Early-Life Access to a Basic Health Care Program and Adult Outcomes in Indonesia

This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from Oxford University Press via the DOI in this record.Access to primary care during early life can have substantial benefits in developing countries. This study evaluates the long-run impact of the Village Midwife Program in Indonesia. It utilizes the roll-out-variation of the program and link individual background and community characteristics in early childhood to adult outcomes in the Indonesian Family Life Survey. It finds that the presence of a midwife in a community in utero leads to an improvement in overall health, cognition, and economic outcomes among men, but not for women. Greater receipt of antenatal care and skilled birth-attendance could, in part, drive these results

The role of pharmacists in developing countries: the current scenario in Pakistan

During the past few years, the pharmacy profession has expanded significantly in terms of professional services delivery and now has been recognized as an important profession in the multidisciplinary provision of health care. In contrast to the situation in developed countries, pharmacists in developing countries are still underutilized and their role as health care professionals is not deemed important by either the community or other health care providers. The aim of this paper is to highlight the role of pharmacists in developing countries, particularly in Pakistan. The paper draws on the literature related to the socioeconomic and health status of Pakistan's population, along with background on the pharmacy profession in the country in the context of the current directions of health care

Tuberculosis chemotherapy: current drug delivery approaches

Tuberculosis is a leading killer of young adults worldwide and the global scourge of multi-drug resistant tuberculosis is reaching epidemic proportions. It is endemic in most developing countries and resurgent in developed and developing countries with high rates of human immunodeficiency virus infection. This article reviews the current situation in terms of drug delivery approaches for tuberculosis chemotherapy. A number of novel implant-, microparticulate-, and various other carrier-based drug delivery systems incorporating the principal anti-tuberculosis agents have been fabricated that either target the site of tuberculosis infection or reduce the dosing frequency with the aim of improving patient outcomes. These developments in drug delivery represent attractive options with significant merit, however, there is a requisite to manufacture an oral system, which directly addresses issues of unacceptable rifampicin bioavailability in fixed-dose combinations. This is fostered by the need to deliver medications to patients more efficiently and with fewer side effects, especially in developing countries. The fabrication of a polymeric once-daily oral multiparticulate fixed-dose combination of the principal anti-tuberculosis drugs, which attains segregated delivery of rifampicin and isoniazid for improved rifampicin bioavailability, could be a step in the right direction in addressing issues of treatment failure due to patient non-compliance

Presymptomatic atrophy in autosomal dominant Alzheimer's disease: A serial MRI study

INTRODUCTION: Identifying at what point atrophy rates first change in Alzheimer's disease is important for informing design of presymptomatic trials. METHODS: Serial T1-weighed magnetic resonance imaging scans of 94 participants (28 noncarriers, 66 carriers) from the Dominantly Inherited Alzheimer Network were used to measure brain, ventricular, and hippocampal atrophy rates. For each structure, nonlinear mixed-effects models estimated the change-points when atrophy rates deviate from normal and the rates of change before and after this point. RESULTS: Atrophy increased after the change-point, which occurred 1-1.5 years (assuming a single step change in atrophy rate) or 3-8 years (assuming gradual acceleration of atrophy) before expected symptom onset. At expected symptom onset, estimated atrophy rates were at least 3.6 times than those before the change-point. DISCUSSION: Atrophy rates are pathologically increased up to seven years before "expected onset". During this period, atrophy rates may be useful for inclusion and tracking of disease progression

Large-scale association analysis identifies new lung cancer susceptibility loci and heterogeneity in genetic susceptibility across histological subtypes.

Although several lung cancer susceptibility loci have been identified, much of the heritability for lung cancer remains unexplained. Here 14,803 cases and 12,262 controls of European descent were genotyped on the OncoArray and combined with existing data for an aggregated genome-wide association study (GWAS) analysis of lung cancer in 29,266 cases and 56,450 controls. We identified 18 susceptibility loci achieving genome-wide significance, including 10 new loci. The new loci highlight the striking heterogeneity in genetic susceptibility across the histological subtypes of lung cancer, with four loci associated with lung cancer overall and six loci associated with lung adenocarcinoma. Gene expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) analysis in 1,425 normal lung tissue samples highlights RNASET2, SECISBP2L and NRG1 as candidate genes. Other loci include genes such as a cholinergic nicotinic receptor, CHRNA2, and the telomere-related genes OFBC1 and RTEL1. Further exploration of the target genes will continue to provide new insights into the etiology of lung cancer

Simulation of bremsstrahlung production and emission process

Well-nigh of the bremsstrahlung mensurations with electron cyclotron resonance ion sources have been executed in uninterrupted functioning way conceding info exclusively on the steady-state bremsstrahlung emanation. Bremsstrahlung irradiation measuring is usually utilized many nosology method acting. At intermediate to elation laser saturations preoccupation by the definitive reverse bremsstrahlung sue drop-offs chop-chop and this mechanics alone is deficient to explicate the points of immersion evaluated in recent epoch experiments. The cognitive operation of assimilation of laser free energy are rudimentary to the study of optical maser-heated atomic plasmas and have received significant care in experiments. Results and the simulations of bremsstrahlung expelling by fast electrons using numerical cross sections is described in this paper. © 2011 IEEE

Simulation of β transmutation by decay energetics

As energy sources are going to be diminished, our future prognoses certainly run towards nuclear power as it is already weighed as a safe and clean alternative energy. As, tralatitious waste disposal system is hazardous, rumination about nuclear waste management, treatment and processing via adopting different physical and chemical technologies is of grave importance. Virility of nuclear waste needs to be controlled and mitigated for safe industrial purposes and fuel consumptions. In this paper, physical explanations and simulation of β transmutation by Decay Energetics has been given. © 2011 IEEE