Use of Technology Global Positioning System (GPS) Receiver Garmin Etrex Vista as a Tool Navigation

Global Positioning System (GPS) is a radio system navigation and positioningusing satellites. By using a GPS receiver, we can determine the position of ourexistence. The purpose of this paper is to use a GPS receiver as a navigational tool,which in this study used a GPS receiver is the Garmin eTrex Vista

Biodegradation of the Alkaline Cellulose Degradation Products Generated during Radioactive Waste Disposal.

The anoxic, alkaline hydrolysis of cellulosic materials generates a range of cellulose degradation products (CDP) including α and β forms of isosaccharinic acid (ISA) and is expected to occur in radioactive waste disposal sites receiving intermediate level radioactive wastes. The generation of ISA's is of particular relevance to the disposal of these wastes since they are able to form complexes with radioelements such as Pu enhancing their migration. This study demonstrates that microbial communities present in near-surface anoxic sediments are able to degrade CDP including both forms of ISA via iron reduction, sulphate reduction and methanogenesis, without any prior exposure to these substrates. No significant difference (n = 6, p = 0.118) in α and β ISA degradation rates were seen under either iron reducing, sulphate reducing or methanogenic conditions, giving an overall mean degradation rate of 4.7×10−2 hr−1 (SE±2.9×10−3). These results suggest that a radioactive waste disposal site is likely to be colonised by organisms able to degrade CDP and associated ISA's during the construction and operational phase of the facility

A novel targeted/untargeted GC-Orbitrap metabolomics methodology applied to Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus biofilms

Introduction: Combined infections from Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus are a leading cause of death in the developed world. Evidence suggests that Candida enhances the virulence of Staphylococcus—hyphae penetrate through tissue barriers, while S. aureus tightly associates with the hyphae to obtain entry to the host organism. Indeed, in a biofilm state, C. albicans enhances the antimicrobial resistance characteristics of S. aureus. The association of these microorganisms is also associated with significantly increased morbidity and mortality. Due to this tight association we hypothesised that metabolic effects were also in evidence. Objectives: To explore the interaction, we used a novel GC-Orbitrap-based mass spectrometer, the Q Exactive GC, which combines the high peak capacity and chromatographic resolution of gas chromatography with the sub-ppm mass accuracy of an Orbitrap system. This allows the capability to leverage the widely available electron ionisation libraries for untargeted applications, along with expanding accurate mass libraries and targeted matches based around authentic standards. Methods: Optimised C. albicans and S. aureus mono- and co-cultured biofilms were analysed using the new instrument in addition to the fresh and spent bacterial growth media. Results: The targeted analysis experiment was based around 36 sugars and sugar phosphates, 22 amino acids and five organic acids. Untargeted analysis resulted in the detection of 465 features from fresh and spent medium and 405 from biofilm samples. Three significantly changing compounds that matched to high scoring library fragment patterns were chosen for validation. Conclusion: Evaluation of the results demonstrates that the Q Exactive GC is suitable for metabolomics analysis using a targeted/untargeted methodology. Many of the results were as expected: e.g. rapid consumption of glucose and fructose from the medium regardless of the cell type. Modulation of sugar-phosphate levels also suggest that the pentose phosphate pathway could be enhanced in the cells from co-cultured biofilms. Untargeted metabolomics results suggested significant production of cell-wall biosynthesis components and the consumption of non-proteinaceous amino-acids

Do acute elevations of serum creatinine in primary care engender an increased mortality risk?

Background: The significant impact Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) has on patient morbidity and mortality emphasizes the need for early recognition and effective treatment. AKI presenting to or occurring during hospitalisation has been widely studied but little is known about the incidence and outcomes of patients experiencing acute elevations in serum creatinine in the primary care setting where people are not subsequently admitted to hospital. The aim of this study was to define this incidence and explore its impact on mortality. Methods: The study cohort was identified by using hospital data bases over a six month period. Inclusion criteria: People with a serum creatinine request during the study period, 18 or over and not on renal replacement therapy. The patients were stratified by a rise in serum creatinine corresponding to the Acute Kidney Injury Network (AKIN) criteria for comparison purposes. Descriptive and survival data were then analysed. Ethical approval was granted from National Research Ethics Service (NRES) Committee South East Coast and from the National Information Governance Board. Results: The total study population was 61,432. 57,300 subjects with ‘no AKI’, mean age 64.The number (mean age) of acute serum creatinine rises overall were, ‘AKI 1’ 3,798 (72), ‘AKI 2’ 232 (73), and ‘AKI 3’ 102 (68) which equates to an overall incidence of 14,192 pmp/year (adult). Unadjusted 30 day survival was 99.9% in subjects with ‘no AKI’, compared to 98.6%, 90.1% and 82.3% in those with ‘AKI 1’, ‘AKI 2’ and ‘AKI 3’ respectively. After multivariable analysis adjusting for age, gender, baseline kidney function and co-morbidity the odds ratio of 30 day mortality was 5.3 (95% CI 3.6, 7.7), 36.8 (95% CI 21.6, 62.7) and 123 (95% CI 64.8, 235) respectively, compared to those without acute serum creatinine rises as defined. Conclusions: People who develop acute elevations of serum creatinine in primary care without being admitted to hospital have significantly worse outcomes than those with stable kidney function

El cuidado en el paradigma de desinstitucionalización: la sostenibilidad de las personas mayores dependientes en la família

Este estudo teve como objectivos caracterizar famílias com um idoso dependente em contexto familiar e identificar apoios sociais das famílias com um idoso dependente. Foi realizado um estudo exploratório descritivo de natureza qualitativa. Recorremos à entrevista semi-estruturada para colheita de informação (elaboração de genograma e ecomapa). Seleccionamos uma amostra intencional de 108 famílias de um concelho, de uma região Norte de Portugal. A colheita de dados ocorreu no período de Outubro 2007 a Junho de 2008. Os resultados mostraram que as famílias com idosos dependentes são predominantemente famílias nucleares e envelhecidas, com apoios formais e informais restritos. Nas fontes informais, a figura dos filhos foi a mais relatada seguindose os vizinhos e amigos, enquanto, nas formais foram referidas as unidades de saúde e profissionais de saúde: médico, enfermeiro, fisioterapeuta, farmacêutico e assistente social.This study main objectives were to describe families living with a dependent elder and to identify the social support of these families. We carried out a qualitative exploratory study using semi-structured data collection methods (development of eco-maps and genograms). We selected a sample of 108 families in a region of northern Portugal. Data collection took place from October 2007 to June 2008. The results showed that families with dependent elders are predominantly older nuclear families, with limited formal and informal support. With regard to informal sources, family relationships were the most reported, followed by neighbours and friends, while for formal sources the most mentioned were healthcare facilities and healthcare professionals: doctors, nurses, physiotherapists, pharmacists and social workers.Este estudio tiene como objetivo caracterizar a las familias con un anciano dependiente en contexto familiar e identificar los apoyos sociales de las familias con un anciano dependiente. Se realizó un estudio exploratorio descriptivo de naturaleza cualitativa. Hemos recurrido a la entrevista semi-estructurada para recopilar información (elaboración de genograma y ecomapa). Se seleccionó una muestra intencional de 108 familias de una región al norte de Portugal. Los datos fueron recolectados entre Octubre de 2007 y Junio de 2008. Los resultados mostraron que las familias con personas mayores con dependencia son en su mayoría familias nucleares y envejecidas, con un apoyo limitado formal e informal. En las fuentes informales, la figura de los hijos fue la más relatada, siguiéndose los vecinos y amigos, mientras que en las formales fueron referidas las unidades de salud y profesionales de la salud: médico, enfermero, fisioterapeuta, farmacéutico y asistente sociales.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Cuidar de idosos dependentes no domicílio: desabafos de quem cuida

Com este estudo foi nossa intenção identificar quem é o cuidador principal de idosos dependentes no domicílio e que mudanças ocorrem na vida do cuidador e de sua família quando um elemento se torna dependente. Recorremos a um estudo de natureza qualitativa, utilizando a entrevista semiestruturada. Entrevistamos 12 cuidadores informais de indivíduos idosos dependentes por AVC, pertencentes a famílias dos distritos do Porto e Braga (Portugal). A finalidade deste trabalho é contribuir para a melhoria da assistência da enfermagem à família. Os achados revelaram que os cônjuges e filhas são os principais cuidadores dos idosos dependentes no domicílio. Ao assumirem o papel de cuidador suas vidas são transformadas, ocorrendo mudanças essencialmente no seu papel social, nas atividades de lazer e, em alguns casos, na atividade profissional. A maioria destes cuidadores tem apoio de filhos, de alguns amigos e vizinhos. Identificaram-se alterações e reorganizações na estrutura, função e processo da unidade familiar.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Urinary biomarker concentrations of captan, chlormequat, chlorpyrifos and cypermethrin in UK adults and children living near agricultural land

There is limited information on the exposure to pesticides experienced by UK residents living near agricultural land. This study aimed to investigate their pesticide exposure in relation to spray events. Farmers treating crops with captan, chlormequat, chlorpyrifos or cypermethrin provided spray event information. Adults and children residing ≤100 m from sprayed fields provided first-morning void urine samples during and outwith the spray season. Selected samples (1–2 days after a spray event and at other times (background samples)) were analysed and creatinine adjusted. Generalised Linear Mixed Models were used to investigate if urinary biomarkers of these pesticides were elevated after spray events. The final data set for statistical analysis contained 1518 urine samples from 140 participants, consisting of 523 spray event and 995 background samples which were analysed for pesticide urinary biomarkers. For captan and cypermethrin, the proportion of values below the limit of detection was greater than 80%, with no difference between spray event and background samples. For chlormequat and chlorpyrifos, the geometric mean urinary biomarker concentrations following spray events were 15.4 μg/g creatinine and 2.5 μg/g creatinine, respectively, compared with 16.5 μg/g creatinine and 3.0 μg/g creatinine for background samples within the spraying season. Outwith the spraying season, concentrations for chlorpyrifos were the same as those within spraying season backgrounds, but for chlormequat, lower concentrations were observed outwith the spraying season (12.3 μg/g creatinine). Overall, we observed no evidence indicative of additional urinary pesticide biomarker excretion as a result of spray events, suggesting that sources other than local spraying are responsible for the relatively low urinary pesticide biomarkers detected in the study population

Quantifying short-term dynamics of Parkinson's disease using self-reported symptom data from an internet social network

Background: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is an incurable neurological disease with approximately 0.3% prevalence. The hallmark symptom is gradual movement deterioration. Current scientific consensus about disease progression holds that symptoms will worsen smoothly over time unless treated. Accurate information about symptom dynamics is of critical importance to patients, caregivers, and the scientific community for the design of new treatments, clinical decision making, and individual disease management. Long-term studies characterize the typical time course of the disease as an early linear progression gradually reaching a plateau in later stages. However, symptom dynamics over durations of days to weeks remains unquantified. Currently, there is a scarcity of objective clinical information about symptom dynamics at intervals shorter than 3 months stretching over several years, but Internet-based patient self-report platforms may change this. Objective: To assess the clinical value of online self-reported PD symptom data recorded by users of the health-focused Internet social research platform PatientsLikeMe (PLM), in which patients quantify their symptoms on a regular basis on a subset of the Unified Parkinson’s Disease Ratings Scale (UPDRS). By analyzing this data, we aim for a scientific window on the nature of symptom dynamics for assessment intervals shorter than 3 months over durations of several years. Methods: Online self-reported data was validated against the gold standard Parkinson’s Disease Data and Organizing Center (PD-DOC) database, containing clinical symptom data at intervals greater than 3 months. The data were compared visually using quantile-quantile plots, and numerically using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. By using a simple piecewise linear trend estimation algorithm, the PLM data was smoothed to separate random fluctuations from continuous symptom dynamics. Subtracting the trends from the original data revealed random fluctuations in symptom severity. The average magnitude of fluctuations versus time since diagnosis was modeled by using a gamma generalized linear model. Results: Distributions of ages at diagnosis and UPDRS in the PLM and PD-DOC databases were broadly consistent. The PLM patients were systematically younger than the PD-DOC patients and showed increased symptom severity in the PD off state. The average fluctuation in symptoms (UPDRS Parts I and II) was 2.6 points at the time of diagnosis, rising to 5.9 points 16 years after diagnosis. This fluctuation exceeds the estimated minimal and moderate clinically important differences, respectively. Not all patients conformed to the current clinical picture of gradual, smooth changes: many patients had regimes where symptom severity varied in an unpredictable manner, or underwent large rapid changes in an otherwise more stable progression. Conclusions: This information about short-term PD symptom dynamics contributes new scientific understanding about the disease progression, currently very costly to obtain without self-administered Internet-based reporting. This understanding should have implications for the optimization of clinical trials into new treatments and for the choice of treatment decision timescales