, victimizaciones y su atención, Ejercicio de los Derechos Humanos y situaciones disruptivas y Defensa y defensores de Derechos Humanos.Manuel Gutiérrez Romero Jessica Ruiz Magañ