Synthesis of Purines by Inverse Electron Demand Diels-Alder Reactions of Amines with 1,3,5-Triazines and of Fluorinated Arenes by Palladium(0)-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling Reactions and Photophysical Properties of the Products

The formal inverse electron demand Diels-Alder reactions of amines with 1,3,5-triazine and 2,4,6-tris(trifluoromethyl)-1,3,5-triazine provided functionalized purines and bi-purines. Suzuki-Miyaura cross coupling reactions of different substituted mono-fluorobenzenes with different arylboronic acids afforded fluoro-substituted terphenyls with excellent site-selectivity. Sonogashira and Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reactions of 1,2-difluoro-, 1,3-difluoro-, and 1,4-difluoro-tetraiodobenzenes and of fluoro-pentaiodobenzene afforded alkynylated and arylated benzene derivatives. The fluorescence properties of benzene derivatives were studied.Die Diels-Alder-Reaktionen mit inversem Elektronenbedarf von Aminen mit 1,3,5-Triazin und 2,4,6-Tris(trifluoromethyl)-1,3,5-Triazin lieferte funktionalisierte Purine und Bipurine. Suzuki-Miyaura-Kreuzkupplungen von unterschiedlich substituierten Mono-Fluorobenzenen mit verschiedenen Boronsäuren lieferte fluorsubstituierte Terphenyle mit hervorragender Seitenselektivität. Sonogashira- und Suzuki-Miyaura-Kupplungsreaktionen von 1,2-Difluoro-, 1,3-Difluoro- und 1,4-Difluorotetraiodobenzen sowie 1-Fluoropentaiodobenzen ergaben die entsprechenden alkinylierten bzw. arylierten Produkte. Die Fluoreszenzeigenschaften vieler Benzenderivate wurden untersucht

Advances in Pharmacology of Isatin and its Derivatives: A Review

Isatin (1H-indole-2,3-dione), an indole derivative of plant origin, is involved in many pharmacological activities like antiallergic, antimalarial, antiviral and antimicrobial; isatin and its derivatives have been found to show promising results against various cancer cell lines. Isatin is a versatile precursor for many biologically active molecules and its diversified nature makes it a versatile substrate for further modifications. This review provides a brief overview on the recent advances and future perspectives on pharmacological aspects of isatin and its derivatives reported in the last decade.Keywords: Isatin, Anticancer, Antimicrobial, Monoamine oxidase, Antivira

Muneerah Maalik

Muneerah Maalik, Sociology, Class of 2000, discusses her current work with Columbia College in Chicago and the IWU Minority Alumni Network. The Muslim Student Association was formed after she left, but she recalls activities with other Muslim students and talks about the atmosphere for Muslims on campus generally. She mentions being one of only two African-American Muslim students on campus and living with other Muslim students in the International House

A Clinical Study of Non Venereal Genital Dermatoses

BACKGROUND: Most dermatological diseases generally occur elsewhere and also involve the genitalia. When other sites are involved the diagnosis is straightforward. If the lesion is present exclusively on genitalia, it is a difficult task for the treating doctor to differentiate nonvenereal from venereal genital lesions. AIM AND OBJECTIVE: To study the clinical pattern and prevalence of non venereal genital dermatoses MATERIALS AND METHODS: It is a descriptive study of adult new cases with genital lesions (which includes male and female patients above 12 years of age and excludes patients below 12 years of age, transgenders, patients presenting with classical Sexually transmitted infection and HIV, VDRL reactive patients) attending SKIN and STD out patient clinic of Coimbatore Medical College Hospital for a period of one year from August 2013 to July 2014. RESULTS: A total of 150 cases (114 males, 36 females) with non venereal genital dermatoses were encountered in our study. Prevalence of the non venerealgenital dermatoses in the study was 2.6 per 1000 cases. Male to Female ratio of patients in our study was 3.16 : 1. Majority of the patients were found in the age group of 33 to 42 years [42 (28%)].Commonest NVGD was found to be scabies occuring in 19 (12.6%) patients.pearly penile papule was found to be more common [10 (6.6%)] among benign conditions and normal variants. Among inflammatory conditions and miscellaneous groups, contact dermatitis and vitiligo were the commonest conditions respectively. One case of verrucous carcinoma of penis was seen. Among four categories classified according to the site of involvement, Genitalia alone was found to be involved in more number of patients [87(58%)] Scrotum and Labium majora were the most common site of involvement in male and female genitalia respectively. CONCLUSION: All lesions occurring over genitalia are not sexually transmitted .Many other non venereal conditions can occur over the genitalia. All cliniciansshould have an open mind to look for these conditions and treat with appropriate drugs.Scabies was the most common nonvenereal genital dermatosis in our study. Knowing about the prevalence, clinical and etiological characteristics of various nonvenereal genital dermatoses are helpful in arriving at a diagnosis and also creating awareness among patients to improve their personal hygiene and social habits

Endophytic Bacillus atrophaeus CHGP13 and salicylic acid inhibit blue mold of lemon by regulating defense enzymes

Lemons (Citrus limon L.) are one of the most economically important and consumed fruit worldwide. The species is vulnerable to several postharvest decay pathogens, of which Penicillium italicum associated with blue mold disease is the most damaging. This study investigates the use of integrated management for blue mold of lemon using lipopeptides (LPs) extracted from endophytic Bacillus strains and resistance inducers. Two resistance inducers; salicylic acid (SA) and benzoic acid (BA) were tested at 2, 3, 4, and 5 mM concentrations against the development of blue mold on lemon fruit. The 5 mM SA treatment produced the lowest disease incidence (60%) and lesion diameter (1.4 cm) of blue mold on lemon fruit relative to the control. In an in vitro antagonism assay eighteen Bacillus strains were evaluated for their direct antifungal effect against P. italicum; CHGP13 and CHGP17 had the greatest inhibition zones of 2.30 and 2.14 cm. Lipopeptides (LPs) extracted from CHGP13 and CHGP17 also inhibited the colony growth of P. italicum. LPs extracted from CHGP13 and 5 mM SA were tested as single and combined treatments against disease incidence and lesion diameter of blue mold on lemon fruit. SA + CHGP13 + PI had the lowest disease incidence (30%) and lesion diameter (0.4 cm) of P. italicum on lemon fruit relative to the other treatments. Furthermore, the lemon fruit treated with SA + CHGP13 + PI had the highest PPO, POD, and PAL activities. The postharvest quality analysis of the lemon fruit including fruit firmness, total soluble solids, weight loss, titratable acidity, and ascorbic acid content revealed that the treatment SA + CHGP13 + PI had little effect on fruit quality compared to the healthy control. These findings indicate that Bacillus strains and resistance inducers can be used as components of integrated disease management for the blue mold of lemon

Biochemical profile and in vitro neuroprotective properties of Carpobrotus edulis L., a medicinal and edible halophyte native to the coast of South Africa

This work reports the nutritional profile and in vitro neuroprotective properties of leaves of Carpobrotus edulis L, a medicinal and edible succulent species native to the coast of South Africa. Biomass was evaluated for proximate composition and for contents in carotenoids, liposoluble pigments and minerals. Hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts were prepared by Soxhlet extraction from dried biomass and evaluated for in vitro inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE), capacity to attenuate hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced injury in the human dopaminergic cell line SH-SY5Y and for anti-neuroinflammatory potential on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated microglia cells. Extracts were evaluated for antioxidant activity by four complementary methods, total content of phenolics, tannins and flavonoids. Finally the profile of the main phenolic compounds was determined by high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection (HPLC-DAD). C edulis has a high moisture content, high levels of crude protein, fibre, ash, carotenoids, calcium and iron and a low fat level. The extracts were able to efficiently scavenge the free radical 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), reduce iron and chelate copper and iron ions, and exhibited different levels of phenolic compounds in the order ethyl acetate > methanol > dichloromethane > hexane. The main compounds detected were gallic and salicylic acids and quercetin, all in the ethyl acetate extract. The extracts allowed a dual and potent inhibition of AChE and BuChE. The dichloromethane and methanol extracts had the strongest capacity to prevent cell death induced by H2O2, and the methanol extract had anti-neuronflammatory properties. All together our results suggest that consumption of leaves of C edulis can contribute for a balanced diet, and that they may add to the improvement of cognitive functions. It also suggests possible novel biotechnological applications of C. edulis such as source of molecules and/or products for the food and/or pharmaceutical industries. Studies aiming to the isolation and identification of the bioactive compounds are already in progress. (C) 2017 SAAB. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Portuguese National BudgetXtremeGourmet project [ALG-01-0247-FEDER-017676]FCT Investigator Programme [IF/00049/2012]info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Aspects of Pulaar Non-Linear Phonology

231 p.Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1998.The language under study in this thesis is Pulaar, a dialect of Fula. Fula belongs to the West Atlantic language group of the Niger-Congo family (cf. Greenberg 1960). It is spoken by an estimated fifteen to seventeen million people from the Atlantic to the Sudan and into parts of Ethiopia (cf. Crystal 1987 for figures, and Paradis 1986, 1993; Labouret 1952, Arnott 1970, etc... for description/analysis of various dialects). Fula is referred to as (Haal) Pulaar (Mauritania, Senegal, Guinea, Mali, Gambia), Fulfulde (Niger, Nigeria, Sudan), Toucouleur/Tukulor (Senegal), Fulacunda, Peulh, etc. The dialect studied in this thesis is spoken in (southern) Mauritania, more specifically in the Kayhaydi area. The purpose of the thesis is to study aspects of Pulaar Phonology from a non-linear perspective. The thesis is divided into six chapters organized as follows: we begin with an introductory chapter in which we present certain crucial facts and general notions about Pulaar. We give the vowel as well as consonant inventory of the language and a general review of the morphology and syntax of Pulaar. Because many processes discussed in this dissertation make reference, in one way or another to the syllable, chapter two is going to discuss the Pulaar syllable, using the moraic framework. In this chapter we present arguments in favor of syllable-internal structure in moraic phonology. Chapter three describes and analyzes vowel deletion and vowel spreading with a view to determining the domain of the rule. It will be demonstrated that vowel deletion is sensitive to syntactic information and that current approaches within the syntax-phonology interface cannot adequately handle the Pulaar data. In this chapter we also deal with issues related to the interaction between vowel deletion and the Pulaar syllable. Chapter four is about vowel harmony in Pulaar and its domain. In this chapter we also discuss the interaction between vowel harmony and vowel deletion. Following this, chapter five is going to deal with vowel length alternations in Pulaar. It will be shown that previous solutions for the phenomenon (Paradis 1986, 1993; Prunet and Tellier 1984) could be improved in order to account for data that either seemed problematic for or not dealt with by the previous authors. In addition, we will also discuss the interaction between vowel length alternations, vowel deletion, and the facts of Pulaar syllable. Chapter six summarizes the dissertation.U of I OnlyRestricted to the U of I community idenfinitely during batch ingest of legacy ETD