914 research outputs found
Discussion of Likelihood Inference for Models with Unobservables: Another View
Discussion of "Likelihood Inference for Models with Unobservables: Another
View" by Youngjo Lee and John A. Nelder [arXiv:1010.0303]Comment: Published in at http://dx.doi.org/10.1214/09-STS277A the Statistical
Science (http://www.imstat.org/sts/) by the Institute of Mathematical
Statistics (http://www.imstat.org
Estimating Stellar Parameters from Spectra using a Hierarchical Bayesian Approach
A method is developed for fitting theoretically predicted astronomical
spectra to an observed spectrum. Using a hierarchical Bayesian principle, the
method takes both systematic and statistical measurement errors into account,
which has not been done before in the astronomical literature. The goal is to
estimate fundamental stellar parameters and their associated uncertainties. The
non-availability of a convenient deterministic relation between stellar
parameters and the observed spectrum, combined with the computational
complexities this entails, necessitate the curtailment of the continuous
Bayesian model to a reduced model based on a grid of synthetic spectra. A
criterion for model selection based on the so-called predictive squared error
loss function is proposed, together with a measure for the goodness-of-fit
between observed and synthetic spectra. The proposed method is applied to the
infrared 2.38--2.60 \mic ISO-SWS data (Infrared Space Observatory - Short
Wavelength Spectrometer) of the star Bootis, yielding estimates for
the stellar parameters: effective temperature \Teff = 4230 83 K, gravity
g = 1.50 0.15 dex, and metallicity [Fe/H] = dex.Comment: 15 pages, 8 figures, 5 tables. Accepted for publication in MNRA
Robust benchmark dose determination based on profile score methods.
We investigate several methods commonly used to obtain a benchmark dose and show that those based on full likelihood or profile likelihood methods might have severe shortcomings. We propose two new profile likelihood-based approaches which overcome these problems. Another contribution is the extension of the benchmark dose determination to non full likelihood models, such as quasi-likelihood, generalized estimating equations, which are widely used in settings such as developmental toxicity where clustered data are encountered. This widening of the scope of application is possible by the use of (robust) score statistics. Benchmark dose methods are applied to a data set from a developmental toxicity study.clustered binary data; generalized estimating equations; likelihood ratio; profile likelihood; score statistic; toxicology; clustered binary data; quantitative risk assessment; longitudinal data-analysis; generalized linear-models; developmental toxicity; likelihood; tests; misspecification; outcomes;
Hierarchical models with normal and conjugate random effects : a review
Molenberghs, Verbeke, and Demétrio (2007) and Molenberghs et al. (2010) proposed a general framework to model hierarchical data subject to within-unit correlation and/or overdispersion. The framework extends classical overdispersion models as well as generalized linear mixed models. Subsequent work has examined various aspects that lead to the formulation of several extensions. A unified treatment of the model framework and key extensions is provided. Particular extensions discussed are: explicit calculation of correlation and other moment-based functions, joint modelling of several hierarchical sequences, versions with direct marginally interpretable parameters, zero-inflation in the count case, and influence diagnostics. The basic models and several extensions are illustrated using a set of key examples, one per data type (count, binary, multinomial, ordinal, and time-to-event)
Bayesian models for weighted data with missing values: a bootstrap approach
Many data sets, especially from surveys, are made available to users with weights. Where the derivation of such weights is known, this information can often be incorporated in the user's substantive model (model of interest). When the derivation is unknown, the established procedure is to carry out a weighted analysis. However, with non‐trivial proportions of missing data this is inefficient and may be biased when data are not missing at random. Bayesian approaches provide a natural approach for the imputation of missing data, but it is unclear how to handle the weights. We propose a weighted bootstrap Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm for estimation and inference. A simulation study shows that it has good inferential properties. We illustrate its utility with an analysis of data from the Millennium Cohort Study
Data Representativeness: Issues and Solutions
In its control programmes on maximum residue level compliance and exposure assessments, EFSA requires the
participating countries to submit results, from specific numbers of food item samples, analyzed in the countries.
These data are used to obtain estimates such as the proportion of samples exceeding the maximum residue limits,
and the mean and maximum residue concentration per food item to assess exposure. An important consideration
is the design and analysis of the programmes. In this report, we combine elements of survey sampling
methodology, and statistical modeling, as a benchmark framework for the programmes, starting from the
translation of research questions into statistical problems, to the statistical analysis and interpretation. Particular
focus is placed on the issues that could affect the representativeness of the data, and remedial procedures are
proposed. For example, in the absence of information on the sampling design, a sensitivity analysis, across a
range of designs, is proposed. On the other hand, weighted generalized linear mixed models, and generalized
linear mixed models combining both conjugate and normal random effects, are proposed, to address selection
bias. Likelihood-based analysis methods are also proposed to address missing and censored data problems.
Suggestions for improvements in the design and analysis of the programmes are also identified and discussed.
For instance, incorporation of stratified sampling methodology, in determining both the total number, and the
allocation of samples to the participating countries, is proposed. All through the report, statistical analysis
models which properly take into account the hierarchical (and thus correlated) structure in which the data are
collected are proposed
Long-term epidemiology of bacterial susceptibility profiles in adults suffering from febrile neutropenia with hematologic malignancy after antibiotic change
Modelling the neonatal system: A joint analysis of length of stay and patient pathways
© 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: Modelling the neonatal system: A joint analysis of length of stay and patient pathways, which has been published on 27/11/2019 in final form at https://doi.org/10.1002/hpm.2928. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Use of Self-Archived Versions.In the United Kingdom, one in seven babies require specialist neonatal care after birth, with a noticeable increase in demand. Coupled with budgeting constraints and lack of investment means that neonatal units are struggling. This will inevitably have an impact on baby's length of stay (LoS) and the performance of the service. Models have previously been developed to capture individual babies' pathways to investigate the longitudinal cycle of care. However, no models have been developed to examine the joint analysis of LoS and babies' pathways. LoS at each stage of care is a critical driver of both the clinical outcomes and economic performance of the neonatal system. Using the generalized linear mixed modelling approach, extended to accommodate multiple outcomes, the association between neonate's pathway to discharge and LoS is examined. Using the data about 1002 neonates, we noticed that there is a high positive association between baby's pathway and total LoS, suggesting that discharge policies needs to be looked at more carefully. A novel statistical approach that examined the association of key outcomes and how it evolved over time is developed. Its applicability can be extended to other types of long-term care or diseases, such as heart failure and stroke.Peer reviewedFinal Accepted Versio
Investigating the missing data mechanism in quality of life outcomes: a comparison of approaches
Background: Missing data is classified as missing completely at random (MCAR), missing at
random (MAR) or missing not at random (MNAR). Knowing the mechanism is useful in identifying
the most appropriate analysis. The first aim was to compare different methods for identifying this
missing data mechanism to determine if they gave consistent conclusions. Secondly, to investigate
whether the reminder-response data can be utilised to help identify the missing data mechanism.
Methods: Five clinical trial datasets that employed a reminder system at follow-up were used.
Some quality of life questionnaires were initially missing, but later recovered through reminders.
Four methods of determining the missing data mechanism were applied. Two response data
scenarios were considered. Firstly, immediate data only; secondly, all observed responses
(including reminder-response).
Results: In three of five trials the hypothesis tests found evidence against the MCAR assumption.
Logistic regression suggested MAR, but was able to use the reminder-collected data to highlight
potential MNAR data in two trials.
Conclusion: The four methods were consistent in determining the missingness mechanism. One
hypothesis test was preferred as it is applicable with intermittent missingness. Some inconsistencies between the two data scenarios were found. Ignoring the reminder data could potentially give a distorted view of the missingness mechanism. Utilising reminder data allowed the possibility of MNAR to be considered.The Chief Scientist Office of the Scottish Government Health Directorate.
Research Training Fellowship (CZF/1/31
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