MARCADORES INFLAMATÓRIOS, EXERCÍCIO FÍSICO E OBESIDADE INFANTIL: UMA REVISÃO

Obesity is a type of chronic inflammatory disease (CID) which kills millions of people in the world. It is alarming in recent decades as the number of children is being diagnosed with overweight and / or obesity. Inflammatory Markers (IM) produced by various cells of our body is associated with excess body fat and other CID risk factors. It is important to identify in early age IM behavior in obese children and associate them in physical exercise programs as a CID preventive measure. Aiming to fill this gap, this literature review talk about the IM behavior of C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-18, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and adiponectin at rest and chronic effects of exercise . It is concluded that many IM show in our biological systems similar and different behaviors; Levels of CRP and TNF- α are elevated in obese children. The same do not occur in relation to concentration of IL-6; It were not be found studies about the expression of IL-18 in obese children at rest or engaged in regular physical exercise; levels of adiponectin are low in obese children at rest; Regular physical exercise reduces chronically levels of TNF-α, IL-6 and CRP in obese children and increase levels of adiponectin

Análise do pico de potência de membro superior em jogadores amadores de rugby

O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar o pico de potência (PP) absoluta e relativa de membros superiores (MMSS) em jogadores amadores de rugby. Dezoito jogadores de rugby (nível universitário estadual, em início de temporada) de ambos os sexos (homens n=11) participaram voluntariamente. Os jogadores foram submetidos à avaliação antropométrica e testes 1 repetição máxima (1RM) no exercício supino reto (barra guiada). Após pelo menos 48 horas, os jogadores realizaram o teste de potência dos MMSS (mesmo aparelho) utilizando-se de acelerômetro (Myotest®) para mensurar a potência da ação concêntrica. As intensidades testadas foram de 30%, 40%, 50% e 60% de 1RM, com 3 minutos de pausa passiva entre as intensidades. Não houve diferença (p< 0,05) paras potências absolutas e relativas intragrupos. Entretanto, os homens produziram maiores valores de potências (p < 0,05) em todas intensidades testadas. O pico de potência absoluto e relativo não diferiu estatisticamente entre as intensidades testadas em cada grupo, para tanto, ainda devem ser realizadas mais pesquisas para comprovar a efetividade de treinamentos que utilizam o valor de pico de potência como zona de trabalho

Effects of resistance training and β-hydroxy β-methylbutyrate (HMB) supplementation on muscle strength, body composition and lipid metabolism in Wistar rats

Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar os efeitos do treinamento resistido (TR) e da suplementação com sal de cálcio do β-hidroxi β-metilbutirato (CaHMB) sobre a força muscular, composição corporal e metabolismo lipídico em ratos Wistar. Métodos: Ratos Wistar adultos (idade: 3 meses) foram aleatoriamente distribuídos em 4 grupos de 12 animais cada: sedentário controle (SC); sedentário com suplemento (SS); treinamento resistido controle (RTC) e treinamento resistido com suplemento (RTS). Os animais dos grupos SS e RTS receberam, por gavagem, 1 mL de CaHMB (320 mg/kg de peso corporal). Os animais dos grupos RTC e RTS realizaram um programa de TR (4 séries de 10 repetições com intervalo de 90 s entre as séries; 1 vez/dia, 5 dias/semana; carga de 80% de 1 repetição máxima – 1 RM), por 8 semanas. Todos os animais foram pesados e tiveram a circunferência abdominal mensurada e o índice de Lee calculado semanalmente e o consumo alimentar e a força muscular monitorados durante o período experimental. Ao final das intervenções foram determinadas: a composição corporal, o perfil lipídico, a expressão gênica de interleucinas (IL-6, IL-10 e IL-15), da proteína contendo o domínio 5 da fibronectina do tipo 3 (FNDC-5) no músculo esquelético e de IL-6 e proteína desacopladora mitocondrial do tipo 1 (UCP-1) no tecido adiposo branco (TAB) e a concentração de irisina no TAB. Resultados: O TR isolado aumentou a força muscular e reduziu o consumo alimentar, o ganho de peso, o índice de Lee, a circunferência abdominal, as percentagens de gordura e água, as concentrações plasmáticas de lipoproteínas de muito baixa densidade (VLDL), colesterol não lipoproteínas de alta densidade (Não-HDL), triglicerídeos, colesterol total e aumentou a expressão gênica de FNDC-5 no músculo sóleo e a concentração de irisina no TAB. A combinação do TR com o CaHMB potencializou a redução da circunferência abdominal (5,3 %), índice de Lee (2,4 %), porcentagem de gordura (24,4 %), concentrações plasmáticas de VLDL (16,8 %) e triglicerídeos (17 %) e aumentou a expressão gênica de IL-6 (47,4 %) e FNDC-5 (78.9 %) no sóleo e a concentração de irisina (26,9 %) no TAB. Isoladamente, tanto o TR quanto a suplementação com CaHMB não afetaram o percentual de proteína e a expressão gênica de IL-6 e UCP-1 no TAB e de IL-10 e IL-15 no gastrocnêmio. Não houve esteatose hepática com os diferentes tratamentos após a intervenção. Conclusões: A suplementação com CaHMB potencializou os efeitos benéficos do TR na redução de gordura corporal, em associação comaumento da expressão gênica de IL-6 e de FNDC-5 muscular e da concentração de irisina no TAB, apesar de não ter afetado o conteúdo de proteínas e a força muscular. Palavras-chave: Exercício. Suplementação. Tecido Adiposo. Irisina.Objective: The aim of this study was to verify the effects of resistance training (RT) and calcium salt of β-hydroxy β-methylbutyrate (CaHMB) supplementation on muscle strength, body composition and lipid metabolism in Wistar rats. Methods: Three-month old male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 4 groups of 12 animals each: sedentary control (SC); sedentary with supplement (SS); resistance training control (RTC) and resistance training with supplementation (RTS). The animals from SS and RTS groups received, by gavage, 1 mL of CaHMB (320 mg / kg of body weight). The animals from RTC and RTS groups performed an RT program (4 sets of 10 repetitions with 90 s interval; 1 session / day, 5 days / week; load of 80% 1 maximum repetition - 1 RM), for 8 weeks. All animals were weighed and had abdominal circumference measured and Lee index calculated weekly and the food consumption and muscle strength monitored throughout the experimental period. By the end of interventions, the body composition, plasma lipid profile, the gene expression of interleukins (IL-6, IL-10 and IL-15) and fibronectin type III domain containing 5 (FNDC-5) in skeletal muscle and IL-6 and uncoupling protein-1 (UCP-1) in white adipose tissue (WAT) and the concentration of irisin in WAT were determined. Results: Resistance training alone increased total and relative muscle strength; reduced food intake, weight gain, Lee index, abdominal circumference, percentages of fat and water, plasma concentrations of very low- density lipoprotein (VLDL), non-high-density lipoprotein (Non-HDL) cholesterol, triglycerides, total cholesterol; and increased FNDC-5 gene expression in soleus muscle and the concentration of irisin protein in WAT. Compared to RT alone, the combination of CaHMB supplementation with RT further reduced abdominal circumference (5.3 %), Lee index (2.4 %), fat percentage (24.4 %), plasma VLDL-cholesterol (16.8%) and triglycerides (17%) a n d increased the gene expression of FNDC-5 (78.9 %) and IL-6 (47.4%) in gastrocnemius muscle and irisin concentration (26.9 %) in WAT. Neither RT nor CaHMB supplementation alone affected the protein percentage and the gene expression of IL-6 and UCP-1 in WAT and IL-10 and IL-15 in gastrocnemius muscle. There was no hepatic steatosis with the different treatments after the intervention. Conclusions: CaHMB supplementation increased the beneficial effects of RT on body fat reduction and was associated with increasedmuscular genic expression of IL-6 and FNDC-5 and irisin concentration in WAT, despite no change in protein content and muscle strength. Keywords: Exercise. Supplementation. Adipose Tissue. Irisin

Nível de aptidão física relacionada à saúde em crianças praticantes de natação

The aim of the present study was to evaluate and compare the levels of health - related physical fitness among swimmers and non - swimmers living in a small city in the interior of Minas Gerais. We evaluated children aged 7 to 10 years, athletes and non-swimming athletes. To obtain the data, a battery of PROESP-BR tests was used for physical fitness related to health. For statistical analysis, the Shapiro-Wilk test was used, followed by the Student's T test to compare the means between the two groups evaluated. The level of significance was 5%. The results demonstrated that swimming practice was able to improve flexibility, abdominal resistance and general resistance, without modification of body mass index (BMI), wingspan, waist circumference and waist / height ratio in practicing children, when compared to non-practitioners. It was concluded that children who practice swimming improved physical fitness related to health.O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar e comparar os níveis de aptidão física relacionada à saúde em praticantes e não praticantes de natação, residentes em uma cidade de pequeno porte do interior de Minas Gerais. Foram avaliadas crianças com idade entre 7 e 10 anos, praticantes e não praticantes de natação. Para a obtenção dos dados, foi utilizada a bateria de testes do PROESP-BR referente à aptidão física relacionada à saúde. Para análise estatística, utilizou-se o teste de Shapiro-Wilk, seguido do teste t de Student para comparação das médias entre os dois grupos avaliados. O nível de significância adotado foi de 5%. Os resultados demonstraram que a prática da natação foi capaz de melhorar a flexibilidade, a resistência abdominal e a resistência geral, sem modificação do índice de massa corporal (IMC), envergadura, perímetro de cintura e relação cintura/estatura nas crianças praticantes, quando comparadas às não praticantes. Concluiu-se que crianças que praticam natação melhoraram a aptidão física relacionada à saúde.

Waist circumference to height ratio predicts inflammatory risk in children

<p><b>Background:</b> The increase in obesity, especially the increase of visceral fat, has been directly associated with health risk. Additionally, a waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) (0.5) has been proposed as an indicator of early health risk.</p> <p><b>Aims:</b> To test the association between anthropometric measurements and inflammatory mRNA expression and to evaluate the effectiveness of WHtR to predict inflammatory risk in children.</p> <p><b>Subjects and methods:</b> Anthropometric measurements and fasting blood samples were collected in 94 Brazilian children (46 boys) aged 9–11 years. Children were identified as being at inflammatory risk based on cytokine mRNA expression levels at and above the 75th percentile. Inflammatory cytokine mRNA expression levels were determined through buff-coat using real-time polymerase chain reaction.</p> <p><b>Results:</b> Body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC) and WHtR showed moderate-to-strong association with inflammatory cytokine mRNA gene expression. WHtR = 0.51 was the most accurate cut-off point in distinguishing children at inflammatory risk. Compared with children with WHtR <0.51, children with a WHtR ≥0.51 presented an odds ratio of 2.643 (95% CI = 1.749–3.994) for both diagnosed IL-6 and MCP-1 above the 75th percentile and 2.796 (95% CI = 1.802–4.338) for TNF-<i>α</i> above the 75th percentile. WHtR = 0.50 presented the same values of sensitivity and odds ratio and ∼7% lower specificity compared to WHtR = 0.51.</p> <p><b>Conclusion:</b> Anthropometric measurements have shown a moderate-to-strong association with the mRNA expression of inflammatory genes and a WHtR of 0.5 could serve as a cut-off point, suggesting increased risk of inflammatory responses.</p

Association of inflammation, dyslipidemia, obesity and physical activity status in children

Abstract The aim of this study was to verify the association between inflammatory biomarkers, dyslipidemia, obesity and physical activity status in 10-years old children. Ninety-four children participated in this study and were classified into eutrophic (n=36), overweight (n=34) or obese (n=24) according to their body mass index (BMI). The genic expression of interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and chemokine C-C motif ligand 2 (CCL-2) mRNA; the serum concentration of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) and triglycerides; BMI, percentage of body fat (% BF) and waist circumference; and the number of steps per day were determined. The expression of IL-6, TNF-α and CCL-2 were associated (p 0.05) between pro-inflammatory biomarkers and number of steps per day was found

NEOTROPICAL XENARTHRANS: a data set of occurrence of xenarthran species in the Neotropics

Xenarthrans—anteaters, sloths, and armadillos—have essential functions for ecosystem maintenance, such as insect control and nutrient cycling, playing key roles as ecosystem engineers. Because of habitat loss and fragmentation, hunting pressure, and conflicts with domestic dogs, these species have been threatened locally, regionally, or even across their full distribution ranges. The Neotropics harbor 21 species of armadillos, 10 anteaters, and 6 sloths. Our data set includes the families Chlamyphoridae (13), Dasypodidae (7), Myrmecophagidae (3), Bradypodidae (4), and Megalonychidae (2). We have no occurrence data on Dasypus pilosus (Dasypodidae). Regarding Cyclopedidae, until recently, only one species was recognized, but new genetic studies have revealed that the group is represented by seven species. In this data paper, we compiled a total of 42,528 records of 31 species, represented by occurrence and quantitative data, totaling 24,847 unique georeferenced records. The geographic range is from the southern United States, Mexico, and Caribbean countries at the northern portion of the Neotropics, to the austral distribution in Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay. Regarding anteaters, Myrmecophaga tridactyla has the most records (n = 5,941), and Cyclopes sp. have the fewest (n = 240). The armadillo species with the most data is Dasypus novemcinctus (n = 11,588), and the fewest data are recorded for Calyptophractus retusus (n = 33). With regard to sloth species, Bradypus variegatus has the most records (n = 962), and Bradypus pygmaeus has the fewest (n = 12). Our main objective with Neotropical Xenarthrans is to make occurrence and quantitative data available to facilitate more ecological research, particularly if we integrate the xenarthran data with other data sets of Neotropical Series that will become available very soon (i.e., Neotropical Carnivores, Neotropical Invasive Mammals, and Neotropical Hunters and Dogs). Therefore, studies on trophic cascades, hunting pressure, habitat loss, fragmentation effects, species invasion, and climate change effects will be possible with the Neotropical Xenarthrans data set. Please cite this data paper when using its data in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us of how they are using these data