2,265 research outputs found

    On "the complete basis set limit" and plane-wave methods in first-principles simulations of water

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    Water structure, measured by the height of the first peak in oxygen-oxygen radial distributions, is converged with respect to plane-wave basis energy cutoffs for ab initio molecular dynamics simulations, confirming the reliability of plane-wave methods.Comment: 9 pages, 3 figure

    Dynamics of Magma Mixing in Partially Crystallized Magma Chambers: Textural and Petrological Constraints from the Basal Complex of the Austurhorn Intrusion (SE Iceland)

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    The Tertiary Austurhorn intrusive complex in SE Iceland represents an exhumed magma chamber that has recorded an extensive history of magma mixing and mingling. The basal part of the intrusion consists predominantly of granophyres that have been intensively and repeatedly intruded by more mafic magma. This association of granophyres, basic and hybrid rocks at Austurhorn is referred to in the literature as a ‘net-veined' complex, but field relations suggest a much more complex emplacement history. Here we present petrological and physical constraints on the various processes that resulted in magma mixing and mingling and the formation of different generations of hybrid rocks at Austurhorn. The complexity of the mixing and mingling processes increases towards the inferred centre of the intrusion, where chaotic hybrid rocks dominate the exposed lithology. Complex cross-cutting relations between different hybrid generations strongly suggest multiple magma injection and reheating events in the basal part of the shallow magma chamber. Model calculations employing distribution coefficients based on rare earth element concentrations reveal that early stage hybrid magma generations formed by pure endmember mixing between felsic and mafic magma with about 10% mafic fraction in the hybrids. With repeated injections of mafic magma into the base of the magma chamber, the intruding magma interacted to a greater extent with pre-existing hybrids. This led to the formation of hybrid magma compositions that are shifted towards the mafic endmember over time, with up to 30% of the mafic fraction in the hybrids. These mixing processes are recorded in the zonation patterns of clinopyroxene and plagioclase phenocrysts; the latter have been divided into four main groups by cross-correlation analysis. Melt viscosity calculations were performed to constrain the possible conditions of magma mixing and the results indicate that the interaction of the contrasting magmas most probably occurred at temperatures of approximately 1000°C up to 1120°C. This suggests that the initiation of effective magma mixing requires local superheating of the felsic magmas, thereby confining the process to areas of localized, substantial mafic magma injectio

    New, efficient, and accurate high order derivative and dissipation operators satisfying summation by parts, and applications in three-dimensional multi-block evolutions

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    We construct new, efficient, and accurate high-order finite differencing operators which satisfy summation by parts. Since these operators are not uniquely defined, we consider several optimization criteria: minimizing the bandwidth, the truncation error on the boundary points, the spectral radius, or a combination of these. We examine in detail a set of operators that are up to tenth order accurate in the interior, and we surprisingly find that a combination of these optimizations can improve the operators' spectral radius and accuracy by orders of magnitude in certain cases. We also construct high-order dissipation operators that are compatible with these new finite difference operators and which are semi-definite with respect to the appropriate summation by parts scalar product. We test the stability and accuracy of these new difference and dissipation operators by evolving a three-dimensional scalar wave equation on a spherical domain consisting of seven blocks, each discretized with a structured grid, and connected through penalty boundary conditions.Comment: 16 pages, 9 figures. The files with the coefficients for the derivative and dissipation operators can be accessed by downloading the source code for the document. The files are located in the "coeffs" subdirector

    HÄllbart vÀxtskydd. Analys av olika strategier för att minska riskerna med kemiska vÀxtskyddsmedel

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    Risker som Ă€r förknippade med kemiska vĂ€xtskyddsmedel kan sammanfattas i fem omrĂ„den: risker för anvĂ€ndare, risker för rester i livsmedel samt i yt- och grundvatten och risker för natursystemet (t.ex. förlorad biodiversitet). De viktigaste fördelarna med vĂ€xtskyddsmedel Ă€r att de bidrar till skördeökningar och att de förbĂ€ttrar möjligheten till stabila skördenivĂ„er, oavsett Ă„rsmĂ„n. Det finns olika strategier för att hantera vĂ€xtskyddet i dagens jordbruk och beroende pĂ„ vilken strategi som vĂ€ljs förĂ€ndras riskerna som Ă€r förknippade med anvĂ€ndningen av vĂ€xtskyddsmedel. Syftet med MAT 21-projektet HĂ„llbart VĂ€xtskydd har varit att analysera den miljömĂ€ssiga hĂ„llbarheten i olika vĂ€xtskyddsstrategier med hjĂ€lp av konkreta exempel. Ambitionen Ă€r att ge vĂ€gledning om genomförandet av politiska miljömĂ„l, tolkning av miljöanalyser och utveckling av kvalitets- och miljöledningssystem i livsmedelsföretag. I projektet har en varierad vĂ€xtföljd setts som en viktig förebyggande Ă„tgĂ€rd för att minska riskerna med vĂ€xtskyddsmedel. En diversifierad vĂ€xtföljd bidrar till att reducera vissa typer av ogrĂ€s och till att minska trycket av mĂ„nga svampsjukdomar. Mekanisk ogrĂ€sreglering ger tillsammans med förebyggande Ă„tgĂ€rder möjligheter att minska anvĂ€ndningen av vĂ€xtskyddsmedel. Exempel pĂ„ tekniska lösningar som kan minska riskerna Ă€r bandsprutning i kombination med radrensning eller ny bredsprutningsteknik med lufttillsats vilket reducerar vindavdriften vid en applikation med vĂ€xtskyddsmedel. För att analysera riskerna som Ă€r förknippade med vĂ€xtskyddsmedel anvĂ€ndes modellen PRI-Farm som Ă€r en riskindikatormodell utvecklad av Kemikalieinspektionen. I modellen poĂ€ngsĂ€tts faktorer för fara och exponering vid applikation av vĂ€xtskyddsmedel. Farofaktorerna utrycker belastningen av de inneboende egenskaperna hos preparatens aktiva substans som persistens, bioackumulering och rörlighet. Exponeringsfaktorerna beaktar applikationsmetod, anvĂ€nd dos, markegenskaper och spruttidpunkt. Resultaten vĂ€gs samman i en poĂ€ngsumma (ett miljöriskindex), dĂ€r risk för transport till yt- och grundvatten vĂ€ger tungt. Även ett hĂ€lsoriskindex kan berĂ€knas, vilket inte gjorts i denna studie. Modellen kan inte anvĂ€ndas för att kvantifiera risker utan Ă€r i stĂ€llet ett verktyg för att kunna göra jĂ€mförande bedömningar mellan olika strategier för vĂ€xtskyddsinsatser, identifiera problemanvĂ€ndningar eller för att visa pĂ„ risktrender över tiden. För att analysera andra miljöeffekter (t.ex. klimatpĂ„verkan och energianvĂ€ndning) anvĂ€ndes metodiken för livscykelanalys (LCA). Detta Ă€r en metod som anvĂ€nds för att göra miljöbedömningar av produkter och tjĂ€nster. Man genomför berĂ€kningar för produktens potentiella bidrag till olika miljöeffekter, sĂ„som vĂ€xthuseffekt och försurning, och man summerar Ă€ven den förbrukning av viktiga resurser som produkten givit upphov till. Tanken Ă€r att dessa berĂ€kningar skall kunna ge information som kan leda till att man kan minska miljöpĂ„verkan frĂ„n en viss produkt pĂ„ ett effektivt sĂ€tt. Resultaten kan ocksĂ„ ge vĂ€gledning vid val mellan produkter som Ă€r likvĂ€rdiga i övrigt. I fallstudien av den allsidiga vĂ€xtodlingsgĂ„rden jĂ€mfördes ocksĂ„ nulĂ€get med ett scenario dĂ€r gĂ„rden lades om till ekologisk produktion. I detta alternativ anvĂ€ndes inga kemiska vĂ€xtskyddsmedel. OmlĂ€ggningen till ekologisk produktion pĂ„verkade Ă€ven andra miljöeffekter, förutom riskerna med vĂ€xtskyddsmedel. En negativ effekt av det ekologiska scenariot var att grödan kepalök fick utgĂ„ p.g.a. att risken bedömdes som för stor för ett stort skördebortfall utan tillgĂ„ng pĂ„ fungicider. PĂ„ grund av en lĂ€gre skördenivĂ„ i ekologisk produktion behövdes en betydligt större yta för att producera en given mĂ€ngd livsmedel. I en ekonomisk analys jĂ€mfördes nulĂ€get pĂ„ den allsidiga vĂ€xtodlingsgĂ„rden med ett ekologiskt scenario. Resultatet var likvĂ€rdigt för de tvĂ„ alternativen. För att ekologisk odling skall vara en ekonomiskt lyckad satsning pĂ„ gĂ„rdar i intensiva slĂ€ttbygder med odling av specialgrödor Ă€r det, med dagens nivĂ„ pĂ„ miljöstödet för ekologisk produktion, helt nödvĂ€ndigt att det finns ett bra merpris för produkterna. I en fallstudie av en allsidig vĂ€xtodlingsgĂ„rd jĂ€mfördes nulĂ€get med ett scenario dĂ€r olika strategier testades som minskade riskerna med vĂ€xtskyddsmedel utan att skördenivĂ„n Ă€ndrades nĂ€mnvĂ€rt. Detta scenario (kallat BĂ€sta Möjliga Teknik) innebar anvĂ€ndning av mekanisk och/eller termisk behandling som alternativ till konventionell bekĂ€mpning i vissa grödor samt medvetna val av vĂ€xtskyddsmedel som hade mindre dĂ„liga miljöegenskaper. Fallstudien visade pĂ„ flera olika möjligheter till att reducera riskerna i konventionell drift. Eftersom gĂ„rden i studien hade mĂ„nga radodlade specialgrödor bedömdes bandsprutning kombinerat med radrensning vara en intressant förbĂ€ttring. Att vĂ€sentligt reducera anvĂ€ndningen av fungicider i potatis och lök utan att Ă€ventyra skördenivĂ„n bedömdes som mycket svĂ„rt i konventionell drift, Ă€ven med bĂ€sta odlingsteknik. I fallstudien av den allsidiga vĂ€xtodlingsgĂ„rden jĂ€mfördes ocksĂ„ nulĂ€get med ett scenario dĂ€r gĂ„rden lades om till ekologisk produktion. Detta alternativ minskar riskerna med vĂ€xtskydds-medel radikalt men pĂ„verkar Ă€ven andra miljöeffekter. För mĂ„nga grödor minskade energianvĂ€ndning, liksom utslĂ€pp av vĂ€xthusgaser vid en övergĂ„ng till ekologisk odling. En negativ effekt av det ekologiska scenariot var att grödan kepalök fick utgĂ„ p g a att risken bedömdes som för stor för ett betydande skördebortfall utan tillgĂ„ng till fungicider. Ur miljö- och resurssynpunkt var den mest negativa effekten att det ekologiska scenariot krĂ€vde mycket större yta för att producera en given mĂ€ngd livsmedel. I en ekonomisk analys jĂ€mfördes nulĂ€get pĂ„ den allsidiga vĂ€xtodlingsgĂ„rden med ett ekologiskt scenario. Resultatet var likvĂ€rdigt för de tvĂ„ alternativen. För att ekologisk odling skall vara en ekonomiskt lyckad satsning pĂ„ gĂ„rdar i intensiva slĂ€ttbygder Ă€r det helt nödvĂ€ndigt att det finns ett bra merpris för produkterna. Studien visar att det finns flera olika strategier för att minska riskerna med anvĂ€ndningen av vĂ€xtskyddsmedel. En varierad vĂ€xtföljd Ă€r en grundlĂ€ggande förutsĂ€ttning i alla odlingssystem och inom detta omrĂ„de finns det mycket gammal kunskap som behöver vĂ€ckas till liv. Miljöanalyserna visar ocksĂ„ att mĂ„nga tekniska lösningar, som leder till minskat behov av vĂ€xtskyddsmedel, kan tillĂ€mpas utan att andra miljöeffekter pĂ„verkas nĂ€mnvĂ€rt. Att vĂ€lja bort vĂ€xtskyddsmedel som har mindre goda miljöeffekter Ă€r en strategi som förefaller ha stor potential för att minska riskerna. PRI-Farm kan bli ett viktigt beslutsstöd i lantbrukets arbete för bĂ€ttre produktval och sĂ€krare vĂ€xtskydd. Ekologisk produktion har goda förutsĂ€ttningar att bli en viktig strategi för minskade risker i de utökade vattenskyddsomrĂ„den som kommunerna nyligen har beslutat om. För att denna strategi skall bli lyckosam krĂ€vs att marknaden fortsĂ€tter att öka för ekologiska produkter i Sverige, sĂ„ att produkternas merpris tillsammans med samhĂ€llets stöd via miljöersĂ€ttningsprogram fortsĂ€tter att betala merkostnaden för denna produktionsform

    Would You Choose to be Happy? Tradeoffs Between Happiness and the Other Dimensions of Life in a Large Population Survey

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    A large literature documents the correlates and causes of subjective well-being, or happiness. But few studies have investigated whether people choose happiness. Is happiness all that people want from life, or are they willing to sacrifice it for other attributes, such as income and health? Tackling this question has largely been the preserve of philosophers. In this article, we find out just how much happiness matters to ordinary citizens. Our sample consists of nearly 13,000 members of the UK and US general populations. We ask them to choose between, and make judgments over, lives that are high (or low) in different types of happiness and low (or high) in income, physical health, family, career success, or education. We find that people by and large choose the life that is highest in happiness but health is by far the most important other concern, with considerable numbers of people choosing to be healthy rather than happy. We discuss some possible reasons for this preference

    An Improved High Order Finite Difference Method for Non-conforming Grid Interfaces for the Wave Equation

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    This paper presents an extension of a recently developed high order finite difference method for the wave equation on a grid with non-conforming interfaces. The stability proof of the existing methods relies on the interpolation operators being norm-contracting, which is satisfied by the second and fourth order operators, but not by the sixth order operator. We construct new penalty terms to impose interface conditions such that the stability proof does not require the norm-contracting condition. As a consequence, the sixth order accurate scheme is also provably stable. Numerical experiments demonstrate the improved stability and accuracy property

    Higher order finite difference schemes for the magnetic induction equations

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    We describe high order accurate and stable finite difference schemes for the initial-boundary value problem associated with the magnetic induction equations. These equations model the evolution of a magnetic field due to a given velocity field. The finite difference schemes are based on Summation by Parts (SBP) operators for spatial derivatives and a Simultaneous Approximation Term (SAT) technique for imposing boundary conditions. We present various numerical experiments that demonstrate both the stability as well as high order of accuracy of the schemes.Comment: 20 page

    Element Partitioning between Immiscible Carbonatite and Silicate Melts for Dry and H2O-bearing Systems at 1-3 GPa

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    Carbonatite and silicate rocks occurring within a single magmatic complex may originate through liquid immiscibility. We thus experimentally determined carbonatite/silicate melt partition coefficients (Dcarbonate melt/silicate melt, hereafter D) for 45 elements to understand their systematics as a function of melt composition and to provide a tool for identifying the possible conjugate nature of silicate and carbonatite magmas. Static and, when necessary, centrifuging piston cylinder experiments were performed at 1-3 GPa, 1150-1260°C such that two well-separated melts resulted. Bulk compositions had Na K, Na ∌ K, and Na K; for the latter we also varied bulk H2O (0-4 wt %) and SiO2 contents. Oxygen fugacities were between iron-wĂŒstite and slightly below hematite-magnetite and were not found to exert significant control on partitioning. Under dry conditions alkali and alkaline earth elements partition into the carbonatite melt, as did Mo and P (DMo >8, DP= 1·6-3·3). High field strength elements (HFSE) prefer the silicate melt, most strongly Hf (DHf = 0·04). The REE have partition coefficients around unity with DLa/Lu = 1·6-2·3. Transition metals have D < 1 except for Cu and V (DCu ∌ 1·3, DV = 0·95-2). The small variability of the partition coefficients in all dry experiments can be explained by a comparable width of the miscibility gap, which appears to be flat-topped in our dry bulk compositions. For all carbonatite and silicate melts, Nb/Ta and Zr/Hf fractionate by factors of 1·3-3·0, in most cases much more strongly than in silicate-oxide systems. With the exception of the alkalis, partition coefficients for the H2O-bearing systems are similar to those for the anhydrous ones, but are shifted in favour of the carbonatite melt by up to an order of magnitude. An increase of bulk silica and thus SiO2 in the silicate melt (from 35 to 69 wt %) has a similar effect. Two types of trace element partitioning with changing melt composition can be observed. The magnitude of the partition coefficients increases for the alkalis and alkaline earths with the width of the miscibility gap, whereas partition coefficients for the REE shift by almost two orders of magnitude from partitioning into the silicate melt (DLa = 0·47) to strongly partitioning into the carbonatite melt (DLa = 38), whereas DLa/DLu varies by only a factor of three. The partitioning behavior can be rationalized as a function of ionic potential (Z/r). Alkali and alkaline earth elements follow a trend, the slope of which depends on the K/Na ratio and H2O content. Contrasting the sodic and potassic systems, alkalis have a positive correlation in D vs Z/r space in the potassic case and Cs to K partition into the silicate melt in the presence of H2O. For the divalent third row transition metals on the one hand and for the tri- and tetravalent REE and HFSE on the other, two trends of negative correlation of D vs Z/r can be defined. Nevertheless, the highest ionic strength network-modifying cations (V, Nb, Ta, Ti and Mo) do not follow any trend; understanding their behavior would require knowledge of their bonding environment in the carbonatite melt. Strong partitioning of REE into the carbonatite melt (DREE = 5·8-38·0) occurs only in H2O-rich compositions for which carbonatites unmix from evolved alkaline melts with the conjugate silicate melt being siliceous. We thus speculate that upon hydrous carbonatite crystallization, the consequent saturation in fluids may lead to hydrothermal systems concentrating REE in secondary deposit
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