STABLE CLUSTERING ON AODV WITH SLEEP MODE

Clustering has evolved as an imperative research domain that enhances system performance such as throughput and delay in Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs) in the presence of both mobility and a large number of mobile terminals. In this thesis, we present a clustering scheme that minimizes message overhead and congestion for cluster formation and maintenance. The algorithm is devised to be dependent on Ad-hoc On Demand Distance Vector (AODV) Routing with sleep mode algorithm of MANET. The dynamic formation of clusters helps reduce data packet overhead, node complexity and power consumption. The goal of this algorithm is to decrease the number of cluster forming, maintain stable clustering structure and maximize lifespan of mobile nodes in the system. Nodes in MANET networks are basically battery operated, and thus have access to a limited amount of energy. This process proposes an Energy based Ad-Hoc on-Demand Routing algorithm that balances energy among nodes so that a minimum energy level is maintained among nodes and the lifetime of network is increased. The simulation has been performed in ns-2. The simulation shows that the number of clusters formed is in proportion with the number of nodes in MANET

On the Performance Analysis of Wireless Receiver in Cascaded Fading Channel

In this paper, we provide a unified analysis for wireless system over cascaded fading channels modeled either by cascaded Nakagami-m or Weibull fading models. These cascade fading models are developed by the product of independent Nakagami-m or Weibull random variables, which are not necessary identically distributed. The performance measures such as amount of fading, average bit error rate, and signal outage are computed in this analysis. We first use the Padé approximation (PA) technique to find simple to evaluate rational expressions for the moment generating function (MGF) of output signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), unlike previously derived intricate expressions in terms of MeijerG function for cascaded Nakagami-m fading channel. Rational expressions for the MGF of the cascaded Weibull random variable are also computed to provide new set of performance results. Using these rational expressions, we analyze the performance of wireless receivers under a range of representative channel fading conditions using both cascaded fading models. To verify the correctness of the proposed rational expression formulation numerical and computer simulations has been done, which shows perfect match

Unusual metastatic sex cord stromal tumor - staging and response assessment

Metastatic sex cord stromal tumor (SCST) is rare and contributing <1% of ovarian tumors. A 42-year-old female presented with lower abdominal pain for 2 months. Ultrasonography revealed masses in the abdominal and pelvic. USG guided biopsy from the pelvic mass revealed SCST. For staging, whole body F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography-computed tomography was performed and revealed heterogenous mildly FDG avid retroperitoneal and bilateral pelvic masses with lung nodules. To confirm the nature of the lung nodule; PET-CT guided biopsy performed and revealed metastatic SCST. After three cycle of chemotherapy, clinical, biochemical and imaging show partial response to treatment

Accurate Investigation of Coaxial-Slot Antenna for Invasive Microwave Hyperthermia Therapy

Invasive microwave hyperthermia is a technique applied for treatment of cancer in which body tissue is exposed to high temperatures. The effectiveness of hyperthermia depends upon the temperature achieved during the therapy and the distribution of microwave thermal field; which further depends upon the type of microwave radiative antenna. Microwave ablation (MWA) or high temperature hyperthermia is a minimally invasive technique used to treat liver cancer, the effectiveness of which depends on highly localized spherical shaped leison with minimum back radiations near the tumor cells

Imaging resemblance but diagnostic disparity in cervix cancer: a rare case report

F-18 FDG PET-CT is an establish modality for staging of cervical cancer. The high uptake value in PET with no evidence of necrosis in CECT is generally understood malignant pathology in known cancer patients. A 47 year-old-female with cervix carcinoma underwent staging FDG PET-CT. It showed FDG avid primary lesion in cervix with FDG avid pelvic, retroperitoneal, mediastinal and supraclavicular lymph nodes. USG guided FNA from the supraclavicular lymph node revealed tuberculosis. Now patient scheduled for ATT and chemotherapy

Open Access Extracts from Acacia catechu suppress HIV-1 replication by inhibiting the activities of the viral

Background: Acacia catechu (Mimosa family) stem bark extracts have been used traditionally as a dietary supplement as well as a folk medicine given its reported anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, hepatoprotective, antioxidant, anti-microbial and anti-tumor activities. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the anti-HIV-1 activity of the extracts from stem bark of A. catechu. Methods: The aqueous and 50 % ethanolic extracts of A. catechu stem bark were prepared and 50 % ethanolic extract was further fractioned by successively partitioning with petroleum ether, chloroform and n-butanol. All the extracts and fractions were evaluated for cytotoxicity and anti-HIV-1 activity using different in vitro assays. The active n-butanol fraction was evaluated for its inhibition against HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, integrase, protease, pro-viral genome integration and viral Tat protein mediated transactivation. The effect of n-butanol fraction on the induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines secretion in Vk2/E6E7 cells and transepithelial resistance in Caco-2 and HEC-1A cells was investigated. Results: The aqueous and 50 % ethanolic extracts of A. catechu showed IC50 values of 1.8 ± 0.18 μg/ml and 3.6 ± 0.31 μg/ml, respectively in cell-free virus based assay using TZM-bl cells and HIV-1NL4.3 (X-4 tropic). In the above assay, n-butanol fraction exhibited anti-HIV-1 activity with an IC50 of 1.7 ± 0.12 μg/ml. The n-butanol fractio

Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra: a surrogate for the expression of conserved, multimeric proteins of M.tb H37Rv

Additional file 3. Details of primers used, experimental and theoretical molecular weights, pI values and details of post-translational modifications in GAPDH

Promoting co-existence between humans and venomous snakes through increasing the herpetological knowledge base

Snakebite incidence at least partly depends on the biology of the snakes involved. However, studies of snake biology have been largely neglected in favour of anthropic factors, with the exception of taxonomy, which has been recognised for some decades to affect the design of antivenoms. Despite this, within-species venom variation and the unpredictability of the correlation with antivenom cross-reactivity has continued to be problematic. Meanwhile, other aspects of snake biology, including behaviour, spatial ecology and activity patterns, distribution, and population demography, which can contribute to snakebite mitigation and prevention, remain underfunded and understudied. Here, we review the literature relevant to these aspects of snakebite and illustrate how demographic, spatial, and behavioural studies can improve our understanding of why snakebites occur and provide evidence for prevention strategies. We identify the large gaps that remain to be filled and urge that, in the future, data and relevant metadata be shared openly via public data repositories so that studies can be properly replicated and data used in future meta-analyses

Radiomic markers of intracerebral hemorrhage expansion on non-contrast CT: independent validation and comparison with visual markers

ObjectiveTo devise and validate radiomic signatures of impending hematoma expansion (HE) based on admission non-contrast head computed tomography (CT) of patients with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH).MethodsUtilizing a large multicentric clinical trial dataset of hypertensive patients with spontaneous supratentorial ICH, we developed signatures predictive of HE in a discovery cohort (n = 449) and confirmed their performance in an independent validation cohort (n = 448). In addition to n = 1,130 radiomic features, n = 6 clinical variables associated with HE, n = 8 previously defined visual markers of HE, the BAT score, and combinations thereof served as candidate variable sets for signatures. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) quantified signatures’ performance.ResultsA signature combining select radiomic features and clinical variables attained the highest AUC (95% confidence interval) of 0.67 (0.61–0.72) and 0.64 (0.59–0.70) in the discovery and independent validation cohort, respectively, significantly outperforming the clinical (pdiscovery = 0.02, pvalidation = 0.01) and visual signature (pdiscovery = 0.03, pvalidation = 0.01) as well as the BAT score (pdiscovery &lt; 0.001, pvalidation &lt; 0.001). Adding visual markers to radiomic features failed to improve prediction performance. All signatures were significantly (p &lt; 0.001) correlated with functional outcome at 3-months, underlining their prognostic relevance.ConclusionRadiomic features of ICH on admission non-contrast head CT can predict impending HE with stable generalizability; and combining radiomic with clinical predictors yielded the highest predictive value. By enabling selective anti-expansion treatment of patients at elevated risk of HE in future clinical trials, the proposed markers may increase therapeutic efficacy, and ultimately improve outcomes