Impact of Climate Change on Cassava Yield in Guapimirim, State of Rio de Janeiro, Southeast Brazil

Global warming has changed the climate in many parts of the world and affected ecosystems due to anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions that contribute to the rise in the surface temperature of the planet. Rising temperatures have important effects on agriculture, which accounts for one- third of Brazil's economy. This study assesses the impact of climate change over agriculture on cassava yield in Guapimirim city, State of Rio de Janeiro, Southeast Brazil. Bias corrected climate simulation performed from the nested model Eta-HadGEM2-ES was used to reproduce the climate data observed in the region and for climate projections under Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) 4.5 and 8.5 scenarios. Simulated rainfall and evapotranspiration for the period between 1961 and 1990 was compared to the observation period and, showed a correlation with R² = 0.99 and the Average Absolute Percentage Error was less than 5.0%. The effect of climate projections on water stress during crop development was estimated using the Thornthwaite-Mather (TM) soil water balance adapted for crops. Rainfall and actual evapotranspiration projections for the three thirty-year periods 2011-2040, 2041-2070, 2071-2100 served as the basis for the assessment of the Water Requirement Satisfaction Index (WRSI) and Yield Reduction (YR) for cassava crop. Projections show significant cassava yield losses around 8.6 and 9.7 ton ha-1, respectively, under RCPs 4.5 and 8.5. This approach allows exploratory analysis applied to support crop management decision-making and irrigation strategies for sustainable agriculture and to increase crop yield in the face of impacts of climate change.

EDUCAÇÃO MATEMÁTICA CRÍTICA: PROPOSTAS DE ATIVIDADES DE ACADÊMICOS DE LICENCIATURA EM MATEMÁTICA

Este artigo foi elaborado para provocar reflexões em torno do ensino de matemática por intermédio da Educação Matemática Crítica. Apresenta os resultados de uma pesquisa aplicada que teve como objetivo, interpretar a concepção de futuros professores sobre a Educação Matemática Crítica. Tal pesquisa foi aplicada a acadêmicos (em sua maioria, jovens) do 4º Ano do Curso de Licenciatura em Matemática de uma Universidade de Cascavel no Paraná, Brasil. Inicialmente foram feitas considerações em torno da Educação Crítica, estabelecendo relações entre ela e a Educação Matemática. Para a coleta de dados, os trabalhos foram realizados de modo que os acadêmicos produzissem uma aula para ser aplicada a alunos do Ensino Médio. Tais produções constituíram uma quantidade substancial de material para a análise. Os resultados mostraram que a capacidade de produção dos acadêmicos é boa, pois propuseram situações problematizadoras bastante interessantes em diversos campos, principalmente, o social

Análise de arranjos para extração de óleos vegetais e suprimento de usina de biodiesel

This study aimed at the technical-economical evaluation of implanting some vegetal-oil extraction units in order to insert the family agriculture into bio-diesel production chain. Three project models (arrangements) for vegetal-oil extraction units at different sizes were proposed, using extraction by pressing and mixed extraction (extracting by either pressing or solvent) and different raw materials (castor-oil and soybean). For the size analysis, the oil production scales between 50/60 tons/day were used with real market data concerning investments, inputs prices of the process, raw materials and vegetal oil. For the economic analyses, the software BioSoft was used. The BioSoft is a program for supporting the decision-making process, which was developed through analyzing units of bio-diesel production, and it was adapted to evaluate units of vegetal oil extraction. It was concluded that the unit of chemical extraction producing castor and soybean oils shows more satisfactory results. However, this model presents less social return because the number of the families involved is lower, once, in using soybean, it operates with only 50% of raw material deriving from family agriculture.Vegetal oil, Extraction, Viability, Crop Production/Industries, L25, D81, L69.,

USO DAS ESTRUTURAS DE AÇO NO BRASIL

O sistema construtivo em aço é um dos métodos mais amplos e diversificadores que se projetou nos últimos tempos, pois apresenta características variadas, tornando o seu uso vantajoso quando comparado a os outros métodos. Enquanto as estruturas convencionais ainda impõem uma limitação criativa, o aço permite construir estruturas com maior precisão e qualidade, por ser um material flexível, possibilita uma estrutura perfeitamente aprumada e nivelada. Portanto este sistema é compatível com qualquer tipo de fechamento, vertical ou horizontal, utilizando totalmente a alvenaria adicionando em suas estruturas os materiais convencionais ou até os pré-fabricados, como lajes, painéis, drywall. Com o alto desenvolvimento urbano fica cada vez mais difícil de construir da maneira convencional, maiormente pela falta de espaço. Por este motivo, o mercado procura alternativas para atender as necessidades urbanas, e muitas construtoras encontram no aço uma solução, considerando que sua resistência permite criar estruturas cada vez mais altas e também proporciona um maior aproveitamento do espaço, uma vez que a sua utilização demanda de manas pilares, possibilitando o melhor aproveitamento do estaco, ou seja, mais espaço útil é possível no interior das construções. Conclui- se, portanto, que o aço modificou para sempre a engenharia civil, tornando possível criar estruturas cada vez maiores e mais leves, permitindo que os arquitetos ousem cada vez mais, uma vez que suas criações não seriam possíveis com a alvenaria convencional em decorrência do peso do concreto

DOMESTIC VIOLENCE (AGAINST WOMEN) IN BRAZIL IN PANDEMIC TIMES (COVID-19)

A pandemia da Covid-19 (Corona Virus Disease 2019), causada pelo corona vírus (SARS-CoV-2) já registra casos em quase todo o mundo. A Covid-19 é uma doença respiratória de alto potencial de contágio. Diante desse quadro de ameaça à saúde global, governos têm adotado diversas medidas, dentre elas o isolamento social, apontado pela Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) como uma das estratégias mais eficazes na contenção da propagação viral. O isolamento consiste na manutenção das pessoas em suas residências. Porém, enquanto para alguns o isolamento representa proteção diante da Covid-19, para outras populações tal situação se configura como ameaça, como nos casos de violência doméstica. Tal tipo de violência se configura como um fenômeno complexo que pode atingir diferentes populações (crianças, mulheres, idosos). Em razão disso, no presente trabalho discutiremos sobre a violência que atinge as mulheres. Autoridades especializadas têm alertado para o aumento no número de casos de violência doméstica durante a pandemia. O objetivo do presente trabalho é discutir estratégias de enfrentamento à violência contra a mulher em situações de isolamento social por conta da pandemia. Discute-se desde a atuação conjunta de órgãos que visem assegurar a integridade física e psicológica, até possíveis contribuições da Análise do Comportamento para tais estratégias, reforçando o compromisso político do (a) analista do comportamento diante de questões sociais relevantes. Esperamos que as discussões levantadas no presente trabalho possam auxiliar no planejamento de medidas protetivas que, se eficazes, permaneçam após a pandemia.Palavras-chave: Análise do Comportamento; Violência Doméstica; Pandemia; Covid-19.The pandemic of COVID-19 (Corona Virus Disease 2019), caused by the corona virus - (SARS-CoV-2) is already registering cases almost all over the world. COVID-19 is a respiratory disease with a high potential for contagion. Faced with this situation of threat to global health, governments have adopted several measures, including social isolation, pointed out by the World Health Organization (WHO) as one of the most effective strategies to contain viral spread. Isolation consists of keeping people in their homes. However, while for some isolation represents protection from COVID-19, for other populations this situation is a threat, as in cases of domestic violence. This type of violence is configured as a complex phenomenon that can affect different populations (children, women, the elderly). As a result of this, we will discuss about the violence that affects women. Specialized authorities have warned of an increase in the number of cases of domestic violence during the pandemic. The objective of the present work is to discuss strategies to face violence against women in situations of social isolation due to the pandemic. It is discussed since joint action of institutions that aim to ensure physical and psychological integrity, until possible contributions of Behavior Analysis to such strategies, reinforcing the behavior analyst's political commitment to relevant social issues. We hope that the discussions raised in the present work can assist in planning protective measures that, if effective, remain after the pandemic.Keywords: Behavior Analysis; Domestic violence; Pandemic; COVID-19.

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost