Islam, Lingkungan Budaya, Dan Hukum Dalam Perspektif Ketatanegaraan Indonesia

Indonesia bukan negara agama, tetapi juga bukan negara sekular. Indonesia telah memilih bentuk religious nation state, yakni negara berdasar Pancasila. Di dalam sistem hukum Pancasila, hukum yang berlaku adalah hukum nasional. Hukum nasional yang berlaku merupakan serapan dari beberapa nilai-nilai luhur agama, budaya, serta adat-istiadat yang tumbuh mengakar dalam masyarakat Indonesia yang plural. Umat Muslim dapat melaksanakan hukum Islam tanpa harus ada pemberlakuan resmi lagi oleh negara dalam hukum privat terutama dalam bidang hukum keluarga. Untuk bidang hukum publik, hukum Islam Indonesia bisa diperjuangkan keberlakukan nilai-nilai substantifnya (al-jawhar) melalui strategi eklektisisme dengan sumber-sumber hukum materiil (bahan pembuatan hukum) lainnya yang kemudian menjadi hukum nasional.Copyright (c) 2016 by KARSA. All right reserved DOI: 10.19105/karsa.v24i1.99

Undang-Undang Politilt, Keormasan, dan Lnstrumentasi Hak Asasi Manusia

UU bidang politik dan keormasan yang berlaku di era Orde Baru sangatlah konservatif dan turut memberi andil bagi terjadinya krisis di berbagai bidang yang menimpa bangsa Indonesia akhir-akhir ini. Upaya melakukan reformasi sebagai bagian dari reformasi hukum ketatanegaraan yang menyeluruh harus diarahkan pada upaya penegakan dan perlindungan hak-hak politik yang merupakan kristalisasi awal sebagai instrumen HAM di dalam konstitusi. Secara mendasar juga harus dilakukan Perubahan secara amandemen terhadap UUD 1945 guna memberi tafsir resmi atas masalah-maslah ambigu, membongkar sistem politik yang executive heavy dan menggantinya dengan chekcs and balances, serta mengurangi atribusi kewenangan yang terlalu besar kepada Presiden. Ini bisa dilakukan untuk jangka pendek, menengah, dan panjang secara berangsur-angsur

Rambu Pembatas Dan Perluasan Kewenangan Mahkamah Konstitusi

Generally, public society acknowledgment of the productivity & achievement of Constitutional Court are known since its born, but in the other side, it seems need border & guardrail in the authority realization of Constitutional Court in order to bounded the authority that given by UUD 1945. Realizing in developmental of Indonesian Constitutional law, there?s some issues which needs to be patched in authority range of Constitutional Court such as Constitutional Complaint and Constitutional

Politik Hukum Hak Asasi Manusia di Indonesia

Although Indonesia has adopted the principles of legal state (the rule of law) and democracy the abuse of human rights, particularly the massive and intensive abuse forms, still occurs. This article tries to overview the problem in the legal politic aspects, considering the available legal instalment and formulation in the constitution and the legal devices of its enforcement. For short term of legal politics, there is a faced dilemma; doing the brave andstrict settlement until court, or conducting whitening by fair reconciliation. The choice between the two sides should be quickly carried out by previously calculating its procedural-technical obstructions and its political ones

Detection of high levels of mutations involved in anti-malarial drug resistance in Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax at a rural hospital in southern Ethiopia

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>In Ethiopia, malaria is caused by <it>Plasmodium falciparum </it>and <it>Plasmodium vivax</it>, and anti-malarial drug resistance is the most pressing problem confronting control of the disease. Since co-infection by both species of parasite is common and sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) has been intensively used, resistance to these drugs has appeared in both <it>P. falciparum </it>and <it>P. vivax </it>populations. This study was conducted to assess the prevalence of anti-malarial drug resistance in <it>P. falciparum </it>and <it>P. vivax </it>isolates collected at a rural hospital in southern Ethiopia.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>A total of 1,147 patients with suspected malaria were studied in different months across the period 2007-2009. <it>Plasmodium falciparum dhfr </it>and <it>dhps </it>mutations and <it>P. vivax dhfr </it>polymorphisms associated with resistance to SP, as well as <it>P. falciparum pfcrt </it>and <it>pfmdr1 </it>mutations conferring chloroquine resistance, were assessed.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>PCR-based diagnosis showed that 125 of the 1147 patients had malaria. Of these, 52.8% and 37.6% of cases were due to <it>P. falciparum </it>and <it>P. vivax </it>respectively. A total of 10 cases (8%) showed co-infection by both species and two cases (1.6%) were infected by <it>Plasmodium ovale</it>. <it>Pfdhfr </it>triple mutation and <it>pfdhfr/pfdhps </it>quintuple mutation occurred in 90.8% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 82.2%-95.5%) and 82.9% (95% CI: 72.9%-89.7%) of <it>P. falciparum </it>isolates, respectively. <it>Pfcrt </it>T76 was observed in all cases and <it>pfmdr1 </it>Y86 and <it>pfmdr1 </it>Y1246 in 32.9% (95% CI: 23.4%-44.15%) and 17.1% (95% CI: 10.3-27.1%), respectively. The <it>P. vivax dhfr </it>core mutations, N117 and R58, were present in 98.2% (95% CI: 89.4-99.9%) and 91.2% (95% CI: 80.0-96.7%), respectively.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Current molecular data show an extraordinarily high frequency of drug-resistance mutations in both <it>P. falciparum </it>and <it>P. vivax </it>in southern Ethiopia. Urgent surveillance of the emergence and spread of resistance is thus called for. The level of resistance indicates the need for implementation of entire population access to the new first-line treatment with artemether-lumefantrine, accompanied by government monitoring to prevent the emergence of resistance to this treatment.</p

Genetic and Pharmacological Inhibition of MicroRNA-92a Maintains Podocyte Cell Cycle Quiescence and Limits Crescentic Glomerulonephritis

Crescentic rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (RPGN) represents the most aggressive form of acquired glomerular disease. While most therapeutic approaches involve potentially toxic immunosuppressive strategies, the pathophysiology remains incompletely understood. Podocytes are glomerular epithelial cells that are normally growth-arrested because of the expression of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors. An exception is in RPGN where podocytes undergo a deregulation of their differentiated phenotype and proliferate. Here we demonstrate that microRNA-92a (miR-92a) is enriched in podocytes of patients and mice with RPGN. The CDK inhibitor p57Kip2 is a major target of miR-92a that constitutively safeguards podocyte cell cycle quiescence. Podocyte-specific deletion of miR-92a in mice de-repressed the expression of p57Kip2 and prevented glomerular injury in RPGN. Administration of an anti-miR-92a after disease initiation prevented albuminuria and kidney failure, indicating miR-92a inhibition as a potential therapeutic strategy for RPGN. We demonstrate that miRNA induction in epithelial cells can break glomerular tolerance to immune injury

Prevalence and factors associated with traditional herbal medicine use among patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy in Uganda

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>In Africa, herbal medicines are often used as primary treatment for Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) related problems. Concurrent use of traditional herbal medicines (THM) with antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) is widespread among HIV infected patients. However, the extent of THM use is not known in most settings in Sub-Saharan Africa. This study aimed at determining the prevalence and factors associated with THM use among HIV infected patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) attending The AIDS Support Organization (TASO) in Uganda. TASO is a non-governmental organization devoted to offering HIV/AIDS care and treatment services in the population.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>This was a cross-sectional study carried out in two TASO treatment centres in Uganda among 401 randomly selected eligible participants. We included participants who were 18 years and above, were enrolled on HAART, and consented to participate in the study. Data was collected using an interviewer-administered semi-structured questionnaire. THM use referred to someone who had ever used or was currently using herbal medicine while on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) by the time of the study. Data was captured in Epi-data version 3.1 and exported to STATA version 9.0 for analysis.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The prevalence of THM use was 33.7%. Patients on HAART for < 4 years were more likely to use THM (OR = 5.98, 95% CI 1.13 - 31.73) as well as those who experienced HAART side effects (OR = 3.66, 95% CI: 1.15 - 11.68). Older patients (≥39 years) were less likely to use THM (OR = 0.26 95% CI: 0.08 - 0.83). Participants with HAART adherence levels > 95% were less likely to use THM (OR = 0.09, 95% CI 0.01 - 0.65).</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The prevalence of THM use among participants on HAART was high. This raises clinical and pharmacological concerns that need attention by the health care service providers.</p

Mapping of mosquito breeding sites in malaria endemic areas in Pos Lenjang, Kuala Lipis, Pahang, Malaysia

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The application of the Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to the study of vector transmitted diseases considerably improves the management of the information obtained from the field survey and facilitates the study of the distribution patterns of the vector species.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>As part of a study to assess remote sensing data as a tool for vector mapping, geographical features like rivers, small streams, forest, roads and residential area were digitized from the satellite images and overlaid with entomological data. Map of larval breeding habitats distribution and map of malaria transmission risk area were developed using a combination of field data, satellite image analysis and GIS technique. All digital data in the GIS were displayed in the WGS 1984 coordinate system. Six occasions of larval surveillance were also conducted to determine the species of mosquitoes, their characteristics and the abundance of habitats.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Larval survey studies showed that anopheline and culicine larvae were collected and mapped from 79 and 67 breeding sites respectively. Breeding habitats were located at 100-400 m from human settlement. Map of villages with 400 m buffer zone visualizes that more than 80% of <it>Anopheles maculatus s.s</it>. immature habitats were found within the buffer zone.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>This study amplifies the need for a broadening of the GIS approach which is emphasized with the aim of rejuvenating the dynamic aspect of entomological studies in Malaysia. In fact, the use of such basic GIS platforms promote a more rational basis for strategic planning and management in the control of endemic diseases at the national level.</p