25 research outputs found

    Oomycetes in rhizosphere soil of ornamental plants from retail nurseries in Southern Sweden

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    Trade of herbaceous and woody ornamental plants is recognized as a principal pathway for the introduction of alien plant pathogens, such as soil-borne Phytophthora and Pythium species (oomycetes). The rhizosphere soil of container-grown plants obtained from 13 nurseries and garden centres in southern Sweden were sampled and the presence of Phytophthora and Pythium species determined using traditional baiting and isolation. DNA sequencing of isolates revealed five Phytophthora taxa including P. cinnamomi, P. citricola s.l., P. plurivora, P. undulata and a non-identified Phytophthora sp., as well as Phytopythium cf. citrinum and several species of Pythium. Phytophthora cinnamomi was detected on two different ornamental plants at the same nursery and is a first record of P. cinnamomi in Sweden. The survey revealed that a diversity of potentially pathogenic oomycetes is associated with ornamental plants available for sale in Sweden and emphasizes the need to recognize potential risks if these organisms get introduced in nature

    How environmental managers perceive and approach the issue of invasive species: the case of Japanese knotweed s.l. (RhĂŽne River, France)

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    We would like to thank Springer for publishing our article. The final publication is available at http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10530-015-0969-1International audienceStudying the perceptions of stakeholders or interested parties is a good way to better understand behaviours and decisions. This is especially true for the management of invasive species such as Japanese knotweed s.l. This plant has spread widely in the RhĂŽne basin, where signiïŹcant ïŹnancial resources have been devoted to its management. However, no control technique is recognized as being particularly effective. Many uncertainties remain and many documents have been produced by environmental managers to disseminate current knowledge about the plant and its management. This article aims at characterizing the perceptions that environmental managers have of Japanese knotweed s.l. A discourse analysis was conducted on the printed documentation produced about Japanese knotweed s.l. by environmental managers working along the RhĂŽne River (France). The corpus was both qualitatively and quantitatively analysed. The results indicated a diversity of perceptions depending on the type of environmental managers involved, as well as the geographicalareas and scales on which they acted. Whereas some focused on general knowledge relating to the origins and strategies of colonization, others emphasized the diversity and efïŹcacy of the prospective eradication techniques. There is a real interest in implementing targeted actions to meet local issues. To do so, however, these issues must be better deïŹned. This is a challenging task, as it must involve all types of stakeholders

    Ecological barrier to the dissemination of the causal agents of the ink disease in French chestnut groves

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    Les maladies Ă©mergentes des plantes constituent des menaces pour les services Ă©cosystĂ©miques et Ă  la santĂ© publique dans le monde entier. Depuis quelques annĂ©es, le chĂątaignier fait l’objet d’une recrudescence des signalements de dĂ©gĂąts d’origine pathologique, et en particulier de la maladie de l’encre. Cette maladie est causĂ©e par Phytophthora cinnamomi et/ou P. x cambivora, deux agents pathogĂšnes exotiques qui ont Ă©tĂ© introduits en Europe au cours du XIXĂšme siĂšcle. L’objectif de ce travail Ă©tait d’une part de prĂ©ciser l’aire de distribution de l’encre du chĂątaignier en France, et de confirmer le statut d’espĂšce invasive naturalisĂ©e de P. cinnamomi. D’autre part, le second objectif Ă©tait d’identifier les barriĂšres Ă©cologiques qui pourraient limiter sa dissĂ©mination, des barriĂšres liĂ©es aux hĂŽtes, au microbiote du sol et/ou Ă  l’environnement abiotique. Pour rĂ©pondre Ă  ces problĂ©matiques, la mise au point de mĂ©thodes de dĂ©tection et de quantification de P. cinnamomi dans le sol (droplet digital PCR ciblĂ©e, adaptation d’un pipeline de mĂ©tabarcoding) a Ă©tĂ© nĂ©cessaire. L’étude d’un dispositif de suivi du dĂ©pĂ©rissement du chĂątaignier en France, implĂ©mentĂ© par le DĂ©partement de la SantĂ© des ForĂȘts, a permis de confirmer que P. cinnamomi Ă©tait largement rĂ©pandu en France. GrĂące Ă  un dispositif expĂ©rimental dans une forĂȘt de chĂątaigniers en mĂ©lange avec d’autres essences forestiĂšres, et oĂč l’encre a Ă©tĂ© diagnostiquĂ©e, nous avons caractĂ©risĂ© les communautĂ©s fongiques du sol et quantifiĂ© l’inoculum de P. cinnamomi dans le sol. Ces communautĂ©s se sont avĂ©rĂ©es modifiĂ©es en prĂ©sence de P. cinnamomi. De plus, nous avons mis en Ă©vidence que la quantitĂ© de P. cinnamomi Ă©tait plus faible dans les parcelles mixtes que pures, suggĂ©rant l’existence d’un effet de dilution liĂ©e Ă  la diversitĂ© des hĂŽtes. La compĂ©tence des hĂŽtes, i.e. capacitĂ© Ă  transmettre l’inoculum, est un trait de l’hĂŽte rarement Ă©valuĂ© en phytopathologie, mais qui rĂ©sulte parfois en des effets de dilution. Dans un premier temps, nous avons cherchĂ© Ă  Ă©laborer un cadre conceptuel pour l’étude de ce trait au travers d’une revue bibliographique. Dans un second temps, nous avons obtenu les premiĂšres Ă©valuations de compĂ©tence pour P. cinnamomi de diffĂ©rentes essences forestiĂšres, au travers d’un dispositif expĂ©rimental en conditions contrĂŽlĂ©es. Le chĂȘne sessile (Quercus petraea) et le chĂȘne pĂ©donculĂ© (Q. robur) se sont avĂ©rĂ©s trĂšs peu compĂ©tents pour P. cinnamomi. Ces rĂ©sultats pourraient avoir d’importantes implications pour la gestion des Ă©cosystĂšmes de chĂątaigniers et de chĂȘnes menacĂ©s par la maladie de l’encre.Emerging plant diseases pose threats to ecosystem services and public health worldwide. In recent years, chestnut has been subject to an upsurge in reports of pathogen damage, particularly ink disease. This disease is caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi and/or P. x cambivora, two exotic pathogens that were introduced in Europe during the 19th century. The objective of this work was on the one hand to specify the distribution area of chestnut ink disease in France, and to confirm the status of naturalized invasive species for P. cinnamomi. On the other hand, the second objective was to identify the ecological barriers that could limit its dissemination, barriers related to the hosts, the soil microbiota and/or the abiotic environment. To address these issues, the development of methods for the detection and the quantification of P. cinnamomi in the soil (targeted droplet digital PCR, adaptation of a metabarcoding pipeline) was necessary. The investigation of a monitoring network of chestnut decline in France, implemented by the Department of Forest Health, confirmed that P. cinnamomi was widespread in France. Using an experimental set-up in a chestnut forest mixed with other forest species, and where the ink disease was diagnosed, we characterized the soil fungal communities and quantified the soil inoculum of P. cinnamomi. These communities were found to be modified in the presence of P. cinnamomi. In addition, we found that the abundance of P. cinnamomi was lower in mixed than in pure plots, suggesting the existence of a dilution effect related to host diversity. Host competence, i.e. the ability to transmit inoculum, is a host trait that is rarely assessed in plant pathology, but which sometimes results in dilution effects. First, we sought to develop a conceptual framework for the study of this trait through a literature review. Secondly, we obtained the first evaluations of the competence for P. cinnamomi of different forest species, through an experiment under controlled conditions. The sessile oak (Quercus petraea) and the pedunculate oak (Q. robur) were found to have very low competence for P. cinnamomi. These results could have important implications for the management of chestnut and oak ecosystems threatened by the ink disease

    Ecological barrier to the dissemination of the causal agents of the ink disease in French chestnut groves

    No full text
    Les maladies Ă©mergentes des plantes constituent des menaces pour les services Ă©cosystĂ©miques et Ă  la santĂ© publique dans le monde entier. Depuis quelques annĂ©es, le chĂątaignier fait l’objet d’une recrudescence des signalements de dĂ©gĂąts d’origine pathologique, et en particulier de la maladie de l’encre. Cette maladie est causĂ©e par Phytophthora cinnamomi et/ou P. x cambivora, deux agents pathogĂšnes exotiques qui ont Ă©tĂ© introduits en Europe au cours du XIXĂšme siĂšcle. L’objectif de ce travail Ă©tait d’une part de prĂ©ciser l’aire de distribution de l’encre du chĂątaignier en France, et de confirmer le statut d’espĂšce invasive naturalisĂ©e de P. cinnamomi. D’autre part, le second objectif Ă©tait d’identifier les barriĂšres Ă©cologiques qui pourraient limiter sa dissĂ©mination, des barriĂšres liĂ©es aux hĂŽtes, au microbiote du sol et/ou Ă  l’environnement abiotique. Pour rĂ©pondre Ă  ces problĂ©matiques, la mise au point de mĂ©thodes de dĂ©tection et de quantification de P. cinnamomi dans le sol (droplet digital PCR ciblĂ©e, adaptation d’un pipeline de mĂ©tabarcoding) a Ă©tĂ© nĂ©cessaire. L’étude d’un dispositif de suivi du dĂ©pĂ©rissement du chĂątaignier en France, implĂ©mentĂ© par le DĂ©partement de la SantĂ© des ForĂȘts, a permis de confirmer que P. cinnamomi Ă©tait largement rĂ©pandu en France. GrĂące Ă  un dispositif expĂ©rimental dans une forĂȘt de chĂątaigniers en mĂ©lange avec d’autres essences forestiĂšres, et oĂč l’encre a Ă©tĂ© diagnostiquĂ©e, nous avons caractĂ©risĂ© les communautĂ©s fongiques du sol et quantifiĂ© l’inoculum de P. cinnamomi dans le sol. Ces communautĂ©s se sont avĂ©rĂ©es modifiĂ©es en prĂ©sence de P. cinnamomi. De plus, nous avons mis en Ă©vidence que la quantitĂ© de P. cinnamomi Ă©tait plus faible dans les parcelles mixtes que pures, suggĂ©rant l’existence d’un effet de dilution liĂ©e Ă  la diversitĂ© des hĂŽtes. La compĂ©tence des hĂŽtes, i.e. capacitĂ© Ă  transmettre l’inoculum, est un trait de l’hĂŽte rarement Ă©valuĂ© en phytopathologie, mais qui rĂ©sulte parfois en des effets de dilution. Dans un premier temps, nous avons cherchĂ© Ă  Ă©laborer un cadre conceptuel pour l’étude de ce trait au travers d’une revue bibliographique. Dans un second temps, nous avons obtenu les premiĂšres Ă©valuations de compĂ©tence pour P. cinnamomi de diffĂ©rentes essences forestiĂšres, au travers d’un dispositif expĂ©rimental en conditions contrĂŽlĂ©es. Le chĂȘne sessile (Quercus petraea) et le chĂȘne pĂ©donculĂ© (Q. robur) se sont avĂ©rĂ©s trĂšs peu compĂ©tents pour P. cinnamomi. Ces rĂ©sultats pourraient avoir d’importantes implications pour la gestion des Ă©cosystĂšmes de chĂątaigniers et de chĂȘnes menacĂ©s par la maladie de l’encre.Emerging plant diseases pose threats to ecosystem services and public health worldwide. In recent years, chestnut has been subject to an upsurge in reports of pathogen damage, particularly ink disease. This disease is caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi and/or P. x cambivora, two exotic pathogens that were introduced in Europe during the 19th century. The objective of this work was on the one hand to specify the distribution area of chestnut ink disease in France, and to confirm the status of naturalized invasive species for P. cinnamomi. On the other hand, the second objective was to identify the ecological barriers that could limit its dissemination, barriers related to the hosts, the soil microbiota and/or the abiotic environment. To address these issues, the development of methods for the detection and the quantification of P. cinnamomi in the soil (targeted droplet digital PCR, adaptation of a metabarcoding pipeline) was necessary. The investigation of a monitoring network of chestnut decline in France, implemented by the Department of Forest Health, confirmed that P. cinnamomi was widespread in France. Using an experimental set-up in a chestnut forest mixed with other forest species, and where the ink disease was diagnosed, we characterized the soil fungal communities and quantified the soil inoculum of P. cinnamomi. These communities were found to be modified in the presence of P. cinnamomi. In addition, we found that the abundance of P. cinnamomi was lower in mixed than in pure plots, suggesting the existence of a dilution effect related to host diversity. Host competence, i.e. the ability to transmit inoculum, is a host trait that is rarely assessed in plant pathology, but which sometimes results in dilution effects. First, we sought to develop a conceptual framework for the study of this trait through a literature review. Secondly, we obtained the first evaluations of the competence for P. cinnamomi of different forest species, through an experiment under controlled conditions. The sessile oak (Quercus petraea) and the pedunculate oak (Q. robur) were found to have very low competence for P. cinnamomi. These results could have important implications for the management of chestnut and oak ecosystems threatened by the ink disease

    BarriĂšres Ă©cologiques Ă  la dissĂ©mination des agents causals de l’encre dans les chĂątaigneraies françaises

    No full text
    Emerging plant diseases pose threats to ecosystem services and public health worldwide. In recent years, chestnut has been subject to an upsurge in reports of pathogen damage, particularly ink disease. This disease is caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi and/or P. x cambivora, two exotic pathogens that were introduced in Europe during the 19th century. The objective of this work was on the one hand to specify the distribution area of chestnut ink disease in France, and to confirm the status of naturalized invasive species for P. cinnamomi. On the other hand, the second objective was to identify the ecological barriers that could limit its dissemination, barriers related to the hosts, the soil microbiota and/or the abiotic environment. To address these issues, the development of methods for the detection and the quantification of P. cinnamomi in the soil (targeted droplet digital PCR, adaptation of a metabarcoding pipeline) was necessary. The investigation of a monitoring network of chestnut decline in France, implemented by the Department of Forest Health, confirmed that P. cinnamomi was widespread in France. Using an experimental set-up in a chestnut forest mixed with other forest species, and where the ink disease was diagnosed, we characterized the soil fungal communities and quantified the soil inoculum of P. cinnamomi. These communities were found to be modified in the presence of P. cinnamomi. In addition, we found that the abundance of P. cinnamomi was lower in mixed than in pure plots, suggesting the existence of a dilution effect related to host diversity. Host competence, i.e. the ability to transmit inoculum, is a host trait that is rarely assessed in plant pathology, but which sometimes results in dilution effects. First, we sought to develop a conceptual framework for the study of this trait through a literature review. Secondly, we obtained the first evaluations of the competence for P. cinnamomi of different forest species, through an experiment under controlled conditions. The sessile oak (Quercus petraea) and the pedunculate oak (Q. robur) were found to have very low competence for P. cinnamomi. These results could have important implications for the management of chestnut and oak ecosystems threatened by the ink disease.Les maladies Ă©mergentes des plantes constituent des menaces pour les services Ă©cosystĂ©miques et Ă  la santĂ© publique dans le monde entier. Depuis quelques annĂ©es, le chĂątaignier fait l’objet d’une recrudescence des signalements de dĂ©gĂąts d’origine pathologique, et en particulier de la maladie de l’encre. Cette maladie est causĂ©e par Phytophthora cinnamomi et/ou P. x cambivora, deux agents pathogĂšnes exotiques qui ont Ă©tĂ© introduits en Europe au cours du XIXĂšme siĂšcle. L’objectif de ce travail Ă©tait d’une part de prĂ©ciser l’aire de distribution de l’encre du chĂątaignier en France, et de confirmer le statut d’espĂšce invasive naturalisĂ©e de P. cinnamomi. D’autre part, le second objectif Ă©tait d’identifier les barriĂšres Ă©cologiques qui pourraient limiter sa dissĂ©mination, des barriĂšres liĂ©es aux hĂŽtes, au microbiote du sol et/ou Ă  l’environnement abiotique. Pour rĂ©pondre Ă  ces problĂ©matiques, la mise au point de mĂ©thodes de dĂ©tection et de quantification de P. cinnamomi dans le sol (droplet digital PCR ciblĂ©e, adaptation d’un pipeline de mĂ©tabarcoding) a Ă©tĂ© nĂ©cessaire. L’étude d’un dispositif de suivi du dĂ©pĂ©rissement du chĂątaignier en France, implĂ©mentĂ© par le DĂ©partement de la SantĂ© des ForĂȘts, a permis de confirmer que P. cinnamomi Ă©tait largement rĂ©pandu en France. GrĂące Ă  un dispositif expĂ©rimental dans une forĂȘt de chĂątaigniers en mĂ©lange avec d’autres essences forestiĂšres, et oĂč l’encre a Ă©tĂ© diagnostiquĂ©e, nous avons caractĂ©risĂ© les communautĂ©s fongiques du sol et quantifiĂ© l’inoculum de P. cinnamomi dans le sol. Ces communautĂ©s se sont avĂ©rĂ©es modifiĂ©es en prĂ©sence de P. cinnamomi. De plus, nous avons mis en Ă©vidence que la quantitĂ© de P. cinnamomi Ă©tait plus faible dans les parcelles mixtes que pures, suggĂ©rant l’existence d’un effet de dilution liĂ©e Ă  la diversitĂ© des hĂŽtes. La compĂ©tence des hĂŽtes, i.e. capacitĂ© Ă  transmettre l’inoculum, est un trait de l’hĂŽte rarement Ă©valuĂ© en phytopathologie, mais qui rĂ©sulte parfois en des effets de dilution. Dans un premier temps, nous avons cherchĂ© Ă  Ă©laborer un cadre conceptuel pour l’étude de ce trait au travers d’une revue bibliographique. Dans un second temps, nous avons obtenu les premiĂšres Ă©valuations de compĂ©tence pour P. cinnamomi de diffĂ©rentes essences forestiĂšres, au travers d’un dispositif expĂ©rimental en conditions contrĂŽlĂ©es. Le chĂȘne sessile (Quercus petraea) et le chĂȘne pĂ©donculĂ© (Q. robur) se sont avĂ©rĂ©s trĂšs peu compĂ©tents pour P. cinnamomi. Ces rĂ©sultats pourraient avoir d’importantes implications pour la gestion des Ă©cosystĂšmes de chĂątaigniers et de chĂȘnes menacĂ©s par la maladie de l’encre

    Ecological barrier to the dissemination of the causal agents of the ink disease in French chestnut groves

    No full text
    Les maladies Ă©mergentes des plantes constituent des menaces pour les services Ă©cosystĂ©miques et Ă  la santĂ© publique dans le monde entier. Depuis quelques annĂ©es, le chĂątaignier fait l’objet d’une recrudescence des signalements de dĂ©gĂąts d’origine pathologique, et en particulier de la maladie de l’encre. Cette maladie est causĂ©e par Phytophthora cinnamomi et/ou P. x cambivora, deux agents pathogĂšnes exotiques qui ont Ă©tĂ© introduits en Europe au cours du XIXĂšme siĂšcle. L’objectif de ce travail Ă©tait d’une part de prĂ©ciser l’aire de distribution de l’encre du chĂątaignier en France, et de confirmer le statut d’espĂšce invasive naturalisĂ©e de P. cinnamomi. D’autre part, le second objectif Ă©tait d’identifier les barriĂšres Ă©cologiques qui pourraient limiter sa dissĂ©mination, des barriĂšres liĂ©es aux hĂŽtes, au microbiote du sol et/ou Ă  l’environnement abiotique. Pour rĂ©pondre Ă  ces problĂ©matiques, la mise au point de mĂ©thodes de dĂ©tection et de quantification de P. cinnamomi dans le sol (droplet digital PCR ciblĂ©e, adaptation d’un pipeline de mĂ©tabarcoding) a Ă©tĂ© nĂ©cessaire. L’étude d’un dispositif de suivi du dĂ©pĂ©rissement du chĂątaignier en France, implĂ©mentĂ© par le DĂ©partement de la SantĂ© des ForĂȘts, a permis de confirmer que P. cinnamomi Ă©tait largement rĂ©pandu en France. GrĂące Ă  un dispositif expĂ©rimental dans une forĂȘt de chĂątaigniers en mĂ©lange avec d’autres essences forestiĂšres, et oĂč l’encre a Ă©tĂ© diagnostiquĂ©e, nous avons caractĂ©risĂ© les communautĂ©s fongiques du sol et quantifiĂ© l’inoculum de P. cinnamomi dans le sol. Ces communautĂ©s se sont avĂ©rĂ©es modifiĂ©es en prĂ©sence de P. cinnamomi. De plus, nous avons mis en Ă©vidence que la quantitĂ© de P. cinnamomi Ă©tait plus faible dans les parcelles mixtes que pures, suggĂ©rant l’existence d’un effet de dilution liĂ©e Ă  la diversitĂ© des hĂŽtes. La compĂ©tence des hĂŽtes, i.e. capacitĂ© Ă  transmettre l’inoculum, est un trait de l’hĂŽte rarement Ă©valuĂ© en phytopathologie, mais qui rĂ©sulte parfois en des effets de dilution. Dans un premier temps, nous avons cherchĂ© Ă  Ă©laborer un cadre conceptuel pour l’étude de ce trait au travers d’une revue bibliographique. Dans un second temps, nous avons obtenu les premiĂšres Ă©valuations de compĂ©tence pour P. cinnamomi de diffĂ©rentes essences forestiĂšres, au travers d’un dispositif expĂ©rimental en conditions contrĂŽlĂ©es. Le chĂȘne sessile (Quercus petraea) et le chĂȘne pĂ©donculĂ© (Q. robur) se sont avĂ©rĂ©s trĂšs peu compĂ©tents pour P. cinnamomi. Ces rĂ©sultats pourraient avoir d’importantes implications pour la gestion des Ă©cosystĂšmes de chĂątaigniers et de chĂȘnes menacĂ©s par la maladie de l’encre.Emerging plant diseases pose threats to ecosystem services and public health worldwide. In recent years, chestnut has been subject to an upsurge in reports of pathogen damage, particularly ink disease. This disease is caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi and/or P. x cambivora, two exotic pathogens that were introduced in Europe during the 19th century. The objective of this work was on the one hand to specify the distribution area of chestnut ink disease in France, and to confirm the status of naturalized invasive species for P. cinnamomi. On the other hand, the second objective was to identify the ecological barriers that could limit its dissemination, barriers related to the hosts, the soil microbiota and/or the abiotic environment. To address these issues, the development of methods for the detection and the quantification of P. cinnamomi in the soil (targeted droplet digital PCR, adaptation of a metabarcoding pipeline) was necessary. The investigation of a monitoring network of chestnut decline in France, implemented by the Department of Forest Health, confirmed that P. cinnamomi was widespread in France. Using an experimental set-up in a chestnut forest mixed with other forest species, and where the ink disease was diagnosed, we characterized the soil fungal communities and quantified the soil inoculum of P. cinnamomi. These communities were found to be modified in the presence of P. cinnamomi. In addition, we found that the abundance of P. cinnamomi was lower in mixed than in pure plots, suggesting the existence of a dilution effect related to host diversity. Host competence, i.e. the ability to transmit inoculum, is a host trait that is rarely assessed in plant pathology, but which sometimes results in dilution effects. First, we sought to develop a conceptual framework for the study of this trait through a literature review. Secondly, we obtained the first evaluations of the competence for P. cinnamomi of different forest species, through an experiment under controlled conditions. The sessile oak (Quercus petraea) and the pedunculate oak (Q. robur) were found to have very low competence for P. cinnamomi. These results could have important implications for the management of chestnut and oak ecosystems threatened by the ink disease

    Rythme des mobilités humaines et cycles environnementaux dans le Mésolithique atlantique.

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    International audienceCollective mobility over a cyclical period of time and according to closed paths—referred to here as circulars—is presumed to be characteristic of hunter-gatherers around the world, whether ancient or current. In this article, we aim to identify rhythms of movement, a theme that has received little attention in recent work on the Mesolithic. Based on the excavation of the Mesolithic coastal habitat site of Beg-er-Vil (Quiberon, Morbihan), carried out between 2013 and 2018, we discuss all the chronological elements at our disposal to establish the rhythms of these collective mobilities. The 12 radiocarbon dates currently selected were obtained from animal bone or twigs. They range from 6250 to 6100 BC, a very short duration for a Mesolithic habitat. The near total domination of symmetrical trapezes in the toolkit and the very legible organization of the dwelling could be linked to a very short occupation. But other indicators are changing our time perspective. For example, the stratigraphic sequences sampled in the heart of the shell midden area do not revealany abandonment phases. While geoarchaeology provides more evidence for a long period of residence, it does not exclude successive short-term mobility (a few weeks?). Theextraction of temporality information related to plants and animals shows that, theoretically, these Mesolithic maritime populations had year-round access to food. Unfortunately, this potentiality confronted with the two possible centuries of occupation does not allow us to know if this regular presence over an annual cycle was continuous or the result of an accumulation of occupations. Drawing on all the “pieces of time” available at the Beg-er-Vil site, we can compare the typologist’s short time, the radiocarbon’s short time (one century), the community’s long time in a domestic space according to the geoarchaeologist, and the extended time of seasonal predation according to the zooarchaeologist.La mobilitĂ© collective durant un temps cyclique et selon des cheminements fermĂ©s sur eux-mĂȘmes qualifiĂ©s ici de circulaires - est prĂ©sumĂ©e caractĂ©ristique des chasseurs-cueilleurs de la planĂšte, qu’ils soient anciens ou actuels. On tentera dans cet article de cerner les rythmes de ces dĂ©placements, thĂšme peu traitĂ© dans les travaux rĂ©cents sur le MĂ©solithique. À partir de la fouille de l’habitat littoral mĂ©solithique de Beg-er-Vil (Quiberon, Morbihan) rĂ©alisĂ©e entre 2012 et 2018, nous souhaitons discuter de tous les Ă©lĂ©ments chronologiques dont nous disposons pour Ă©tablir les rythmes de ces mobilitĂ©s collectives. Les douze dates retenues actuellement ont Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©es sur ossement animal ou sur brindilles. Elles s’étagent entre 6250 et 6100 av. n.-Ăš., soit une durĂ©e trĂšs courte pour un habitat mĂ©solithique. La domination presque totale des trapĂšzes symĂ©triques dans l’outillage et le plan trĂšs lisible de l’habitat conduiraient Ă  Ă©crire que l’habitat de Beg-er- Vil a Ă©tĂ© occupĂ© de maniĂšre trĂšs ponctuelle. Mais d’autres indicateurs viennent changer notre perspective temporelle. Ainsi, les sĂ©quences stratigraphiques Ă©chantillonnĂ©es au coeur de la zone de l’amas coquillier ne rĂ©vĂšlent pas de phases d’abandon. La gĂ©oarchĂ©ologie porte davantagetĂ©moignage d’un temps de rĂ©sidence long, mais elle n’exclut pas des mobilitĂ©s successives de courte durĂ©e (quelques semaines). L’extraction des informations sur la temporalitĂ©liĂ©e aux vĂ©gĂ©taux et animaux montre que thĂ©oriquement ces populations maritimes du MĂ©solithique avaient accĂšs Ă  de la nourriture toute l’annĂ©e. Malheureusement, cette potentialitĂ© confrontĂ©e aux deux siĂšcles possibles d’occupation ne nous permet pas de savoir si cette prĂ©sence sur un cycle annuel est continue ou si elle est un effet fallacieux d’un cumul de sĂ©jours. En additionnant tous les « morceaux de temps » disponibles sur le site de Beg-er-Vil, on peut opposer le temps court du typologue, le temps court du radiocarbone(un siĂšcle), le temps long d’une communautĂ© dans un espace domestique selon la gĂ©oarchĂ©ologue et le temps prolongĂ© des exploitations saisonniĂšres selon l’archĂ©ozoologue

    Oomycetes in rhizosphere soil of ornamental plants from retail nurseries in Southern Sweden

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    Trade of herbaceous and woody ornamental plants is recognized as a principal pathway for the introduction of alien plant pathogens, such as soil-borne Phytophthora and Pythium species (oomycetes). The rhizosphere soil of container-grown plants obtained from 13 nurseries and garden centres in southern Sweden were sampled and the presence of Phytophthora and Pythium species determined using traditional baiting and isolation. DNA sequencing of isolates revealed five Phytophthora taxa including P. cinnamomi, P. citricola s.l., P. plurivora, P. undulata and a non-identified Phytophthora sp., as well as Phytopythium cf. citrinum and several species of Pythium. Phytophthora cinnamomi was detected on two different ornamental plants at the same nursery and is a first record of P. cinnamomi in Sweden. The survey revealed that a diversity of potentially pathogenic oomycetes is associated with ornamental plants available for sale in Sweden and emphasizes the need to recognize potential risks if these organisms get introduced in nature

    Resistance, tolerance and competence for a root pathogen in six woody species

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    The outcome of host-pathogen interactions depends on host defence and pathogen infection strategies. On the host side, two strategies, resistance and tolerance, have long been identified. They differ in their underlying mechanisms and their effects on pathogens. However, the dynamics of disease transmission also rely on host competence. This trait, defined as the ability of the host to allow pathogen transmission, is rarely studied for pathogen-supporting plants. We assessed the competence for Phytophthora cinnamomi of seedlings of five Quercus and one Castanea species and studied how this trait is correlated with resistance and tolerance. P. cinnamomi is responsible for the chestnut ink disease, alongside with Phytophthora x cambivora, which has a much less generalist behaviour. Each seedling was inoculated in minirhizotrons by root-mycelium contact and phenotyped for its resistance, tolerance and competence. The amount of necrosis (lesion length), the effect of infection on plant performance (root growth) and the sporangia number were measured. Moreover, we developed a droplet digital (dd) PCR assay to quantify the pathogen within host tissues near the inoculation point. This measure was used as a proxy of pathogen load. We were thus able to relate individual host competence to the pathogen content measured in the same root fragment. No significant correlation between the phenotyped traits was found at the individual level. However, at the species level, the least competent species (Q. robur, Q. petraea) proved to be the most resistant. These results may have important implications for management of chestnut and oak ecosystems threatened by ink disease

    Partir, caboter, revenir : comprendre la mobilité maritime dans la France atlantique durant le Mésolithique

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    National audienceLa notion de nomadisme recouvre des dĂ©placements individuels et collectifs qui sont au coeur du fonctionnement des premiĂšres communautĂ©s humaines et permettent de faire le lien entre celles-ci et des ressources dispersĂ©es dont la disponibilitĂ© est fonction du cycle des saisons ou des marĂ©es. Les motifs de ces itinĂ©rances vont cependant bien au-delĂ  de processus adaptatifs et d’une supposĂ©e rationalitĂ© Ă©conomique dĂ©connectĂ©e des autres contingences. Le dĂ©placement rĂ©gulier des habitats rĂ©pond aussiĂ  des exigences familiales, sociales ou religieuses, tout comme Ă  un ethos valorisant cette mobilitĂ©, que ce soit celui des chasseurs-cueilleurs (Kelly 1992) ou celui des actuelles communautĂ©s nomades sur le territoire français (Bergeon 2014). D’autres mobilitĂ©s parfois sans retour, les migrations, rĂ©pondent Ă  des crises Ă©cologiques, dĂ©mographiques ou politiques. Elles peuvent Ă©galement ĂȘtre liĂ©es Ă  l’exploration de nouveaux territoires continentaux (Kelly & Todd 1988) ou insulaires (Warren 2017 ; Tune 2020). Dans un contexte maritime ou fluvial, d’autres paramĂštres s’ajoutent Ă  ces considĂ©rations. L’usage d’embarcations, d’outils et de matĂ©riaux dĂ©diĂ©s conditionne la totalitĂ© du systĂšme technique, avec la mobilisation d’un vaste ensemble de savoirs (courants, marĂ©es, mĂ©tĂ©orologie, gĂ©ographie). La navigation transforme aussi la configuration des rĂ©seaux de mobilitĂ©, en autorisant des projections plus lointaines de tout ou partie du groupe, en donnant accĂšs Ă  des espaces insulaires aux contraintes Ă©cologiques particuliĂšres (Marchand 2013) et en permettant le transport de ressources volumineuses que l’on peut transformer loin de leurs zones d’acquisition (Ames 2002). Seule une dĂ©marche pluridisciplinaire permet de rĂ©flĂ©chir aux conditions techniques, aux rythmes et Ă  l’extension spatiale de ces mouvements. Elle se fonde sur des preuves indirectes, comme la dispersion sur le territoire de vestiges lithiques et de parures en matĂ©riaux divers, sur des analyses gĂ©o-archĂ©ologiques menĂ©es au coeur des habitats ou encore sur la gestion de la faune et de la flore. Les amas coquilliers sont un premier point d’accroche pour le dĂ©veloppement d’une telle dĂ©marche, car ils regroupent un nombre incomparable d’informations sur les activitĂ©s domestiques, la gestion des ressources alimentaires et minĂ©rales ou les normes funĂ©raires (tableau 1
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