Behavioral phenotype of children and adolescents with Prader-Willi syndrome

OBJETIVO: Identificar, em um grupo de crianças e adolescentes com síndrome de Prader-Willi, as principais características do fenótipo comportamental. MÉTODOS: A amostra foi composta por 11 crianças e adolescentes com diagnóstico clínico e citogenético-molecular da síndrome de Prader-Willi. A técnica de coleta de dados foi o Inventário dos Comportamentos de Crianças e Adolescentes entre 6 e 18 anos (CBCL/6-18). A análise de correlação bivariada, com nível de significância p<0,05, foi usada para testar a associação entre as variáveis analisadas. RESULTADOS: Os principais resultados mostraram um perfil comportamental considerado como clínico em várias das escalas do CBCL/6-18. Observou-se um padrão comportamental com alta frequência de respostas de agressão, quebra de regras e oposição. Identificaram-se correlações estatisticamente significativas entre problemas de atenção e sociais e problemas de pensamento e comportamento de quebrar as regras. CONCLUSÕES: Os pacientes investigados representam um grupo com risco psiquiátrico e alterações de comportamento que, em longo prazo, poderão evoluir para transtornos de 2009humor, do déficit de atenção e hiperatividade e transtorno desafiador e de oposição, dentre outrosOBJECTIVE: To identify the main characteristics of the behavioral phenotype of children and adolescents with Prader-Willi syndrome. METHODS: Eleven children and adolescents with clinical and cytogenetic-molecular diagnosis of Prader-Willi syndrome were studied. Data collection was obtained by the Child Behavior Checklist for Ages 6-18 (CBCL/6-18). Bivariate correlations were used to test the association between the analyzed variables, being significant p<0.05. RESULTS: The behavioral profile obtained was considered as clinical in different scales of the CBCL/6-18 tool. A behavioral pattern with high frequency of aggression, rule breaking and opposition was observed. Statistically significant correlations between attention and social problems and between thought problems and breaking rules were identified. CONCLUSIONS: The studied patients represent a group of psychiatric risk, with behavioral changes that, in the long-term, can lead to mood disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and oppositional defiant behavior, among other disordersInstituto Presbiteriano Mackenzie - MackPesquis

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

ATLANTIC EPIPHYTES: a data set of vascular and non-vascular epiphyte plants and lichens from the Atlantic Forest

Epiphytes are hyper-diverse and one of the frequently undervalued life forms in plant surveys and biodiversity inventories. Epiphytes of the Atlantic Forest, one of the most endangered ecosystems in the world, have high endemism and radiated recently in the Pliocene. We aimed to (1) compile an extensive Atlantic Forest data set on vascular, non-vascular plants (including hemiepiphytes), and lichen epiphyte species occurrence and abundance; (2) describe the epiphyte distribution in the Atlantic Forest, in order to indicate future sampling efforts. Our work presents the first epiphyte data set with information on abundance and occurrence of epiphyte phorophyte species. All data compiled here come from three main sources provided by the authors: published sources (comprising peer-reviewed articles, books, and theses), unpublished data, and herbarium data. We compiled a data set composed of 2,095 species, from 89,270 holo/hemiepiphyte records, in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay, recorded from 1824 to early 2018. Most of the records were from qualitative data (occurrence only, 88%), well distributed throughout the Atlantic Forest. For quantitative records, the most common sampling method was individual trees (71%), followed by plot sampling (19%), and transect sampling (10%). Angiosperms (81%) were the most frequently registered group, and Bromeliaceae and Orchidaceae were the families with the greatest number of records (27,272 and 21,945, respectively). Ferns and Lycophytes presented fewer records than Angiosperms, and Polypodiaceae were the most recorded family, and more concentrated in the Southern and Southeastern regions. Data on non-vascular plants and lichens were scarce, with a few disjunct records concentrated in the Northeastern region of the Atlantic Forest. For all non-vascular plant records, Lejeuneaceae, a family of liverworts, was the most recorded family. We hope that our effort to organize scattered epiphyte data help advance the knowledge of epiphyte ecology, as well as our understanding of macroecological and biogeographical patterns in the Atlantic Forest. No copyright restrictions are associated with the data set. Please cite this Ecology Data Paper if the data are used in publication and teaching events. © 2019 The Authors. Ecology © 2019 The Ecological Society of Americ

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Global burden of 288 causes of death and life expectancy decomposition in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

BACKGROUND Regular, detailed reporting on population health by underlying cause of death is fundamental for public health decision making. Cause-specific estimates of mortality and the subsequent effects on life expectancy worldwide are valuable metrics to gauge progress in reducing mortality rates. These estimates are particularly important following large-scale mortality spikes, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. When systematically analysed, mortality rates and life expectancy allow comparisons of the consequences of causes of death globally and over time, providing a nuanced understanding of the effect of these causes on global populations. METHODS The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 cause-of-death analysis estimated mortality and years of life lost (YLLs) from 288 causes of death by age-sex-location-year in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations for each year from 1990 until 2021. The analysis used 56 604 data sources, including data from vital registration and verbal autopsy as well as surveys, censuses, surveillance systems, and cancer registries, among others. As with previous GBD rounds, cause-specific death rates for most causes were estimated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model-a modelling tool developed for GBD to assess the out-of-sample predictive validity of different statistical models and covariate permutations and combine those results to produce cause-specific mortality estimates-with alternative strategies adapted to model causes with insufficient data, substantial changes in reporting over the study period, or unusual epidemiology. YLLs were computed as the product of the number of deaths for each cause-age-sex-location-year and the standard life expectancy at each age. As part of the modelling process, uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated using the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles from a 1000-draw distribution for each metric. We decomposed life expectancy by cause of death, location, and year to show cause-specific effects on life expectancy from 1990 to 2021. We also used the coefficient of variation and the fraction of population affected by 90% of deaths to highlight concentrations of mortality. Findings are reported in counts and age-standardised rates. Methodological improvements for cause-of-death estimates in GBD 2021 include the expansion of under-5-years age group to include four new age groups, enhanced methods to account for stochastic variation of sparse data, and the inclusion of COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality-which includes excess mortality associated with the pandemic, excluding COVID-19, lower respiratory infections, measles, malaria, and pertussis. For this analysis, 199 new country-years of vital registration cause-of-death data, 5 country-years of surveillance data, 21 country-years of verbal autopsy data, and 94 country-years of other data types were added to those used in previous GBD rounds. FINDINGS The leading causes of age-standardised deaths globally were the same in 2019 as they were in 1990; in descending order, these were, ischaemic heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and lower respiratory infections. In 2021, however, COVID-19 replaced stroke as the second-leading age-standardised cause of death, with 94·0 deaths (95% UI 89·2-100·0) per 100 000 population. The COVID-19 pandemic shifted the rankings of the leading five causes, lowering stroke to the third-leading and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease to the fourth-leading position. In 2021, the highest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 occurred in sub-Saharan Africa (271·0 deaths [250·1-290·7] per 100 000 population) and Latin America and the Caribbean (195·4 deaths [182·1-211·4] per 100 000 population). The lowest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 were in the high-income super-region (48·1 deaths [47·4-48·8] per 100 000 population) and southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania (23·2 deaths [16·3-37·2] per 100 000 population). Globally, life expectancy steadily improved between 1990 and 2019 for 18 of the 22 investigated causes. Decomposition of global and regional life expectancy showed the positive effect that reductions in deaths from enteric infections, lower respiratory infections, stroke, and neonatal deaths, among others have contributed to improved survival over the study period. However, a net reduction of 1·6 years occurred in global life expectancy between 2019 and 2021, primarily due to increased death rates from COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality. Life expectancy was highly variable between super-regions over the study period, with southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania gaining 8·3 years (6·7-9·9) overall, while having the smallest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 (0·4 years). The largest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 occurred in Latin America and the Caribbean (3·6 years). Additionally, 53 of the 288 causes of death were highly concentrated in locations with less than 50% of the global population as of 2021, and these causes of death became progressively more concentrated since 1990, when only 44 causes showed this pattern. The concentration phenomenon is discussed heuristically with respect to enteric and lower respiratory infections, malaria, HIV/AIDS, neonatal disorders, tuberculosis, and measles. INTERPRETATION Long-standing gains in life expectancy and reductions in many of the leading causes of death have been disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic, the adverse effects of which were spread unevenly among populations. Despite the pandemic, there has been continued progress in combatting several notable causes of death, leading to improved global life expectancy over the study period. Each of the seven GBD super-regions showed an overall improvement from 1990 and 2021, obscuring the negative effect in the years of the pandemic. Additionally, our findings regarding regional variation in causes of death driving increases in life expectancy hold clear policy utility. Analyses of shifting mortality trends reveal that several causes, once widespread globally, are now increasingly concentrated geographically. These changes in mortality concentration, alongside further investigation of changing risks, interventions, and relevant policy, present an important opportunity to deepen our understanding of mortality-reduction strategies. Examining patterns in mortality concentration might reveal areas where successful public health interventions have been implemented. Translating these successes to locations where certain causes of death remain entrenched can inform policies that work to improve life expectancy for people everywhere. FUNDING Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

Diretrizes curriculares do curso de pedagogia no Brasil: disputas de projetos no campo da formação do profissional da educação Curriculum guidelines of the pedagogy course in Brazil: project disputes in the field of the training of education professionals

Neste artigo, os autores analisam as novas diretrizes curriculares do curso de pedagogia, objeto de normatização do Conselho Nacional de Educação (CNE), em 2005, a partir do debate feito à luz do acervo de conhecimentos teórico-práticos sistematizados pelas principais entidades do campo educacional (ANFOPE, ANPED, CEDES, FORUMDIR, ANPAE).<A NAME="tx01"></A><A HREF="#nt01">1</A> Evidenciam, criticamente, alguns dos problemas e das tensões que marcam a trajetória desse curso ao longo da história da educação brasileira. Focalizam, no âmbito das políticas educacionais, em especial, o movimento dos educadores pela definição das diretrizes curriculares para a formação dos profissionais da Educação Básica, que reflete posições de ordem epistemológica, pedagógica e política atinentes às visões e aos projetos educacionais em disputa, no Brasil, nas últimas décadas. A problematização das diretrizes curriculares concorre para ampliar a compreensão da complexidade do campo da pedagogia e dos desafios teórico-práticos com que as instituições de ensino superior, em particular as universidades, deparam-se para materializar a reforma do curso de pedagogia, na esteira das novas regulamentações legais e na perspectiva de uma formação cidadã.<br>Based on the debate conducted in the light of the theoretical-practical knowledge acquired by the main organisms of the educational field (ANFOPE, ANPED, CEDES, FORUMDIR, ANPAE), the authors analyze the new curriculum guidelines of the pedagogy course, which was regulated by the Conselho Nacional de Educação (CNE - Brazilian Council for Education) in 2005. They critically highlight some of the problems and tensions that have marked the trajectory of this course along the history of Brazilian education. Within the educational policies, they more particularly focus on the educator movement for the definition of curriculum guidelines for the training of basic education professionals, which reflects some epistemological, pedagogical and political positions related to the educational visions and project in dispute, in Brazil, these last decades. Problematizing the curriculum guidelines helps understanding better how complex the field of pedagogy is and what theoretical-practical challenges face the higher education institutions, more particularly universities, in order to concretize the reform of the pedagogy course to comply with the new legal regulations but also from the point of view of a citizen training