Mega-sport events, micro and small business leveraging: introducing the "MSE–MSB leverage model"

Micro and small business (MSB) interests legitimize mega-sport event (MSE) candidature bids. Yet, MSB interests can be sidelined in the event lead up, live staging, and legacy periods. This article provides a detailed: 1) review of MSE impacts on existing MSBs residing within targeted host communities, 2) conceptual and practical examination of MSE leveraging opportunities, 3) synthesis of good inclusionary practices identified in previous MSE case studies. As a result, a series of general and specific ways MSEs can foster MSB leveraging and legitimize local interests are suggested. We present a comprehensive analysis of key works since mid-1990s related to the themes identified above. Our analysis identifies that there is limited conceptual and empirical research on MSB impact and leveraging activities in the context of MSEs, yet significant evidence points to negative experiences, disruption, and displacement effects on residential (host) communities. We purposively focus on good practice in the context of other MSEs from the Olympics Games (e.g., London 2012, Rio 2016) and FIFA World Cup (e.g., South Africa, 2010) to inform recommendations and managerial implications. We outline a systematic series of ways MSBs can be structurally excluded from accessing MSE leveraging opportunities. Building on Chalip’s widely adopted event leverage model (ELM), we present the “MSE–MSB Leverage Model” to illustrate how MSEs can (re)position MSBs as legitimate stakeholders to support greater leveraging opportunities and better (re)distribute event benefits back into host communities across planning and delivery stages. These range from reconfiguring: 1) event planning principles and policies, 2) regulatory and trading environments, and 3) the development of MSB business to-business networks and partnerships

An Overview of Ipomoea carnea subspecies fistulosa toxicosis in ruminants

Ipomoea carnea subsp. fistulosa (convolvulaceae) is identified and confirmed as a poisonous plant to animals in many parts of the world. It is evergreen and common in Sahel region of Nigeria where there is lack of green pasture in most part of the year. It contains two toxic principles, swainsonine and calystegines causing neurological condition called acquired lysosomal storage disease. Its toxicological status is not determined in the region despite risk of poisoning. Therefore it is being reviewed for its toxic effects, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentations, pathology, diagnosis and management. More attention should be paid to the plant as potential source of toxins for domestic animals in the Sahel region of Nigeria.Keywords: Clinical presentation, Epidemiology, Goats, Ipomoea carnea, Pathogenesis, toxins, Sahel regio

In vitro propagation of Irvingia gabonensis

An experiment was conducted on the in vitro culture of Irvingia gabonensis, a fruit tree grown in agroforestry system in West and Central Africa to explore its potential for micropropagation. Embryos excised from kernel of ripe fruits were cultured on MS medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962)supplemented with different growth regulator at different concentration. The best result was obtained on ¼ MS supplemented with 0.2 mg/l kinetin. Full-grown plantlets were obtained and work is in progress on mass propagation

Evolution of the uniquely adaptable lentiviral envelope in a natural reservoir host

BACKGROUND: The ability of emerging pathogens to infect new species is likely related to the diversity of pathogen variants present in existing reservoirs and their degree of genomic plasticity, which determines their ability to adapt to new environments. Certain simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVcpz, SIVsm) have demonstrated tremendous success in infecting new species, including humans, resulting in the HIV-1 and HIV-2 epidemics. Although SIV diversification has been studied on a population level, the essential substrates for cross-species transmission, namely SIV sequence diversity and the types and extent of viral diversification present in individual reservoir animals have not been elucidated. To characterize this intra-host SIV diversity, we performed sequence analyses of clonal viral envelope (env) V1V2 and gag p27 variants present in individual SIVsm-infected sooty mangabeys over time. RESULTS: SIVsm demonstrated extensive intra-animal V1V2 length variation and amino acid diversity (le38%), and continual variation in V1V2 N-linked glycosylation consensus sequence frequency and location. Positive selection was the predominant evolutionary force. Temporal sequence shifts suggested continual selection, likely due to evolving antibody responses. In contrast, gag p27 was predominantly under purifying selection. SIVsm V1V2 sequence diversification is at least as great as that in HIV-1 infected humans, indicating that extensive viral diversification in and of itself does not inevitably lead to AIDS. CONCLUSION: Positive diversifying selection in this natural reservoir host is the engine that has driven the evolution of the uniquely adaptable SIV/HIV envelope protein. These studies emphasize the importance of retroviral diversification within individual host reservoir animals as a critical substrate in facilitating cross-species transmission

Histological changes following prolonged oral administration of sildenafil citrate in diabetics rats

Diabetes is a cluster of metabolic disorders reflected by abnormal hyperglycemia that causes chronic microvascular, macrovascular, and neuropathic diseases.Sildenafil citrate is widely used to dilate penile arteries, particularly in patient with erectile dysfunction which suggest that it may also dilate pulmonary arteries in patients with pulmonary hypertension. Objectives: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of sildenafil citrate on heart and lung tissues of diabetic rats. Method: The study was performed using forty-two rats (42) weighing between 150-200 grams. The rats were grouped into 7 groups (A-G) of six (6) rats per 2 group. Wound area of 1.5 by 1.5 cm was created at the dorsal surface of each rat under sedation with ketamine and lignocaine. Type I diabetes was induced using a single dose of Alloxan monohydrate at dose rate of 130 mg/kg. Sildenafil citrate was administered at a dose rate of 50 mg/kg orally daily for 21 days and 10 international units of insulin was administered intraperitoneal to the control group once. At the end of 21 days lung and heart tissues were collected for histological studies. Results: The results revealed moderate thickening of interstitial demonstrated by congestion of blood vessels and oedema of the lungs. The heart muscles were swollen with loss of striation in myocardial fibers. Conclusion: Prolonged oral administration of sildenafil citrate caused appreciable pulmonary and cardiovascular damage to diabetic rats. Therefore, precautionary measures are needed when treating diabetic patients with pulmonary and cardiovascular diseases.&nbsp

Hubungan Self-Image Dan Self-Disclosure Dengan Kepercayaan Diri Pada Pengguna Kencan Online Tinder

The rapid development of technology results in dependency on the use of the internet and technology in daily life including looking for friends, acquaintances, or partners. Tinder is an online dating application that provides an opportunity for users to connect with others. The profile of online dating application users is important in establishing interactions between users, but unfortunately, many online dating application users do not present real information. This study aims to identify whether there is a relationship between self-image and self-disclosure on self�confidence in Tinder online dating users. This study used the quantitative correlation method. The determination of the sample used a purposive sampling technique involving 231 users of Tinder. Data were collected from the self-image scale, self-disclosure scale, and self-confidence scale distributed using Google Forms. Data were analyzed using multiple regression analysis with the help of the SPSS program. The results showed that there was a significant relationship between self-image and self-disclosure on self-confidence as indicated by the (F) value of 137.464 Sig 0.00 (p < 0.05). The effective contribution between self-image and self-disclosure on self-confidence reached 54.7%. Based on the results of the study, Tinder users have a moderate self-image, moderate self-disclosure, and a high confidence level

Hubungan Antara Konsentrasi Belajar Dan Kualitas Tidur Dengan Prestasi Belajar Mahasiswa

Education is a form of self-development of a person, the result of education is called learning achievement with many influencing factors such as learning concentration and sleep quality. In this case the researchers conducted a study aiming to determine the relationship between learning concentration and sleep quality with learning achievement. The research method using correlational quantitative approach with a simple sampling data collection technique with a sample of 100 students studying at the Faculty of Psychology, Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta. The research instrument used was a questionnaire with a scale of learning concentration, sleep quality and learning achievement using the Semester Achievement Index as a measure of the variables to be studied. Data analysis in this study used multiple linear regression analysis. With the result that there is a significant relationship between study concentration and sleep quality with student achievement in the Faculty of Psychology, Muhammadiyah University of Surakarata, so the major hypothesis can be accepted with an F result of 20.246 and a significance of 0.000 with a simultaneous correlation of the two variables of 0.295. While the results of the analysis on the first minor hypothesis show a correlation of 0.433 with a significance of 0.000 which indicates that learning concentration (X1) has a significant positive relationship with student learning achievement so if learning concentration is high it will increase learning achievement and vice versa. While the results of the second hypothesis analysis have a correlation of 0.379 with a significance of 0.000 which also shows that the sleep quality variable (X2) has a partial positive relationship to student learning achievement, the higher the quality of sleep, the learning achievement will increase

Resiliensi Remaja Broken Home yang Aktif Berorganisasi

This study aims to understand and describe the resilience of broken home adolescents who are active in organizations. The research method used is descriptive qualitative, where data collection is obtained from semi-structured interviews. Criteria informants in this study are adolescents who follow organizations that have family problems broken home. The results obtained from this study is the formation of resilience in broken home adolescents who are active in organizing, the organization plays a role in helping adolescents to explore their abilities, then the activeness of adolescents in the organization can help adolescents in expressing their feelings and as a youth media in learning to be a better person. With the occurrence of conflict in the family makes teenagers experience changes in him, such as making teenagers unable to control emotions, feeling lost, the trauma and the tendency to close themselves from their environment. All informants felt a change in him after following the organization. Some of them are feeling the attention of friends, being recognized, getting a sense of comfort and being more able to tell stories with other

Brendan meets Columbus: A more commodious islescape

This paper proposes that we can reimagine insular literatures and medieval islescapes as commodious seas of cultural and intellectual loci that span time, culture, and text alike. By moving beyond the rhetoric of insular separation or connectivity, we can see that islands connect even when medieval minds saw separation. The essay focuses on the Brendan legend and the commodious cultural ‘sea of islands’ that it inhabits, a space that connects the modern reader to a history of other connections, fact to fancy, and the real and the imaginary. When sailing in this sea, Brendan meets Columbus, and the late medieval idea of a lost island spreads though space and time

Effect of sildenafil citrate on the body weight, blood glucose and white blood cell count during wound healing process in diabetic rats

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder with major complication of delayed wound healing. Objectives:&nbsp;The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of sildenafil on blood glucose level, body weight and leucocytecount during wound healing in diabetic rats. Method:&nbsp;Forty-two Albino rats randomly divided into 7 groups of 6 rats per group were treatedorally with sildenafil (50 mg/kg) for 21 days and/or single dose of intraperitoneal injection of insulin (10 I.U.). Before treatments, diabetes was induced in groups A, B, C and D by a singleintraperitoneal injection of alloxan (130mg/kg) and a square-shaped wound measuring 1.5cm was created under anesthesia on the dorsum of rats in all groups except group G. The rats ingroup A were treated with sildenafil citrate orally at the dose rate of 50 mg/kg body weight for 21 days and the rats in group B were treated with insulin injection of 10 international units once and sildenafil citrate as in Group A. The rats in group C were treated with only insulin injection of 10 international units once and the rats in group D were treated with only distilled water. Groups E and F were non diabetic rats with wounds similar to those of diabetic rats in the previous groups and each rat in group E was also treated with sildenafil citrate as in Group A and those in group F were treated with only distilled water. The rats in Group G were normal rats without wound treated with sildenafil citrate as in Group A. Data collected were analysed using SPSS version 20. Results:&nbsp;The results indicated that sildenafil causes a non significant (P&gt;0.05) decrease in the blood glucose of diabetic rats, a significant (P&lt;0.05) increase in the leucocyte count and a significant decrease(p&lt;0.05) in the rate of percentage decrease in bodyweight. Conclusion:&nbsp;Sildenafil may have the potential of reducing the rate of body weight loss in diabetic rats (with or without wound) receiving insulin treatment