Mögliche Bruchmechanismen von Böschungen in Löss Ablagerungen

Loess is a geological formation consisting of silt, clay and a small amount of sand transported and laid down by the wind. Due to the mountainous landscapes and neotectonic features, the landslides occurred in loess deposits are a major hazard in Central Asia. Ongoing field observations and investigations in Kyrgyzstan show an increasing landslide activity triggered by rainfalls and earthquakes in these regions. They indicate that the development of tension cracks in the upper part of the slope has a crucial effect on slope failure, especially in loess deposits. However, previous research studies do not clearly explain how these tension cracks impact loess slope stability. On one hand, many studies agree that existing cracks in the slope facilitate the infiltration of surface water, which may then contribute to failure. On the other hand, few have analysed the influence of the seismic response of ground cracks on slope stability. This thesis is focused on the latter effect, considering loess slope stability under dry conditions. The first part gives an overview and introduces the state of the art of current research. The second part of this research introduces the physical and mechanical properties of sampled soil that is obtained from the two landslides that are located in the Upper Mailuu-Suu Basin. Strength parameters are defined by performing of direct shear tests, triaxial tests and by using of ring shear tests. The third part presents the study of the seismic response of the slope by numerical simulations, using a 2-D finite difference code named FLAC. Tension cracks are modelled as nets of fissures and parameters as a length, direction and position within the slope crest are varied. As a case study, the Upper Koi-Tash landslide is studied.Löss ist ein geologische Formation und beschreibt ein Sediment aus Schluff, Ton und einem geringen Anteil an Sand, das durch Wind transportiert und abgelegter wurde. Durch die Gebirgslandschaft und die tektonischen Aktivitäten, gehören Hangrutschungen in Löss-Ablagerungen zu einer der wesentlichen Naturgefahren in Zentral-Asien. Untersuchungen in Kirgisistan belegen eine Zunahme an Lössrutschungen in dieser Region, ausgelöst durch Niederschlag und Erdbeben. Zahlreiche Forschungen zeigen, dass das Auftreten von sog. Extensions-Spalten in den oberen Hangbereichen einen Einfluss auf das Böschungsversagen und somit auf das Auftreten von Rutschungen haben. Derzeit existieren jedoch keine detaillierten Untersuchungen hinsichtlich Wirkung solcher Extensions-Spalten auf die Böschungsstabilität. Zwar ist man sich in zahlreichen Studien darüber einig, dass durch das Auftreten solcher Spalten verstärkt Oberflächenwasser in den Hang infiltrieren kann und somit zum Böschungsbruch beiträgt. Diese Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit dem Einfluss von Bodenrissen unter seismischer Beanspruchung auf die Hang- und Böschungsstabilität. Im ersten Kapitel werden hierzu die allgemeinen Kenntnisse und der derzeitige Forschungsstand dargestellt. Der zweite Teil dieser Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit den physikalischen und mechanischen Eigenschaften von Lössproben, die an zwei Rutschungen aus dem oberen Mailuu-Suu Tal (Kirgisistan) genommen wurden. Für die Bestimmung der Scherparameter wurden direkte Scherversuche, Triaxialscherversuche und Ringschertests durchgeführt. Im dritten Teil der Arbeit wird die seismische Einwirkung auf die Böschungsstabilität mittels numerischer Simulation unter Verwendung des 2-D Finit-Differenz-Codes FLAC untersucht. Extensions-Spalten werden als Netz von Rissen modelliert und die verschiedenen Parameter, wie Länge, Neigung und Abstand zur Geländekante werden variiert. Als Fallbeispiel wird die "Upper-Koi-Tash" Rutschung untersucht

AUTORSKÁ ILUSTROVÁNÁ KNIHA

Noční událost je autorská ilustrovaná kniha. Ilustrovaná technikou digitální kresby. Moje kniha je o strachu ze ztráty milovaného člověka, bolesti, smrti, ale zároveň o přijetí smrtí jako přirozeného procesu života. Cílem práce bylo vyprávět příběh o odchodu milovaného člověka a vyrovnání se s ním.ObhájenoThe night event is an author's illustrated book. Illustrated with digital drawing technique. My book is about the fear of losing a loved one, pain, death, but at the same time about accepting death as a natural process of life. The aim of the work was to tell a story about the losing the loved ones and how to deal with i

Parents' perception of self-advocacy of children with myositis: an anonymous online survey

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Children with complex medical issues experience barriers to the transition of care from pediatric to adult providers. We sought to identify these barriers by elucidating the experiences of patients with idiopathic inflammatory muscle disorders.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>We collected anonymous survey data using an online website. Patients and their families were solicited from the US and Canada through established clinics for children with idiopathic inflammatory muscle diseases as well as with the aid of a nonprofit organization for the benefit of such individuals. The parents of 45 older children/young adults suffering from idiopathic inflammatory muscle diseases were surveyed. As a basis of comparison, we similarly collected data from the parents of 207 younger children with inflammatory muscle diseases. The survey assessed transition of care issues confronting families of children and young adults with chronic juvenile myositis.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Regardless of age of the patient, respondents were unlikely to have a designated health care provider assigned to aid in transition of care and were unlikely to be aware of a posted policy concerning transition of care at their pediatrician's office. Additionally, regardless of age, patients and their families were unlikely to have a written plan for moving to adult care.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>We identified deficiencies in the health care experiences of families as pertain to knowledge, self-advocacy, policy, and vocational readiness. Moreover, as children with complex medical issues grow up, parents attribute less self-advocacy to their children's level of independence.</p

Low copy numbers of complement C4 and C4A deficiency are risk factors for myositis, its subgroups and autoantibodies

Background Idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIM) are a group of autoimmune diseases characterised by myositis-related autoantibodies plus infiltration of leucocytes into muscles and/or the skin, leading to the destruction of blood vessels and muscle fibres, chronic weakness and fatigue. While complement-mediated destruction of capillary endothelia is implicated in paediatric and adult dermatomyositis, the complex diversity of complement C4 in IIM pathology was unknown. Methods We elucidated the gene copy number (GCN) variations of total C4, C4A and C4B, long and short genes in 1644 Caucasian patients with IIM, plus 3526 matched healthy controls using real-time PCR or Southern blot analyses. Plasma complement levels were determined by single radial immunodiffusion. Results The large study populations helped establish the distribution patterns of various C4 GCN groups. Low GCNs of C4T (C4T=2+3) and C4A deficiency (C4A=0+1) were strongly correlated with increased risk of IIM with OR equalled to 2.58 (2.28-2.91), p=5.0×10 -53 for C4T, and 2.82 (2.48-3.21), p=7.0×10 -57 for C4A deficiency. Contingency and regression analyses showed that among patients with C4A deficiency, the presence of HLA-DR3 became insignificant as a risk factor in IIM except for inclusion body myositis (IBM), by which 98.2% had HLA-DR3 with an OR of 11.02 (1.44-84.4). Intragroup analyses of patients with IIM for C4 protein levels and IIM-related autoantibodies showed that those with anti-Jo-1 or with anti-PM/Scl had significantly lower C4 plasma concentrations than those without these autoantibodies. Conclusions C4A deficiency is relevant in dermatomyositis, HLA-DRB1∗03 is important in IBM and both C4A deficiency and HLA-DRB1∗03 contribute interactively to risk of polymyositis

ISPCAN Child Abuse Screening Tools Retrospective version (ICAST-R): Delphi study and field testing in seven countries

Objectives: To gain consensus among an ethnically and linguistically diverse group of international child protection experts on the structure and content of a new survey tool for retrospective measurement of child abuse, and to determine the performance of the instrument through an international field trial with young adults. Methods: The questionnaire was developed through focus group discussions with international experts, and then subjected to a Delphi study in two waves to determine the perceived importance and translatability of items. The resultant questionnaire was translated into six languages and field tested in seven countries with convenient samples of young adults aged 18–26 years (N = 842). Results: Child maltreatment experts from 28 countries provided input to questionnaire development. Satisfactory agreement on draft item inclusion and exclusion and the translatability of items was gained. The tool includes 15 primary questions about potentially abusive physical, sexual and emotional events, with follow-up questions about perpetrator characteristics, frequency of acts and periods in childhood when the recalled abuse occurred. The field test revealed lifetime prevalence per item usually exceeded 10% (11/15 items; range 2.1–49.5%). Internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha) was moderate to high for each of three item sub-sets (between .61 and .82) and the rates of missing data were low (less than 1.5% for 14 of 15 items). The great majority of respondents nominated either peer and/or adult perpetrators (between 82.3% and 98.2% depending upon the item), and among these, child/adolescent peers and non-family adults (including teachers for emotional and physical acts) were nominated often. Conclusions: The ICAST-R is based on consensus from international experts, translates clearly and has satisfactory properties for adoption as a survey tool to estimate prevalence and describe perpetrators and other contextual aspects of child abuse. Practice implications: This tool can be utilized in a broad range of cultures and languages and may contribute to improved research practice. Although the core items are limited to just 15 acts of maltreatment, if these behaviorally specific questions are adopted as key indicators and incorporated into comprehensive local, national or regional surveys, eventually there should be greater comparability in survey estimates

KEEFEKTIFAN PENERAPAN MODEL THINK PAIR SHARE DALAM PEMBELAJARAN MENULIS TEKS ANEKDOT SISWA KELAS X SMK NEGERI 5 MAKASSAR

Penelitian bertujuan untuk: (1) Mendeskripsikan hasil pembelajaran menulis teks anekdot siswa kelas X SMK Negeri 5 Makassar tanpa menggunakan model kooperatif tipe think pair share. (2) Mendeskripsikan hasil pembelajaran menulis teks anekdot siswa kelas X SMK Negeri 5 Makassar menggunakan model kooperatif tipe think pair share. (3) Mengujicobakan keefektifan model kooperatif tipe think pair share dalam pembelajaran menulis teks anekdot siswa kelas X SMK Negeri 5 Makassar. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian eksperimen yang dirancang secara kuantitatif. Sampel penelitian berjumlah 70 siswa dari 2 kelas. Teknik yang digunakan dalam mengumpulkan data adalah teknik tes. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa model Think Pair Share efektif diterapkan dalam pembelajaran menulis teks anekdot. Kata Kunci : model pembelajaran, think pair share, menulis teks anekdo

AUTORSKÁ ILUSTROVÁNÁ KNIHA

Noční událost je autorská ilustrovaná kniha. Ilustrovaná technikou digitální kresby. Moje kniha je o strachu ze ztráty milovaného člověka, bolesti, smrti, ale zároveň o přijetí smrtí jako přirozeného procesu života. Cílem práce bylo vyprávět příběh o odchodu milovaného člověka a vyrovnání se s ním.ObhájenoThe night event is an author's illustrated book. Illustrated with digital drawing technique. My book is about the fear of losing a loved one, pain, death, but at the same time about accepting death as a natural process of life. The aim of the work was to tell a story about the losing the loved ones and how to deal with i

Environmental factors preceding illness onset differ in phenotypes of the juvenile idiopathic inflammatory myopathies

Objective. To assess whether certain environmental factors temporally associated with the onset of juvenile idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (JIIMs) differ between phenotypes