Three-year-olds' understanding of the consequences of joint commitments

No external funding has supported the current work.Here we investigate the extent of children's understanding of the joint commitments inherent in joint activities. Three-year-old children either made a joint commitment to assemble a puzzle with a puppet partner, or else the child and puppet each assembled their own puzzle. Afterwards, children who had made the joint commitment were more likely to stop and wait for their partner on their way to fetch something, more likely to spontaneously help their partner when needed, and more likely to take over their partner's role when necessary. There was no clear difference in children's tendency to tattle on their partner's cheating behavior or their tendency to distribute rewards equally at the end. It thus appears that by 3 years of age making a joint commitment to act together with others is beginning to engender in children a "we"-intentionality which holds across at least most of the process of the joint activity until the shared goal is achieved, and which withstands at least some of the perturbations to the joint activity children experience.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe

EFEKTIVITAS PEMBELAJARAN GEOGRAFI SECARA DARING PADA KELAS XI IPS DI SMA NEGERI 3 PONTIANAK

AbstractThe Industrial Revolution Era is a phenomenon of collaborating cyber technology. Dueto the influence of globalization, virtual world technology has been widely applied invarious fields, one of which is in the field of education through distance education oronline. The application of online learning has been carried out at SMA Negeri 3Pontianak. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of online geography learningin class XI IPS at SMA Negeri 3 Pontianak, South Pontianak District, for the 2020/2021academic year. The form of research used in this study is a form of descriptive researchwith a qualitative approach. The location that will be used by researchers to conductresearch is SMA Negeri 3 Pontianak. Informants in this study were teachers andstudents of class XI IPS at SMA Negeri 3 Pontianak. Data collection techniques in theform of observation, interviews and documentary studies. Data analysis techniquesusing data reduction techniques, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. Based onthe results of these studies, it can be concluded that the application of geographylearning conducted online is still less effective to do.Keywords: Effectiveness of learning, online learning, geograph

PENGUASAAN PENGETAHUAN PROSEDUR PEMBERSIHANAREA UMUM PADA MATA PELAJARAN TATA GRAHAOLEH PESERTA DIDIK SMKN 9 BANDUNG

Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh keinginan untuk mengetahui bagaimana penguasaan pengetahuan prosedur pembersihan area umum pada mata pelajaran Tata Graha oleh peserta didik SMKN 9 Bandung. Tujuan penelitian ini yaitu untuk memperoleh gambaran tentang penguasaan pengetahuan prosedur pembersihan area umum pada mata pelajaran Tata Graha. Metode yang digunakan ialah metode deskriptif. Populasi pada penelitian ini kelas XII AP 1 dan XII AP 2 sebanyak 67 peserta didik, sedangkan sampel yang digunakan yaitu sampel purposive dengan karakteristik peserta didik yang sedang aktif dalam kegiatan pembelajaran di sekolah kelas XII AP 1 sebanyak 25 orang. Instrumen yang digunakan yaitu tes. Temuan dalam penelitian ini yaitu sebagian besar pada aspek pengetahuan meliputi pengerian area umum, jenis area umum, dan jenis objek pembersihan area umum berada pada kriteria sangat tinggi, sebagian besar pada aspek pemahaman meliputi alat, bahan serta perawatan alat pembersih area umum berada pada kriteria sangat tinggi, dan sebagian besar pada aspek penerapan meliputi teknik dan prosedur pembersihan area umum sesuai dengan SOP berada pada kriteria tinggi, sehingga siap sebagai bekal bekerja ke dunia industri. Rekomendasi untuk peserta didik dan guru agar mempertahankan penguasaan pengetahuan prosedur pembersihan area umum serta untuk peneliti selanjutnya meneliti lanjutan mengenai keterampilan penguasaan pengetahuan prosedur pembersihan area umum. ---------- This study is motivated by the will to know the mastery of knowledge of public areas cleaning procedure at the housekeeping subject by the students of SMKN 9 Bandung. This study is intended to gain a description of the mastery of knowledge of public areas cleaning procedure at the housekeeping subject. The method used is descriptive method which employed. The populations involved in this study are 67 students of XII AP 1 and XII AP 2, with a purposive sampling in which the students’ characteristics are involve actively in learning activities in XII AP 1 class. 25 students are involved this study. The instrument used is in the form of test. The findings are most of the aspects of knowledge including the concept of public area, kinds of public area and kinds of the cleaning public area object are at the highest criteria; most of the comprehension aspect including the equipment, the material and its treatment are at the highest criteria; and most of the implementation aspects including the public areas cleaning technique and procedure accord with the SOP are at high criteria as they are ready to work in industrial field. Based on the result of the study, it is suggested that both the teacher and students to stick up the mastery of knowledge of public areas learning procedures, and it is also suggested for this further researcher to proceed the similar study focused on the mastery of the skill of public areas cleaning procedures

Young children show the bystander effect in helping situations

The authors thank the ESRC for supporting Harriet Over (grant number ES/K006702/1).Much research in social psychology has shown that otherwise helpful people often fail to help when bystanders are present. Research in developmental psychology has shown that even very young children help, and that others’ presence can actually increase helping in some cases. In the current study, in contrast, 5-year-old children helped an experimenter at very high levels when they were alone, but significantly less in the presence of bystanders who were potentially available to help. In another condition designed to elucidate the mechanism underlying the effect, children’s helping was not reduced when bystanders were present but confined behind a barrier and thus unable to help (a condition that has not been run in previous studies with adults). Young children thus show the bystander effect, and it is not due to social referencing or shyness to act in front of others, but rather to a sense of a diffusion of responsibility.PostprintPeer reviewe

PERSEPSI MASYARAKAT TERKAIT KENYAMANAN TERMAL DI PEMUKIMAN PADAT (NON-AC) KECAMATAN DUKUH PAKIS KOTA SURABAYA

Abstrak Kota Surabaya merupakan Ibu Kota Provinsi Jawa Timur yang memiliki iklim tropis dan iklim pantai,maka menjadi hal wajar bahwa Kota Surabaya memiliki cuaca yang panas dan kering namun saat ini sering dijumpai bahwa tingkat temperatur di kota sudah melebihi batas normal. Kota Surabaya kini sudah berada pada rentangan 23,2°C -35,3°C dengan kelembaban 95% sedangkan suhu nyaman termal untuk orang Indonesia yang berada pada daerah tropis adalah kisaran 15°C - 25°C dengan kelembaban 70%. Tingginya suhu udara yang ada di Kota Surabaya memberikan pengaruh terhadap kenyamanan termal bagi masyarakatnya kususnya daerah Kecamatan Dukuh Pakis yang memiliki temperatur paling tinggi dibandingkan 31 kecamatan yang ada di Surabaya yaitu mencapai 34,8°C. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui 1) persepsi masyarakat terkait kenyamanan termal baik di dalam rumah maupun di luar rumah di Kecamatan Dukuh Pakis 2) mengetahui jenis adaptasi yang dilakukan masyarakat untuk mengurangi tingginya suhu udara yang dirasakan disekitar lingkungan tingggal mereka yaitu di Kecamatan Dukuh Pakis.Jenis penelitian ini menggunakan penelitian Survey.Penelitian ini teknik sampling yang digunakan termasuk ke dalam kelompok non probability sampling dengan menggunakan teknikaccidental sampling.Subjek penelitian ini adalah seluruh masyarakat Kecamatan Dukuh Pakis yang tidak menggunakan pendingin ruangan (AC).Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan angket dan dokumentasi.Analisis data dengan berpedoman pada data primer yang diperoleh dari hasil angket dan keterangan responden di Kecamatan Dukuh Pakis dan digunakan analisis deskriptif.Hasil penelitian ini adalah persepsi kenyamanan termal masyarakat ketika berada didalam rumah yaitu Kurang Nyaman dan untuk persepsi kenyamanan termal luar rumah adalah Tidak Nyaman, sehingga masyarakat lebih suka beraktifitas di dalam ruangan daripada di luar ruangan. Bentuk adaptasi yang dilakukan masyarakat untuk mengurangi panasnya suhu udara berupa adaptasi kegiatan dan tempat tinggal, untuk adaptasi kegiatan yang dilakukan masyarakat adalah kegiatan yang mudah seperti menyalakan kipas Angin, untuk adaptasi tempat tinggal untuk mengurangi tingginya suhu udara masyarakat memberikan tanaman di depan rumah agar lebih sejuk dan menambah rasa nyaman ketika berada di dalam maupun luar rumah. Kata Kunci :Persepsi, Kenyamanan Termal, Adaptasi   Abstract Surabaya is a capital of East Java Province which has tropical and coastal climates, so that it becomes natural if this city is hot and dry. However, it has been found that temperature level of this city has exceeded the normal limit. Surabaya has already on 23,2°C -35,3°C temperature with 95% humidity, while the thermal comfort for Indonesian people which its temperature in tropical area is around 15°C - 25°C with 70% humidity. The high temperature in Surabaya affects the thermal comfort, especially Dukuh Pakis district that its temperature reaches 34,8°C, which is the highest temperature from all of 31 districts in Surabaya. The aim of this study is to find out 1) public perception related with thermal comfort inside and outside the house in Dukuh Pakis district 2) adaptation types that citizens do to reduce the temperature around their surroundings in Dukuh Pakis districts. This research was used Survey Research as the research design. Sampling technique that used was in the same group of Non Probability Sampling that named Accidental Sampling Method. This study was involved all the residents Dukuh Pakis district which do not use air conditioner as the research subject. Questionnaire and documentation were used as data collection techniques. The primary data that got from questionnaire and respondents’ statement will be analyzed by using descriptive analysis. The result of this study revealed that public perception of thermal comfort inside the house stated as rather comfortable, and not comfortable at all outside the house. In this case, people are preferred to stay inside the room rather than the outside. These kinds of adaptation are done to decrease the air temperature like adaptation in terms of activity and residency. Activity adaptations that done by people is doing the easy task, like turning on the fan. For residency adaptation, people usually grow some plants around the house to decrease the heat, so the environment will become cooler and more comfort while they are inside or outside the home. Keywords: Perception, Thermal Comfort, Adaptatio

DARI ISOLASI KE AKULTURASI (STUDI TENTANG PEMBENTUKAN DAN PENGEMBANGAN KAMPUNG TRANS DI DESA KURAU)

This study exposes about society changes when the formation and development of Trans Village program from isolation to acculturation. Its purpose is to identify how the community change from isolated to acculturated and changes then forms a social identity in Trans Village. The Theory used in this field is Henri Taifel’s social identity theory that stated the individual concept forms by their experience in the group by acknowledging and applied the social values, participate, and develops their sense of care and pride of their group. This research uses descriptive qualitative research. Data collection techniques through observation, interviews, and documentation. This study also uses data analysis techniques by reducing data, displaying data and drawing conclusions. The number of informants used is 9 people filtered through purposive sampling. The results of this study indicate that the process from isolation to community acculturation occurred at the time of the formation and development of the Trans Village in Kurau Village. At first, the transmigrant communities are isolated from the local community so there are no interactions. Then by the time being, Trans Village leads to the transformation of social identity. Social identity is formed starting from the awareness, relationships, collaboration and harmonization among the people. People who were initially isolated have now become acculturated in Kampung Trans. This condition can be seen from the merging of the community, namely the local community and transmigrants in Trans Village which caused mixing between cultures so that new cultures are formed while still preserving old cultures. People live mingled by promoting the values ​​and rules that exist in Kampung Trans