Género, cultura e sexualidade em jovens portuguesas e portugueses : um programa de educação sexual

Apesar da legislação criada em Portugal relativamente à educação sexual, dois dos principais problemas que esses programas procuram combater, mantêm-se (gravidez adolescente e VIH/SIDA) talvez porque os programas têm negligenciado a importância do género e da cultura de classe, étnica, regional e local. Tendo estes aspectos como pano de fundo foi construído um programa de educação sexual assente nos pressupostos de que: (1) o duplo padrão sexual que inscreve, em homens e mulheres, diferentes formas de vivenciar a o romance e o prazer/desejo, pode ser questionado e descontruído; (2) as diferentes classes sociais e culturas étnicas e locais têm crenças diferenciadas acerca do duplo padrão sexual que importa compreender; (3) a promoção da autonomia, o combate ao preconceito e a informação/reflexão adequada são aspectos essenciais para a estruturação de comportamentos responsáveis no relacionamento sexual, estimulando comportamentos assertivos, a negociação e a tomada de decisão face ao uso do preservativo e ao controlo da natalidade e à sua vida sexual em geral. Na convicção de que os programas e campanhas de educação nacional, não podem ser de âmbito nacional, este programa está estruturado de forma a ir de encontro às necessidades dos alunos e alunas, oferecendo actividades flexíveis, evitando a informação definida à priori e estimulando a reflexão. Subjacente a todo o programa está a promoção do respeito pelas diferenças, e a reflexão acerca de um projecto de vida no que diz respeito à vida amorosa e sexual. O programa será avaliado não só pelos produtos realizados pelos grupos, mas ainda através de um préteste e pós-teste que consiste na aplicação da Sexual Double Standard Scale (Muehlenhard & Quackenbush, 1996), adaptada para a população portuguesa

Cooperação e reputação no jogo do ultimato

As sociedades humanas são organizadas em interações cooperativas, e uma vez que a interação com indivíduos desconhecidos é frequente, a reputação tem um papel importante na cooperação. Temos a capacidade de identificar e escolher os melhores parceiros sociais com quem interagir. Perante a necessidade de tomar decisões e a falta de experiência, recorremos à informação de interações passadas dos sujeitos desconhecidos com terceiros, ou seja, tomamos decisões com base na reputação dos parceiros sociais. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar o efeito da reputação na cooperação. Para tal, recorreu-se a uma versão modificada do Jogo do Ultimato, na qual os participantes jogaram como respondentes, tendo conhecimento da reputação dos proponentes em jogos anteriores. Dado que as preferências sociais são fortemente guiadas por normas sociais e não apenas por recompensas materiais, esperava-se que a reputação dos proponentes favorecesse a justiça em detrimento da maximização de utilidade. Em particular, esperava-se uma taxa de rejeição elevada de ofertas baixas efetuadas por indivíduos com uma reputação alta. Contrariamente ao previsto, o estudo piloto revelou (1) uma taxa de aceitação superior a 50% independentemente do valor da oferta e da reputação do individuo que a fez e (2) uma maior tendência para aceitar ofertas baixas de indivíduos com reputação generosa. Para rejeitar ofertas baixas pode não ser suficiente a perceção de injustiça, podendo existir outros critérios para a tomada de decisão que dependam das inclinações e interesses da pessoa.Human societies are organized in cooperative interactions, and since interaction with unknown individuals is frequent, reputation plays an important role in cooperation. We have the ability to identify and choose the best social partners to interact with. Faced with the need to make decisions and lack of experience, we resort to information from the past interactions of unknown subjects with third parties, that is, we make decisions based on the reputation of the social partners. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of reputation on cooperation. For this purpose, a modified version of the Ultimatum Game was used, in which the participants played as respondents, having knowledge of the proponents' reputation in previous games. Given that social preferences are strongly guided by social norms and not just material rewards, the proponents' reputation was expected to favor justice over utility maximization. In particular, a high rejection rate of low offers from individuals with a high reputation was expected. Contrary to expectations, a pilot study revealed (1) an acceptance rate above 50% regardless of the value of the offer and the reputation of the individual who made it, and (2) a greater tendency to accept low offers from individuals with a generous reputation. The perception of unfairness may not be enough to reject low offers; there may be other criteria for decision making that depend on the person's inclinations and interests.Mestrado em Psicologia da Saúde e Reabilitação Neuropsicológic

Population projections: a tool for a (re)definition of the Portuguese higher education system

Population projections can be used as a tool to provide information on possible scenariosvof future population and, namely, to support decision-making processes in diverse socio-economic areas, such as, higher education institutional network planning, both in public and private sectors. In a country like Portugal, nowadays affected by a severe economical and financial crisis, with a young population characterized by low levels of education and qualification is fundamental to use population projections as a basis for higher education planning. The main goal of this paper is to evaluate the possible changes in the younger population size in the coming years as a tool to (re)think and (re)design geographically the higher education institutional network in Portugal. Our findings will provide a range of reliable forecasts to support a more rational political decision contributing to an efficient and effective planning in what concerns higher education requirements adjusted to the evolution of future population

The Role of the Population Projections for a Redefinition of the Portuguese Higher Education Institutional Network

Population projections can be used as a tool to provide information on possible scenarios of future population and, namely, to support decision-making processes in diverse socio-economic areas, such as, higher education institutional network planning, both in public and private sectors. The dimension and the age and sex composition of future populations are influenced by mortality, fertility and migration trends. So, an accurate estimation of those future trends is crucial to evaluate how many inhabitants we will face in the future and simultaneously to prepare ourselves for their future needs. In a country like Portugal, affected by a severe economical and financial crisis, with a young population characterized by very low levels of education and qualification is fundamental to use population projections as a basis for higher education planning. The main goal of this paper is to evaluate the possible changes in the younger population size in the coming years as a tool to (re)define and (re)design, geographically the higher education institutional network in Portugal. For this purpose, we used the cohort-component method to project the Portuguese population from 2011 to 2036. For the evaluation of mortality future evolution we tested the performance, for the Portuguese case, of both the Lee-Carter (LC) method (1992) and the Booth-Maindonald-Smith (BMS) variant (2002), using data from the Human Mortality Database .Regarding the fertility projection, we used data from the Human   1 Fertility Database and applied the method proposed by Schmertmann (2003 & 2005), to model fertility rates by age. The complexity of migration flows, especially regarding its instability and the difficulties in addressing new forms of population mobility, supported the decision of include only a null migration scenario on this exercise. Considering the relevance of the projection of the number (and sex composition) of the under 18 population, we centered the discussion on the impact of different estimates of the future mortality rates for the youngest. Alongside with the main results, we will focus also on the analysis of the outcomes of LC and BMS models, performing a sensitivity analysis. We will sustain the reasons to choose one of those models as well as the use of confidence intervals to design alternative scenarios. Our findings will provide a range of reliable forecasts to support a more rational political decision contributing to an efficient and effective planning in what concerns higher education requirements adjusted to the future population

Lições da Relação de Orientação Académica para a Mentoria nas Empresas

As organizações, perante um contexto cada vez mais turbulento, instável e competitivo, têm, para fazer face aos desafios e pressões externas, recorrido a acções capazes de ajudar e orientar as suas estratégias, no que diz respeito à gestão dos seus recursos humanos, já que a instabilidade é tida como a regra do mercado, em geral. Práticas como a mentoria e outras práticas relacionadas com a mentoria, como sejam a supervisão, a tutoria, o coaching e o aconselhamento (counseling) têm sido utilizadas como apoio ao processo de transferência de conhecimentos e informação no meio empresarial e no académico, fazendo-se através daquele que orienta para o que é orientado. Neste trabalho definimos os conceitos, verificamos que alguns autores divergem quanto aos seus limites, constatamos que existe uma nova prática em mentoria, a efectuada via electrónica, cada vez mais utilizada, mas pouco, ou nada, explorada no que se refere às diferenças entre a formal e a informal. Debruçamo-nos nas figuras do orientador e do orientando em contexto académico, não no sentido de analisar o tipo de instrumento utilizado na relação, mas sim investigar as práticas utilizadas na gestão da relação entre ambos, que desafios se lhes deparam, de que forma conseguem alcançar as metas a que se propõem. Desta forma, que lições podemos tirar da prática da relação académica que possam ser aplicadas na mentoria nas empresas. Este estudo é composto pela introdução, o enquadramento teórico da problemática, englobando a revisão da literatura sobre o conceito mentoria e conceitos relacionados - tais como supervisão, coaching, tutoria e aconselhamento (counseling) - a metodologia aplicada, análise e discussão dos dados, resultados obtidos e conclusões. A nossa abordagem foi qualitativa, exploratória, sendo a recolha de dados feita por entrevista, escolha de conveniência, e a análise de dados através da Grounded Theory.Organizations, faced an increasingly turbulent, unstable and competitive environment, have to meet the challenges and external pressures, resorted to actions that can help and guide their strategies with regard to the management of its human resources, since that instability is taken as the rule of the market in general. Practices such as mentoring and other practices related to mentoring, such as supervision, tutoring, coaching and counseling have been used to support the transfer of knowledge and information in the business community and the academic process, becoming across that guides to what is instructed. In this paper we define the concepts, we find that some authors disagree as to its limits, we find that there is a new practice in mentoring, the effected electronically, increasingly used but little, if anything, explored with regard to the differences between the formal and informal. We looked at the figures of the guiding and directing in an academic context, not in order to analyze the type of instrument used in the relationship, but rather to investigate the practices used in managing the relationship between them, what challenges they face , how can achieve the goals that they propose . Thus, what lessons can we draw from the academic practice of relationship that can be implemented in the mentoring companies. This study consists of the introduction, the theoretical framework of the issue, encompassing a literature review of the mentoring concept and related concepts - such as supervision, coaching, tutoring and counseling - the methodology, analysis and discussion of the data, results obtained and conclusions. Our approach was qualitative, exploratory, and data collection done by interview, choice, convenience and data analysis by Grounded Theory

Desert pumpkinseed: diet composition and breadth in a Moroccan river

The widely invasive North American pumpkinseed sunfish, Lepomis gibbosus, is currently established in desert rivers in Morocco. The success of pumpkinseed in novel ecosystems has been associated with its generalist diet, but this trait remains unevaluated in arid regions. Desert rivers are harsh environments with limited water and prey availability which may adversely constrain the diet of fish. Here we studied the diet of pumpkinseed across 4 sites in the Draa River, embracing a 450 m elevational gradient covering from extremely dry lowlands to relatively humid highlands. We described pumpkinseed diet through the analysis of stomach contents of 82 individuals, collected in the fall of 2013. Pumpkinseed diet was dominated by Chironomidae in dry lowlands, while Ephemeroptera, Heteroptera, Trichoptera and Odonata were relevant prey in more humid highlands. Population diet breadth expanded with elevation, but individual specialization in diet was low among all sites. Our results highlight considerable changes in diet composition and breadth with aridity, suggesting that feeding plasticity and use of exclusive, locally abundant prey rather than generalized feeding may be associated with the success of pumpkinseed in most arid areas in desert rivers.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Spatial modelling of temporal dynamics in stream fish communities under anthropogenic change

Biodiversity ResearchAim: Understanding temporal changes in aquatic communities is essential to address the freshwater biodiversity crisis. In particular, it is important to understand the patterns and drivers of spatial variation in local community dynamics, generalizing temporal trends from discrete locations to entire landscapes that are the main focus of management. Here, we present a framework for producing spatially continuous views of community dynamics, focusing on stream fish affected by hydropower development. Location: River Sabor, NE Portugal. Methods: We sampled stream fish at thirty sites between 2012 and 2019. Community trajectory analysis was used to quantify the directionality and velocity of community change, and the geometric resemblance of community trajectories between sites. Geostatistical models for stream networks were used to relate metrics describing community dynamics to environmental variables, while controlling for Euclidean and hydrologic spatial dependencies, and to map spatial variation in community dynamics across the watershed. Results: Trajectories in multivariate space underlined strong temporal dynamics, with local communities deviating and returning to previous states, but without evidence for directional changes. Accordingly, directionality values were low and not consistently affected by environmental variables. The velocity of community change varied markedly across the watershed and it was strongly affected by stream order and elevation, with faster changes observed in lowland streams draining into hydroelectric reservoirs and with a high proportion of exotic species. Pairwise distances between community trajectories were strongly related to hydrologic and environmental distances between sites. Main conclusions: Local stream fish communities were in a loose equilibrium across the watershed, but they fluctuated at a faster rate closer to a hydroelectric reservoir. Integrating community trajectory analysis and geostatistical modelling provides a relatively simple framework to understand how, where and why temporal community dynamics vary across dendritic stream networks and to visualize spatial patterns of community change over time in relation to anthropogenic impactsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Pain in children: attitudes and nursing interventions

Pain in children either as a disease or as a symptom is one of the main families’ worries, and not only for ethical reasons, but also for clinical and economic ones, its control is a priority. Pain is, as de ned by the Portuguese Association for the Study of Pain (2013), “an unpleasant multidimensional experience. Pain involves not only a sensorial experience but also an emotional one. Due to its complexity, subjectivity and dificulty in assessing and managing pain in pediatrics, this subject should be a reason for reflection and discussion in teams that play their nursing practice with children. Method and techniques: Descriptive study with an intentional sample constituted by twelve pediatric nurses, using a questionnaire for data collection. Results: The present study revealed that all nurses in pediatrics assess pain in hospitalized children using children’s verbal communication, children’s behavior, physiological signs, scales and global observation of children. Results also suggest that 66,7% of nurses express dificulties in the assessment of pain in hospitalized children. To what nursing interventions concerns, we concluded that nurses use both pharmacological and non-pharmacological measures. Conclusions: nurses recognize the evidence that pain assessment is the rst step towards its effective control, and, in caring process children in their integrality, discomfort and pain experienced by children must be considered, aiming a better quality of life of these users

Modeling stream fish distributions using interval-censored detection times

Controlling for imperfect detection is important for developing species distribution models (SDMs). Occupancy-detection models based on the time needed to detect a species can be used to address this problem, but this is hindered when times to detection are not known precisely. Here, we extend the time-to-detection model to deal with detections recorded in time intervals and illustrate the method using a case study on stream fish distribution modeling. We collected electrofishing samples of six fish species across a Mediterranean watershed in Northeast Portugal. Based on a Bayesian hierarchical framework, we modeled the probability of water presence in stream channels, and the probability of species occupancy conditional on water presence, in relation to environmental and spatial variables. We also modeled time-to-first detection conditional on occupancy in relation to local factors, using modified interval-censored exponential survival models. Posterior distributions of occupancy probabilities derived from the models were used to produce species distribution maps. Simulations indicated that the modified time-to-detection model provided unbiased parameter estimates despite interval-censoring. There was a tendency for spatial variation in detection rates to be primarily influenced by depth and, to a lesser extent, stream width. Species occupancies were consistently affected by stream order, elevation, and annual precipitation. Bayesian P-values and AUCs indicated that all models had adequate fit and high discrimination ability, respectively. Mapping of predicted occupancy probabilities showed widespread distribution by most species, but uncertainty was generally higher in tributaries and upper reaches. The interval-censored time-to-detection model provides a practical solution to model occupancy-detection when detections are recorded in time intervals. This modeling framework is useful for developing SDMs while controlling for variation in detection rates, as it uses simple data that can be readily collected by field ecologistsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio