O ensino superior a distância no Brasil

Brazil has effectively implemented distance learning courses only after the promulgation of the Directives and Bases for National Education Law (LDB) of 1996. We moved from a more experimental phase – learning and testing some different models – to the present phase of consolidation and greater regulation by the Ministry of Education. The predominant models are teleclasses, video classes and WEB, with a greater or lesser local support. There are private and public institutions acting in undergraduate and postgraduate programs. The public ones articulate themselves in the UAB (Open University of Brazil) – an articulation among state and federal universities, federal institutes of education, science, and technology (Ifets), with hundreds of distance learning programs in major, bachelor, technical, specialization or extension courses. The present laws in Brazil privilege the semi-presence courses, with the students studying near their homes (in poles) and shows some distrust of the on-line model, mainly in the undergraduate courses. The distance learning system is becoming an important reference for a deep change in higher education, moving from a complementary or special modality to specific situations. The distance learning system shall use more the semi-presence methodologies, flexibilizing the need for the physical presence, reorganizing the spaces and the time for teaching and learning.Brasil sólo después de la LDB – en 1996 – implantó efectivamente carreras superiores a distancia. Pasamos de una etapa más experimental – aprendiendo y probando algunos modelos diferentes – a la fase actual de consolidación y de mayor regulación por parte del Ministerio de Educación. Los modelos predominantes son los de teleclase, videoclase y WEB con mayor o menor apoyo local. Hay instituciones particulares y públicas actuando en la graduación y postgrado. Las públicas se articulan en la UAB – una articulación entre universidades estaduales, federales e institutos federales de educación, ciencia y tecnología (Ifets), con centenas de carreras superiores a distancia de licenciatura, bachillerato, cursos tecnológicos, especialización y extensión. La legislación actual en Brasil da prioridad al modelo semipresencial, con acompañamiento de los alumnos en las proximidades de donde viven (en polos) y muestra desconfianza por el modelo de acompañamiento on-line, principalmente en carreras del nivel universitario de graduación. La educación a distancia está transformándose, de una modalidad complementar o especial para situaciones específicas, en referencia importante para un cambio profundo de enseñanza superior como un todo. Este utilizará cada vez más metodologías semipresenciales, flexibilizando la necesidad de presencia física, reorganizando los espacios y tiempos de enseñanza y aprendizaje.Somente depois da LDB de 1996 o Brasil implantou efetivamente cursos superiores a distância. Passamos de uma fase mais experimental – aprendendo e testando alguns modelos diferentes – à fase atual de consolidação e de maior regulação por parte do Ministério da Educação. Os modelos predominantes são os de teleaula, videoaula e WEB, com maior ou menor apoio local. Temos instituições particulares e públicas atuando na graduação e pós-graduação. As públicas se articulam na Universidade Aberta do Brasil (UAB) – uma articulação entre universidades estaduais, federais e institutos federais de educação, ciência e tecnologia (Ifets), com centenas de cursos superiores a distância de licenciatura, bacharelado, tecnológicos, especialização e extensão. A legislação atual no Brasil privilegia o modelo semipresencial, com acompanhamento dos alunos perto de onde moram (em polos) e mostra desconfiança pelo modelo de acompanhamento on-line, principalmente em cursos de graduação. A educação a distância está se transformando de uma modalidade complementar ou especial para situações específicas em referência importante para uma mudança profunda do ensino superior como um todo. O ensino superior utilizará cada vez mais metodologias semipresenciais, flexibilizando a necessidade de presença física, reorganizando os espaços e tempos de ensino e aprendizagem.

Como utilizar a Internet na educação

Relato e análise de experiências pessoais e institucionais que utilizam a Internet na educação presencial como pesquisa, apoio ao ensino e como comunicação. Avalia os avanços e problemas que estão acontecendo atualmente e mostra que a Internet é mais eficaz, quando está inserida em processos de ensino-aprendizagem e de comunicação que integram as dimensões pessoais, as comunitárias e as tecnológicas

Modelos e avaliação do ensino superior a distância no Brasil

O Brasil se encontra em uma fase de consolidação da educação a distância em todos os setores e níveis de ensino. Depois de uma fase de experimentação, onde houve uma aprendizagem intensa e busca de modelos mais adequados para cada instituição, nos encontramos em uma fase de amadurecimento, de maior regulação governamental, de maior cuidado com o crescimento, a infra-estrutura, a metodologia de ensino, a avaliação. Os modelos predominantes são os de teleaula, videoaula e WEB com maior ou menor apoio local. A legislação atual no Brasil privilegia o modelo semi-presencial, com acompanhamento dos alunos perto de onde moram (em pólos) e mostra desconfiança pelo modelo de acompanhamento online, principalmente em cursos de graduação. A educação a distância está se transformando, de uma modalidade complementar ou especial para situações específicas, em referência importante para uma mudança profunda do ensino superior como um todo. Este utilizará cada vez mais metodologias semi-presenciais, flexibilizando a necessidade de presença física, reorganizando os espaços e tempos de ensino e aprendizagem.Brazil is in a consolidation phase of distance education in all sectors and levels of education. After a phase of experimentation, where there was an intense learning and searching for more appropriate models for each institution, we are in a phase of maturity, more government regulation, more concern about growth, infrastructure, methodology of teaching and learning. The main models are "tele-class" (class satellite), online, video-class with more or less local support. A current legislation in Brazil favors the bimodal model, with close monitoring of students and shows the pattern of mistrust the online monitoring, especially in undergraduate courses. Distance education is becoming an important reference for a change of higher education as a whole. It uses increasingly hybrid methodologies, making more flexible the need for physical presence, rearranging the spaces and times of teaching and learning

Plyometric training programs in handball: A systematic scoping review

This systematic scoping review aimed to comprehensively identify and analyze the available evidence pertaining to the effects of plyometric training interventions on handball players. The search for relevant literature was conducted across prominent databases, including PubMed, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science Core Collection. The eligibility criteria focused on healthy handball players, without restrictions on age, sex, or competitive level, who were exposed to plyometric training interventions, either alone or in combination with other training methods. A meticulous screening process was conducted, whereby 3,195 titles were carefully evaluated, resulting in the inclusion of 35 eligible studies in this systematic scoping review, involving a total of 891 participants. Most studies on plyometric training in handball focused on indoor settings, conducted during the in-season period, and involved tier two athletes. The training frequency typically ranged from twice per week, with a duration of between 5 and 12 weeks, and incorporated some form of progressive overload. The number of total floor contacts varied between 20 and 600. There was a considerable variation in outcomes across the included studies, but most of them demonstrated a positive impact of plyometric training on improving jumping ability, sprinting speed, change of direction, strength, and balance. In conclusion, the predominant focus of the studies was on the lower limb, specifically aiming to assess the intervention influence on variables associated with strength and power. Notably, these investigations consistently highlighted favorable effects on enhancing these parameters among handball players. However, further research is needed to explore the effects of plyometric training in handball, particularly regarding exercise selection, optimal volume and intensity, rest intervals, and tapering protocols

Characterization of volatile compounds of cooked wild Iberian red deer meat extracted with solid phase microextraction and analysed by capillary gas chromatography - mass spectrometry

Wild Iberian red deer meat demand and interest are increasing and, therefore, an in-depth characterization of meat quality is needed to meet consumer demands. The objective of the present work was to assess, for the first time, the volatile profile of cooked wild sport-hunted Iberian red deer meat. Twenty-three loin samples from male red deer (Cervus elaphus hispanicus) were cooked and the volatile profile was analysed using solid phase microextraction, followed by capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Fifty-five volatile compounds were found. The major ones in number and relative abundance were aldehydes (84%), followed by alcohols (11%), hydrocarbons (2.4%), ketones (1.7%), furans (0.34%) and sulphur compounds (0.18%). Hexadecanal was the major compound and other long-chain compounds such as (E)-2-tetradecen-1-ol or 2-pentadecanone were also reported in considerable abundance. Several compounds related to grass-based diets were identified (2,3-octanedione, hexadecane or 1-pentadecanol). Odour impact ratio of volatile compounds was calculated and dimethyl trisulphide, (E,E)-2,4-decadienal, decanal and dodecanal were the most odorant compounds affecting the flavour of the cooked deer meat.Gobierno Vasco | Ref. IT944-16Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad | Ref. RTC-2016-5327-2Axencia Galega de Innovación | Ref. IN607A2019/01CYTED | Ref. 119RT056

Cardiovascular effects of constant rate infusions of lidocaine, lidocaine and dexmedetomidine, and dexmedetomidine in dogs anesthetized at equipotent doses of sevoflurane

This study evaluated the cardiovascular effects of a constant rate infusion (CRI) of lidocaine, lidocaine and dexmedetomidine, and dexmedetomidine in dogs anesthetized with sevoflurane at equipotent doses. Treatments consisted of T1-Lidocaine [loading dose 2 mg/kg body weight (BW), IV, and CRI of 100 g/kg BW per min] at 1.4% end-tidal of sevoflurane (FESEV); T2-Dexmedetomidine (loading dose 2 g/kg BW, IV, and CRI of 2 g/kg BW per hour) and FESEV 1.1%; and T3-Lidocaine-Dexmedetomidine using the same doses of T1 and T2 and FESEV 0.8%. Constant rate infusion of lidocaine did not induce any cardiovascular changes; lidocaine and dexmedetomidine resulted in cardiovascular effects similar to dexmedetomidine alone. These effects were characterized by a significant (P 0.001) decrease in heart rate, cardiac output, cardiac index, oxygen delivery, and pulmonary vascular resistance index, and a significant (P 0.001) increase in mean and diastolic arterial pressure, systemic vascular resistance index, pulmonary arterial occlusion pressure and oxygen extraction ratio, compared with baseline values. In conclusion, a CRI of lidocaine combined with dexmedetomidine produces significant cardiovascular changes similar to those observed with dexmedetomidine alone

Arbitrary absolute vs. individualized running speed thresholds in team sports: A scoping review with evidence gap map

The aims of this scoping review were (i) to characterize the main methodological approaches to assessing individualized running speed thresholds in team sports players; (ii) to assess the use of traditional arbitrary (absolute) thresholds compared to individualized running speed thresholds in team sports players; (iii) to provide an evidence gap map (EGM) about the approaches and study designs employed in investigations in team sports and (iv) to provide directions for future research and practical applications for the strength and conditioning field. Methods studies were searched for in the following databases: (i) PubMed; (ii) Scopus; (iii) SPORTDiscus and (iv) Web of Science. The search was conducted on 15/07/2022. Risk of bias was assessed using the Risk of Bias Assessment Tool for Nonrandomized Studies (RoBANS). From 3,195 potentially relevant articles, 36 were eligible for inclusion in this review. Of the 36 included articles, 27 (75%) focused on the use of arbitrary and individualized running speed thresholds to describe the locomotor demands (e.g., high intensity running) of players. Thirty-four articles used individualized speed running thresholds based on physical fitness assessments (e.g., 40-m linear sprint) or physical performance (e.g., maximal acceleration). This scoping review supported the need for a greater focusto be placed on improving the methodological aspects of using individualized speed running thresholds in team sports. More than just creating alternatives to arbitrary thresholds, it is essential to increase the replicability of methodological conditions whilst ensuring that research comparing the most adequate measures and approaches to individualization takes into consideration the population and context of each study

Diabetes Is the Main Factor Accounting for Hypomagnesemia in Obese Subjects

OBJECTIVE: Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and obesity are associated with magnesium deficiency. We aimed to determine whether the presence of type 2 diabetes and the degree of metabolic control are related to low serum magnesium levels in obese individuals. METHODS: A) Case-control study: 200 obese subjects [50 with T2DM (cases) and 150 without diabetes (controls)] prospectively recruited. B) Interventional study: the effect of bariatric surgery on serum magnesium levels was examined in a subset of 120 obese subjects (40 with type 2 diabetes and 80 without diabetes). RESULTS: Type 2 diabetic patients showed lower serum magnesium levels [0.75±0.07 vs. 0.81±0.06 mmol/L; mean difference -0.06 (95% CI -0.09 to -0.04); p<0.001] than non-diabetic patients. Forty-eight percent of diabetic subjects, but only 15% of non-diabetic subjects showed a serum magnesium concentration lower than 0.75 mmol/L. Significant negative correlations between magnesium and fasting plasma glucose, HbA1c, HOMA-IR, and BMI were detected. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that fasting plasma glucose and HbA1c independently predicted serum magnesium. After bariatric surgery serum magnesium increased only in those patients in whom diabetes was resolved, but remain unchanged in those who not, without difference in loss weight between groups. Changes in serum magnesium negatively correlated with changes in fasting plasma glucose and HbA1c. Absolute changes in HbA1c independently predicted magnesium changes in the multiple linear regression analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Our results provide evidence that the presence of diabetes and the degree of metabolic control are essential in accounting for the lower levels of magnesium that exist in obese subjects

Acquisition of uropygial gland microbiome by hoopoe nestlings

Mutualistic symbioses between animals and bacteria depend on acquisition of appropriate symbionts while avoiding exploitation by non-beneficial microbes. The mode of acquisition of symbionts would determine, not only the probability of encountering but also evolutionary outcomes of mutualistic counterparts. The microbiome inhabiting the uropygial gland of the European hoopoe (Upupa epops) includes a variety of bacterial strains, some of them providing antimicrobial benefits. Here, the mode of acquisition and stability of this microbiome is analyzed by means of Automated rRNA Intergenic Spacer Analysis and two different experiments. The first experiment impeded mothers’ access to their glands, thus avoiding direct transmission of microorganisms from female to offspring secretions. The second experiment explored the stability of the microbiomes by inoculating glands with secretions from alien nests. The first experiment provoked a reduction in similarity of microbiomes of mother and nestlings. Interestingly, some bacterial strains were more often detected when females had not access to their glands, suggesting antagonistic effects among bacteria from different sources. The second experiment caused an increase in richness of the microbiome of receivers in terms of prevalence of Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) that reduced differences in microbiomes of donors and receivers. That occurred because OTUs that were present in donors but not in receivers incorporated to the microbiome of the latter, which provoked that cross-inoculated nestlings got similar final microbiomes that included the most prevalent OTUs. The results are therefore consistent with a central role of vertical transmission in bacterial acquisition by nestling hoopoes and support the idea that the typical composition of the hoopoe gland microbiome is reached by the incorporation of some bacteria during the nestling period. This scenario suggests the existence of a coevolved core microbiome composed by a mix of specialized vertically transmitted strains and facultative symbionts able to coexist with them. The implications of this mixed mode of transmission for the evolution of the mutualism are discussedMinisterio de Ciencia e Innovación (España)Junta de Andalucí