Substantial Morphology: Principles of Research

This article discusses the substantive morphology, the principles of its research, theoretical issues. Based on the interpretation of the two stages of cognition of the universe in philosophy, the current problems of linguistics, in particular morphology, are considered

Vascular anatomy of the rat liver and its implications for extended hepatectomy and the determination of the minimal liver mass

Due to increased demand for living liver donation and constant improvements in surgical methods, determination of the minimal liver mass compatible with survival is necessary for clinical as well as experimental liver surgery. A 10% remnant liver after extended hepatectomy in a rat was considered non-compatible with survival. Detailed 3-D visualization of the vascular supply and drainage of rat livers served as a basis for the development of a new surgical technique. Materials and Methods: Rat liver plastinates and vascular corrosion casts were used for visualization of the rat lobar and vascular anatomy. As a result of this detailed anatomical study, the new surgical technique consisting of a delicate stepwise piercing of the liver parenchyma at the bases of median and right superior lobes was introduced. Achieving plain cutting surface of liver lobe pedicle while skipping a Pringle maneuver or ligation of the portal vein and hepatic artery prior to resection represented key points in this "parenchyma preserving" approach. Results: The paracaval liver was identified as a separate “liver lobe” with its own multiple portal blood supply and hepatic drainage contributing to about 4% of the total liver mass. Damage of the remnant liver was clearly dependent on the surgical approach. Mass ligation procedures caused severe damage to the remnant liver, whereas the newly developed technique was preserving the remnant liver parenchyma. Timely initiation of regeneration was related to the extent of morphological damage in the small remnant liver, which was dependent on technique used. All animals subjected to 90% PH survived. Extending liver resections to 95% led to a survival rate of 66%. Further reduction of liver mass up to 97% resulted in death of all animals. Conclusion: Newly optimized "vessel oriented" surgical technique was benefitial compared to widely used "classical" methods in terms of survival and early initiation of liver regeneration after subtotal hepatectomy

ЭКОНОМИКО-СТАТИСТИЧЕСКОЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ПРОБЛЕМ УСТОЙЧИВОГО СБАЛАНСИРОВАННОГО РАЗВИТИЯ ЭКОНОМИКИ РЕГИОНОВ (НА ПРИМЕРЕ РЕСПУБЛИКИ УЗБЕКИСТАН)

In this article, based on generalized results of studies on the problems of balanced regional development and, in particular, the statistical measurement of its criteria, are proposed indicators for assessing the sustainable balanced development of the regions of the Republic of Uzbekistan. Using official statistics and the author’s proposals on the analysis methodology, qualitative assessments of economic development of regions of the Republic of Uzbekistan in 2005-2016 are presented [growth rates of the gross regional product (GRP), changes in its sectoral structure, contribution of industries to GRP]. The author comments on economic, social, financial and external economic factors that influence the sustainable and balanced development of the economy of the regions of the Republic of Uzbekistan over the period under review. The article identifies disproportions, problems of the regional economy; it includes author’s formulated proposals to ensure sustainable development of the regions.В статье на основе обобщения результатов исследований проблемы сбалансированного регионального развития, и в частности статистического измерения его критериев, предложены индикаторы оценки устойчивого сбалансированного развития регионов Республики Узбекистан. С использованием данных официальной статистики и авторских предложений по методологии анализа даны количественные оценки развития экономики регионов Узбекистана за 2005-2016 гг. [темпы роста валового регионального продукта (ВРП ), изменение его отраслевой структуры, вклад отраслей в ВРП ]. Прокомментированы экономические, социальные, финансовые и внешнеэкономические факторы, оказывающие влияние на устойчивое сбалансированное развитие экономики регионов Республики Узбекистан за рассматриваемый период. Выявлены диспропорции, обозначены проблемы региональной экономики и сформулированы авторские предложения по обеспечению устойчивого сбалансированного развития регионов

АНАЛИЗ КАЧЕСТВА И ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТЬ ФАКТОРОВ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОГО РОСТА В УЗБЕКИСТАНЕ

The paper explores factors and the nature of economic growth, particularly thefactors influencing economic growth inUzbekistan. The dynamics of the development of Uzbekistan’s GDP is analyzed since the beginning of economic reformsand to date. A study of the effectiveness of growth is investigated based on quantitative and qualitative indicators. The result revealed that the increase of their efficiency related to the level of employment,increase in the volume of fixed capital, thegrowing proportion of savings, efficiencyof resource allocation. The infl uence of aggregate demand and supply in theeconomic growth is.В статье изучены факторы и сущность экономического роста, а также факторы, влияющие на экономический рост в условиях Узбекистана. Изучена динамика развития ВВП Узбекистана с начала реформирования экономики и до настоящего времени. Проведено исследование эффективности факторов экономического роста, с учетом количественных и качественных показателей. В результате выявлено, что повышениеихэффективностисвязано с уровнем занятости, увеличением объёма основного капитала, ростом доли сбережения, эффективным распределением ресурсов. Исследовано влияние совокупного спроса и предложение на экономический рост

N-Alkylation through the Borrowing Hydrogen Pathway Catalyzed by the Metal-Organic Framework-Supported Iridium-Monophosphine Complex

Further development in the area of medicinal chemistry requires facile and atom-economical C-N bond formation from readily accessible precursors using recyclable and reusable catalysts with low process toxicity. In this work, direct N-alkylation of amines with alcohols is performed with a series of Ir-phosphine-functionalized metal-organic framework (MOF) heterogeneous catalysts. The grafted monophosphine-Ir complexes were studied comprehensively to illustrate the ligand-dependent reactivity. The afforded MOF catalysts exhibited high reactivity and selectivity toward N-alkylamine product formation, especially UiO-66-PPh2-Ir, which showed 90% conversion after recycling with no catalyst residue remaining in the product after the reaction. Furthermore, analyses of the active catalyst, mechanistic studies, control experiments, and H2 adsorption tests are consistent with the conclusion that immobilization of the iridium complex on the MOF support enables the formation of the iridium-monophosphine complex and enhances its stability during the reaction. To illustrate the potential of the catalyst for application in medicinal chemistry, two pharmaceutical precursors were synthesized with up to 99% conversion and selectivity

Establishment of a guided, in vivo, multi-channel, abdominal, tissue imaging approach

Novel tools in humane animal research should benefit the animal as well as the experimentally obtained data. Imaging technologies have proven to be versatile and also in accordance with the demands of the 3 R principle. However, most imaging technologies are either limited by the target organs, number of repetitive imaging sessions, or the maximal resolution. We present a technique-, which enables multicolor abdominal imaging on a tissue level. It is based on a small imaging fiber endoscope, which is guided by a second commercial endoscope. The imaging fiber endoscope allows the distinction of four different fluorescence channels. It has a size of less than 1 mm and can approximately resolve single cells. The imaging fiber was successfully tested on cells in vitro, excised organ tissue, and in mice in vivo. Combined with neural networks for image restauration, high quality images from various abdominal organs of interest were realized. The second endoscope ensured a precise placement of the imaging fiber in vivo. Our approach of guided tissue imaging in vivo, combined with neuronal networks for image restauration, permits the acquisition of fluorescence-microscope like images with minimal invasive surgery in vivo. Therefore, it is possible to extend our approach to repetitive imaging sessions. The cost below 30 thousand euros allows an establishment of this approach in various scenarios. © 2020, The Author(s)

Solubilizing Metal–Organic Frameworks for an In Situ IR-SEC Study of a CO2 Reduction Catalyst

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are typically assembled by bridging metal centers with organic linkers for various applications, including providing robust support for heterogeneous catalysts for CO2 reduction. In this study, we have demonstrated the solubilization of a MOF tethered to a CO2-reducing electrocatalyst and studied its fundamental electrochemistry in THF solvent using infrared spectroelectrochemistry (IR-SEC). The fundamental electrochemical properties of this immobilized catalyst were compared to that of its homogeneous counterpart. This approach provides a foundation for future experimental studies to bridge the gap between homogeneous and heterogeneous electrocatalysis

Ruthenium Metal–Organic Frameworks with Different Defect Types: Influence on Porosity, Sorption, and Catalytic Properties

By employing the mixed-component, solid-solution approach, various functionalized ditopic isophthalate (ip) defect-generating linkers denoted 5-X-ipH(2), where X = OH (1), H (2), NH2 (3), Br (4), were introduced into the mixed-valent ruthenium analogue of [Cu-3(btc)(2)](n) (HKUST-1, btc = benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylate) to yield Ru-DEMOFs (defect-engineered metal-organic frameworks) of the general empirical formula [Ru-3(btc)(2-x)(5-X-ip)(x)Y-y](n). Framework incorporation of 5-X-ip was confirmed by powder XRD, FTIR spectroscopy, ultrahigh-vacuum IR spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, H-1 NMR spectroscopy, N-2 sorption, and X-ray absorption near edge structure. Interestingly, Ru-DEMOF 1c with 32% framework incorporation of 5-OH-ip shows the highest BET surface area (approximate to 1300 m(2) g(-1), N-2 adsorption, 77 K) among all materials (including the parent framework [Ru-3(btc)(2)Y-y](n)). The characterization data are consistent with two kinds of structural defects induced by framework incorporation of 5-X-ip: modified paddlewheel nodes featuring reduced ruthenium sites (Ru delta+, 0 Plus at Ruhr-University Bochum for the support of her PhD project and funding of an internship at UC Berkeley at the group of Prof. Jeffrey. R. Long and collaboration with D.J.X. and M.I.G. including Douglas Reed for the collection of CO isotherms (298 K). W.Z. also thanks Dr. Raghavender Medishetty for the fruitful discussions. P.G. acknowledges the support of the EU innovative Training Network "DEFect NETwork materials science and engineering" (DEFNET). The authors further thank the team at DELTA synchrotron facility at the TU Dortmund for the support with the X-ray absorption spectroscopy experiments performed at beam lines BL8 and the PXRD data collection at beam lines BL9.Zhang, W.; Kauer, M.; Halbherr, O.; Epp, K.; Guo, P.; Gonzalez, MI.; Xiao, DJ.... (2016). Ruthenium Metal–Organic Frameworks with Different Defect Types: Influence on Porosity, Sorption, and Catalytic Properties. Chemistry - A European Journal. 22(40):14297-14307. https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.2016026411429714307224

Three-Dimensional In Vivo Imaging of the Murine Liver: A Micro-Computed Tomography-Based Anatomical Study

Various murine models are currently used to study acute and chronic pathological processes of the liver, and the efficacy of novel therapeutic regimens. The increasing availability of high-resolution small animal imaging modalities presents researchers with the opportunity to precisely identify and describe pathological processes of the liver. To meet the demands, the objective of this study was to provide a three-dimensional illustration of the macroscopic anatomical location of the murine liver lobes and hepatic vessels using small animal imaging modalities. We analysed micro-CT images of the murine liver by integrating additional information from the published literature to develop comprehensive illustrations of the macroscopic anatomical features of the murine liver and hepatic vasculature. As a result, we provide updated three-dimensional illustrations of the macroscopic anatomy of the murine liver and hepatic vessels using micro-CT. The information presented here provides researchers working in the field of experimental liver disease with a comprehensive, easily accessable overview of the macroscopic anatomy of the murine liver