De Mao a Deng: modernização e petróleo da China contemporânea

TCC (graduação) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Centro de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas. Curso de Graduação em História.Este trabalho apresenta uma análise das transformações ocorridas na indústria petrolífera chinesa com a política das Quatro Modernizações, especificamente a modernização em ciência e tecnologia, adotada a partir de 1978. Desde o estabelecimento da República Popular da China, em 1949, até o final dos anos 1980, este estudo demonstra o desenvolvimento da indústria petrolífera chinesa afim de garantir os recursos energéticos necessários para que o projeto de modernização possa ser executado. Através do discurso de Deng Xiaoping na Conferência Nacional sobre Ciência, em 1978, demonstra-se a importância da ciência e tecnologia, assim como sua inter-relação com o setor petrolífero no processo de modernização. Ao final evidencia-se a transformação da indústria petrolífera, do domínio do planejamento central para uma influência maior do mercado, o qual contribuiu para atrair investimentos externos, recursos financeiros e tecnológicos. Ao mesmo tempo permanências são percebidas com relação a busca pela modernização

Rumo à América : uma análise do investimento externo direto chinês no setor petrolífero na Argentina, Brasil, Equador e Venezuela (2008 a 2018)

A China experienciou uma transformação econômica que tem despertado atenção ao redor do mundo. As mudanças internas tinham como estratégia inicial atrair investimentos para o país em prol do desenvolvimento econômico. Posteriormente, a partir da experiência adquirida, e com os bons resultados obtidos, a China tornou-se um investidor internacional. Nesse processo, a América do Sul passa a ser um destino para os investimentos chineses, principalmente nos setores de recursos naturais, pois a região tinha capacidade de atender a sua demanda por estes produtos. Destacam-se, neste sentido, os produtos energéticos. Dentro deste contexto, esta dissertação teve como objetivo analisar a participação do setor petrolífero no total do investimento externo chinês e contratos de construção realizados em quatro países da América do Sul, sendo eles: Argentina, Brasil, Equador e Venezuela. Também, foi objetivada a participação da China no total das exportações de petróleo realizadas por esses países. Para tal, realizamos uma pesquisa documental e bibliográfica para discutir o processo de internacionalização das empresas petrolíferas chinesas. Para melhor compreensão desse processo, analisamos as reformas de abertura econômica e modernização, adotadas por esse país, a partir do final da década de 1970, e seus reflexos nas políticas do investimento externo direto. Soma-se a isso a relevância das questões energéticas e das relações internacionais na execução dessas reformas. Em adição, adotamos uma abordagem quantitativa em relação aos dados do investimento, dos contratos de construção e das exportações de petróleo. Concluímos que o petróleo, nos países selecionados para esta pesquisa, foi um elemento determinante na atração do investimento chinês e a partir disso, o comércio de petróleo com a China foi ampliado. Conclui-se, ainda que a atuação das empresas chinesas nesse setor foi resultado das transformações ocorridas no interior da China derivada de uma estratégia desenvolvida pelo Estado chinês.China has experienced an economic transformation that has attracted attention around the world. The internal changes had as an initial strategy attracting investments to the country in favour of economic development. Subsequently, based on the experience gained and with the good results obtained, China became an international investor. In this process, South America becomes a destination for Chinese investments, mainly in the natural resources sectors, as the region had the capacity to meet their demands for these products. In this sense, energy products stand out. In this context, this dissertation aimed to analyse the participation of the oil sector in the totality of the Chinese foreign investment and construction contracts carried out in four South American countries, namely: Argentina, Brazil, Ecuador and Venezuela. China's participation in the totality of oil exports made by these countries was sought through. To this end, we conducted a documentary and bibliographic research to discuss the Chinese oil companies’ internationalization process. For a better understanding of this process, we analysed the reforms of economic opening and modernization, adopted by this country, from the end of the 1970’s decade, and their reflexes in foreign direct investment policies Alongside the argument, it is the relevance of energy issues and international relations in these reforms implementation. We take a quantitative approach to investment data, construction contracts and oil exports. We conclude that oil, in the research selected countries, was a determining factor in attracting Chinese investment, and from that point on, oil trade with China was expanded. As a final point, the performance of Chinese companies in this sector was the result of transformations occurred in China’s interior, as resulted by a strategy developed by the Chinese state.中国经历了举世瞩目的经济转型。内部改革已成为吸引投资到该国以促进经济发展的 一项初步战略。随后，根据取得的经验和取得的良好成果，中国成为国际投资者。在 这一过程中，南美洲成为中国投资的目的地，主要投资于自然资源部门，因为该地区 有能力满足中国对这些产品的需求。从这个意义上说，能源产品脱颖而出。在此背景 下，本文旨在分析中国在阿根廷、巴西、厄瓜多尔和委内瑞拉四个南美国家的对外投 资和建设合同中石油部门的参与情况。中国参与了这些国家全部的石油出口。为此， 我们对中国石油企业的国际化进程进行了文献和文献研究。为了更好地理解这一过程， 我们分析了该国自 20 世纪 70 年代末开始实行的经济开放和现代化改革，以及这些改 革在外国直接投资政策中的反映，同时也分析了能源问题和国际关系在这些改革实施 中的相关性。我们对投资数据、建筑合同和石油出口采取定量方法。我们得出结论， 在选定的研究国家中，石油是吸引中国投资的决定性因素，从那时起，与中国的石油 贸易扩大了。最后一点，中国企业在这一领域的表现是中国内地转型的结果，这是中 国政府制定的战略的结果

ESTADOS UNIDOS DA AMÉRICA E CHINA? REVISIONISMO NO SISTEMA INTERNACIONAL

As recentes disputas por espaço e poder entre os Estados Unidos da América – compreendida como principal potência hegemônica – e a China, como principal potência revisionista –motivaram esse estudo, buscando avaliar um possível novo reequilíbrio de poder no Sistema Internacional. Como objetivo, verificaram-se questões hegemônicas em momentos passados da história e no porvir. Assim, sob o viés teórico da Teoria da Guerra Hegemônica e dos Estudos Estratégicos, buscou-se a compreensão das opções mais colaborativas de compartilhamento de poder ou de uso da força de forma unilateral entre os Estados disputantes

Mitochondrial DNA fails to reveal genetic structure in sea-lampreys along european shores

Inexistent

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Genotype and phenotype landscape of MEN2 in 554 medullary thyroid cancer patients: the BrasMEN study

Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN2) is an autosomal dominant genetic disease caused by RET gene germline mutations that is characterized by medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) associated with other endocrine tumors. Several reports have demonstrated that the RET mutation profile may vary according to the geographical area. In this study, we collected clinical and molecular data from 554 patients with surgically confirmed MTC from 176 families with MEN2 in 18 different Brazilian centers to compare the type and prevalence of RET mutations with those from other countries. The most frequent mutations, classified by the number of families affected, occur in codon 634, exon 11 (76 families), followed by codon 918, exon 16 (34 families: 26 with M918T and 8 with M918V) and codon 804, exon 14 (22 families: 15 with V804M and 7 with V804L). When compared with other major published series from Europe, there are several similarities and some differences. While the mutations in codons C618, C620, C630, E768 and S891 present a similar prevalence, some mutations have a lower prevalence in Brazil, and others are found mainly in Brazil (G533C and M918V). These results reflect the singular proportion of European, Amerindian and African ancestries in the Brazilian mosaic genome

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost