A simpler primate brain: the visual system of the marmoset monkey.

Humans are diurnal primates with high visual acuity at the center of gaze. Although primates share many similarities in the organization of their visual centers with other mammals, and even other species of vertebrates, their visual pathways also show unique features, particularly with respect to the organization of the cerebral cortex. Therefore, in order to understand some aspects of human visual function, we need to study non-human primate brains. Which species is the most appropriate model? Macaque monkeys, the most widely used non-human primates, are not an optimal choice in many practical respects. For example, much of the macaque cerebral cortex is buried within sulci, and is therefore inaccessible to many imaging techniques, and the postnatal development and lifespan of macaques are prohibitively long for many studies of brain maturation, plasticity, and aging. In these and several other respects the marmoset, a small New World monkey, represents a more appropriate choice. Here we review the visual pathways of the marmoset, highlighting recent work that brings these advantages into focus, and identify where additional work needs to be done to link marmoset brain organization to that of macaques and humans. We will argue that the marmoset monkey provides a good subject for studies of a complex visual system, which will likely allow an important bridge linking experiments in animal models to humans

Modelo de estrategias de comprensión lectora para el pensamiento crítico y creativo en estudiantes de educación primaria

The study responded to the urgency of knowing the reality of critical and creative thinking, in that perspective, the general objective was oriented to propose a model of reading comprehension strategies for the development of critical and creative thinking in second-grade primary school students. of the educational institution 16093, Jaen, 2021. The applied methodology corresponded to a descriptive-purposeful investigation, used the quantitative-qualitative method and non-experimental design. The observation technique was used to evaluate critical and creative thinking in the 20 students included in the sample, an instrument validated by experts. The collected data were subjected to processing with the support of the statistical technique in its descriptive form, in addition, using the SPSS and Excel processors. The findings indicate that the majority of students evaluated have a deficient level in their critical and creative thinking, since there was a predominance of this level in all its dimensions and indicators; It is concluded that it merits the implementation of the reading comprehension strategies model that will make it possible to reverse the difficulty encountered.El estudio respondió a la urgencia de conocer la realidad del pensamiento crítico y creativo, en esa perspectiva, el objetivo general estuvo orientado a proponer un modelo de estrategias de comprensión lectora para el desarrollo de pensamiento crítico y creativo de escolares de segundo grado de educación primaria de la institución educativa 16093, Jaén, 2021. La metodología aplicada correspondió a una investigación de nivel descriptivo-propositiva, usó el método cuantitativo-cualitativo y diseño no experimental. Se utilizó la técnica de la observación para evaluar el pensamiento crítico y creativo, en los 20 estudiantes incluidos en la muestra, instrumento validado a juicio de expertos. Los datos acopiados fueron sometidos a procesamiento con el apoyo de la técnica estadística en su forma descriptiva, además, usando los procesadores SPSS y Excel. Los hallazgos indican que la mayoría de educandos evaluados tienen nivel deficiente en su pensamiento crítico y creativo pues hubo predominancia de este nivel en todas sus dimensiones e indicadores; se concluye que amerita la implementación del modelo de estrategias de comprensión lectora que permitirán revertir la dificultad encontrada

Estilo de vida saudável dos adolescentes

© 2018 Sociedade Brasileira de Pediatria. Published by Elsevier Editora Ltda. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).Objective: Using a wide and representative sample of adolescents from 37 countries, this study aimed to analyze how age changes adolescents’ healthy lifestyle. Methods: The study included 148,839 adolescents who participated in the Health Behavior in School-aged Children 2010 survey. A composite score of a healthy lifestyle was created using the combination of daily physical activity, daily fruit and vegetable consumption, <2 h daily on screen-based behaviors, abstinence from alcohol, and abstinence from tobacco products. Healthy lifestyle measures were based on self-report. Results: 4.7% of boys and 4.4% of girls aged 11 years, 3% of boys and 2% of girls aged 13 years, and 1.5% of boys and 0.8% of girls aged 15 scored perfectly on the healthy lifestyle score. As age increased, the prevalence of adolescents with a healthy lifestyle decreased. In 37 countries and regions, the prevalence of healthy behaviors decreased linearly between early adolescence and the age of 15 years. Conclusions: In general, adolescents do not have a healthy lifestyle. Results from this study highlight that there is still much work to be done in promoting healthy lifestyles and to raise awareness among adolescents of the potential risk to their health status.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Modeling Magnification and Anisotropy in the Primate Foveal Confluence

A basic organizational principle of the primate visual system is that it maps the visual environment repeatedly and retinotopically onto cortex. Simple algebraic models can be used to describe the projection from visual space to cortical space not only for V1, but also for the complex of areas V1, V2 and V3. Typically a conformal (angle-preserving) projection ensuring local isotropy is regarded as ideal and primate visual cortex is often regarded as an approximation of this ideal. However, empirical data show systematic deviations from this ideal that are especially relevant in the foveal projection. The aims of this study were to map the nature of anisotropy predicted by existing models, to investigate the optimization targets faced by different types of retino-cortical maps, and finally to propose a novel map that better models empirical data than other candidates. The retino-cortical map can be optimized towards a space-conserving homogenous representation or a quasi-conformal mapping. The latter would require a significantly enlarged representation of specific parts of the cortical maps. In particular it would require significant enlargement of parafoveal V2 and V3 which is not supported by empirical data. Further, the recently published principal layout of the foveal singularity cannot be explained by existing models. We suggest a new model that accurately describes foveal data, minimizing cortical surface area in the periphery but suggesting that local isotropy dominates the most foveal part at the expense of additional cortical surface. The foveal confluence is an important example of the detailed trade-offs between the compromises required for the mapping of environmental space to a complex of neighboring cortical areas. Our models demonstrate that the organization follows clear morphogenetic principles that are essential for our understanding of foveal vision in daily life

Rabies virus in a pregnant naturally infected southern yellow bat (Lasiurus ega)

Current knowledge on bat lyssavirus infections in their native hosts is limited and little is known about the virulence, virus dissemination and transmission among free-living insectivorous bats. The present study is a brief description of rabies virus (RABV) dissemination in tissues of a naturally infected pregnant southern yellow bat (Lasiurus ega) and its fetuses, obtained by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The RT-PCR was positive in samples from the brain, salivary gland, tongue, lungs, heart, kidneys and liver. On the other hand, the placenta, three fetuses, spleen, intestine and brown fat tissue tested negative. This research demonstrated the absence of rabies virus in the fetuses, thus, in this specific case, the transplacentary transmission was not observed

Importance of xenarthrans in the eco-epidemiology of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis

Abstract\ud Background\ud Several pathogens that cause important zoonotic diseases have been frequently associated with armadillos and other xenarthrans. This mammal group typically has evolved on the South American continent and many of its extant species are seriously threatened with extinction. Natural infection of armadillos with Paracoccidioides brasiliensis in hyperendemic areas has provided a valuable opportunity for understanding the role of this mammal in the eco-epidemiology of Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM), one of the most important systemic mycoses in Latin America.\ud \ud Findings\ud This study aimed to detect P. brasiliensis in different xenarthran species (Dasypus novemcinctus, Cabassous spp., Euphractus sexcinctus, Tamandua tetradactyla and Myrmecophaga tridactyla), by molecular and mycological approaches, in samples obtained by one of the following strategies: i) from road-killed animals (n = 6); ii) from naturally dead animals (n = 8); iii) from animals that died in captivity (n = 9); and iv) from living animals captured from the wild (n = 2). Specific P. brasiliensis DNA was detected in several organs among 7/20 nine-banded armadillos (D. novemcinctus) and in 2/2 anteaters (M. tridactyla). The fungus was also cultured in tissue samples from one of two armadillos captured from the wild.\ud \ud Conclusion\ud Members of the Xenarthra Order, especially armadillos, have some characteristics, including a weak cellular immune response and low body temperature, which make them suitable models for studying host-pathogen interaction. P. brasiliensis infection in wild animals, from PCM endemic areas, may be more common than initially postulated and reinforces the use of these animals as sentinels for the pathogen in the environment.This work was supported by the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP-n° 05/56771-9, 06/03597-4). We also thank the Departamento de Estradas de Rodagem do Estado de São Paulo (DER), as well as Prof. Dr. Reinaldo José da Silva and Juliana Griese for information about the road-killed animals.This work was supported by the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESPn° 05/567719, 06/035974). We also thank the Departamento de Estradas de Rodagem do Estado de São Paulo (DER), as well as Prof. Dr. Reinaldo José da Silva and Juliana Griese for information about the roadkilled animals

Teleagro: software architecture of georeferencing and detection of heat of cattle

The systems of livestock production contribute in a preponderant way to improve the quality of life of the communities, since it allows to support the production of the daily sustenance of the communities, to conserve the ecosystems, to promote the conservation of the wild life and to satisfy the values and traditions cultural Latin America, with its large wilderness areas, and a privileged climate favors the maintenance of livestock, to meet the demands of food and ensure regional and global food security. In Colombia, the agricultural sector contributes approximately 11.83% of the national GDP at current prices, according to the Bank of the Republic. Likewise, the livestock industry participates with 3.6%, in comparison with other sectors of the agricultural economy, the production of Colombian cattle doubles and triples to other sectors, such as poultry, coffee and floriculture. In addition, it contributes to the generation of employment in more than 25% of the total jobs generated in the agricultural sector and approximately 7% of the total employment of the Colombian economy (http://www.banrep.gov.co/is/pib). Within agricultural production, livestock occupy 38 million hectares, being 9 times larger than the area dedicated to agriculture. However, agriculture contributes 63% of the value of agricultural production, while livestock, mainly extensive, contributes 26% (FEDEGAN, Strategic Livestock Plan 2019). The large proportion of the área with agricultural vocation dedicated to precarious extensive livestock has explained the low agricultural productivity in Colombia, with very serious consequences for human and sustainable development. This document shows the results of the communications, software and hardware platforms to help the livestock sector to manage production

ALS-related FUS mutations alter axon growth in motoneurons and affect HuD/ELAVL4 and FMRP activity

Mutations in the RNA-binding protein (RBP) FUS have been genetically associated with the motoneuron disease amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Using both human induced pluripotent stem cells and mouse models, we found that FUS-ALS causative mutations affect the activity of two relevant RBPs with important roles in neuronal RNA metabolism: HuD/ELAVL4 and FMRP. Mechanistically, mutant FUS leads to upregulation of HuD protein levels through competition with FMRP for HuD mRNA 3’UTR binding. In turn, increased HuD levels overly stabilize the transcript levels of its targets, NRN1 and GAP43. As a consequence, mutant FUS motoneurons show increased axon branching and growth upon injury, which could be rescued by dampening NRN1 levels. Since similar phenotypes have been previously described in SOD1 and TDP-43 mutant models, increased axonal growth and branching might represent broad early events in the pathogenesis of ALS

Valorisation of red beet waste: one-step extraction and separation of betalains and chlorophylls using thermoreversible aqueous biphasic systems

Globally, up to 50% of root crops, fruits and vegetables produced is wasted. Beetroot stems and leaves fit into this scenario, with only a small fraction being used in cattle food. One way of approaching this problem is through their valorisation, by extracting and recovering valuable compounds present in this type of waste that could be used in other applications, while contributing towards a circular economy. In this work, a new integrated process using thermoreversible aqueous biphasic systems (ABS) composed of quaternary ammonium-based ionic liquids (ILs) and polypropyleneglycol 400 g mol−1 (PPG) is shown to allow the one-step extraction and separation of two pigment classes—betalains and chlorophylls—from red beet stems and leaves. The pigment extraction was carried out with a monophasic aqueous solution of the IL and PPG, whose phase separation was then achieved by a temperature switch, resulting in the simultaneous separation of chlorophylls and betalains into opposite phases. A central composite design was used to optimise the extraction parameters (time, temperature, and solid : liquid (S/L) ratio) of both pigment extraction yields, reaching at 20 °C, 70 min and a S/L ratio of 0.12 a maximum extraction yield of 6.67 wt% for betalains and 1.82 wt% for chlorophylls (per weight of biomass). Moreover, it is shown that aqueous solutions of ILs better stabilise betalains than the gold standard solvent used for the extraction method. Among the studied systems, the ABS comprising the IL N-ethyl-N-methyl-N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl) bromide ([N21(2OH)(2OH)]Br) presented the best separation performance, with an extraction efficiency of 92% and 95% for chlorophylls and betalains, respectively, for opposite phases. The pigments were removed from the respective phases using affinity resins, with high recoveries: 96% for betalains and 98% for chlorophylls, further allowing the IL reuse. Finally, the cyto- and ecotoxicities of the quaternary ammonium-based ILs were determined. The obtained results disclosed low to negligible toxicity in the thousands of mg L−1 range, with [N21(2OH)(2OH)]Br being harmless from an ecotoxicological point of view. Overall, it is shown here that the developed process is an innovative approach for the one-step extraction and selective separation of pigments contributing to the valorisation of waste biomass

Políticas públicas y salud mental en infantes en los centros de salud del distrito de Cajamarca, 2022

The present investigation raises as a general objective: to determine the relationship that exists between public policies and mental health in the childhood stage in the health centers of the Cajamarca district. We worked under a quantitative approach, the type of research is basic, the design is nonexperimental, with a transverse temporal cut. As a population, the databases of all the health centers within the district of Cajamarca belonging to the regional government were considered, these are three hospitals, a community health center and six medical posts, making a total of 10 health centers, of which 87 cases were studied. The results indicate that public policies are applied at a poor level, stress in infants occurs regularly, depression has a regular frequency, anxiety is between almost absent and regularly frequent, interaction with parents is neglectful and mental health is at a poor level. It is concluded that there is a direct and very strong significant relationship between public policies applied in health centers and mental health (p-value 0 0.001 and Spearman's Rho of 0.878).&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;La presente investigación plantea como objetivo general: determinar la relación que existe entre las políticas públicas y la salud mental en la etapa de la infancia en los centros de salud del distrito de Cajamarca. Se trabajó bajo un enfoque cuantitativo, tipo de investigación básica, diseño no experimental, de corte temporal transversal. Como población se consideraron las bases de datos de todos los centros de salud dentro del distrito de Cajamarca pertenecientes al gobierno regional estos son tres hospitales, un centro de salud comunitario y seis postas médicas, haciendo un total de 10 centros de salud, de los cuales se estudiaron 385 casos. Los resultados indican que las políticas públicas se aplican en un nivel deficiente, el estrés en los infantes se presenta de forma regular, la depresión presenta una frecuencia regular, la ansiedad está entre casi ausente y regularmente frecuente, la interacción con los padres es de forma negligente y la salud mental se encuentra en un nivel deficiente. Se concluye que existe una relación significativa directa y muy fuerte entre las políticas públicas aplicadas en los centros de salud y la salud mental (p-valor 0 0.001 y Rho de Spearman de 0.878).&nbsp;&nbsp