Los orígenes del atraso

1 archivo PDF (2 páginas); incluye ilustraciones en blanco y negro. fhseptemReseña a "Los orígenes del atraso: nueve ensayos de historia económica de México en los siglos XVIII y XIX" donde se reflexiona sobre el atraso económico de México en concreto sobre sus causas fechas y dimensiones

Social interactions and language use in multicultural settings: an exploratory study of personal networks

This study tests the use of social network analysis in the diagnostics of personal communities as relational systems that affect how languages are learned. The egocentric approach of this methodology was applied to identifying the personal networks of adult immigrants attending a literacy program. The study is an exploratory and descriptive analysis with EgoNet software based on five cases. The results show small networks with few significant 'alters' (five to eight), without weak ties in areas of relationship with neighbours or other acquaintances, and in which the prevailing language of communication was the same as that of 'ego' - with, in some cases, multicultural networks using different languages of communication

Mice with hyper-long telomeres show less metabolic aging and longer lifespans

Short telomeres trigger age-related pathologies and shorter lifespans in mice and humans. In the past, we generated mouse embryonic (ES) cells with longer telomeres than normal (hyper-long telomeres) in the absence of genetic manipulations, which contributed to all mouse tissues. To address whether hyper-long telomeres have deleterious effects, we generated mice in which 100% of their cells are derived from hyper-long telomere ES cells. We observe that these mice have longer telomeres and less DNA damage with aging. Hyper-long telomere mice are lean and show low cholesterol and LDL levels, as well as improved glucose and insulin tolerance. Hyper-long telomere mice also have less incidence of cancer and an increased longevity. These findings demonstrate that longer telomeres than normal in a given species are not deleterious but instead, show beneficial effects.S

Hacia la globalización del tópico andaluz: Andalucía te quiere

The analysis of Andalucía te quiere campaign is a review of the use given to recurring semantic features that identify this region with socially accepted values. In the touristic advertising an argument is developing supported by these common cultural conceptions and emotionally complemented through the application of experiential marketing. It is also proposed to highlight that thanks to the extensive proliferation of social networks and to the increasingly predictable importance of digital media, campaigns like this seek to broadcast in the great showcase that involves Internet. El análisis de la campaña Andalucía te quiere supone una revisión del uso dado a rasgos semánticos recurrentes que identifican a esta comunidad autónoma con valores asumidos socialmente. En la publicidad turística se evidencia el desarrollo de una argumentación apoyada en dichas concepciones culturales comunes y complementadas emotivamente gracias a la aplicación del Marketing Experiencial. Igualmente se pretende resaltar que gracias a la amplia proliferación de redes sociales y a la cada vez más previsible importancia dada a los medios digitales, campañas como ésta buscan difusión de cara al gran escaparate que supone la red Internet.

Aspectos fundamentales de la reforma procesal penal en España y Nicaragua

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/derecho.v0i12.1008 Revista de Derecho No.12 2009 pp.231-238DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/derecho.v0i12.1008 Revista de Derecho No.12 2009 pp.231-23

L’Educació emocional com a eina de prevenció : projecte pilot per a alumnes d’educació primària

Postgrau en Educació Emocional i Benestar, Facultat de Pedagogia, Departament de Mètodes d’Investigació i Diagnòstic en Educació, Universitat de Barcelona, curs: 2009-2010, Tutor/Tutora: Núria Pérez EscodaEl present treball consisteix en el disseny d'un programa d'educació emocional com a eina de prevenció per a la salut adreçat a alumnes de cicle superior de primària. L'autora parteix de la idea que preparar els nens i nenes a identificar i reconèixer les pròpies emocions, aprendre a regular-les i adquirir les habilitats per enfrontar-se a situacions no desitjables, pot ser una via eficaç per a prevenir certs comportaments de risc i tenir cura d'un mateix, un dels factors bàsics per a la prevenció de la salut. El programa es dissenya en el marc de referència de les competències emocionals plantejades pel Grup de Recerca en Orientació Psicopedagògica (GROP). L'aplicabilitat del programa té dues fases, una primera on es fa un anàlisi de necessitats de l'alumnat al qual va adreçat el treball i una segona, on s'implanta pròpiament el programa

Detalles en la arquitectura de J.A. Coderch

La tesi aborda l’obra de J.A.Coderch des del detall constructiu. Coderch posa especial èmfasi en la seva definició, i sense abandonar una forta afecció a la tradició, provoca una ruptura de solucions a l’ús, que contribueixen a transformar la imatge dels seus edificis. El treball parteix de la base de que els detalls són inseparables del procés del projecte i acaben sent l’expressió material d’una idea de lloc implícita en la proposta arquitectònica. S’han seguit dues línies d’estudi simultàniament: per una banda s’ha procedit a l’anàlisi de deu projectes de l’arquitecte, des del lloc on s’ubiquen fins la seva materialització en el detall, i per altra banda s’ha estudiat l’entorn dels seus començaments, les referències d’on sorgeixen el camí que emprèn i l’origen del sentit espaial de la seva obra. En l'anàlisi dels projectes s’ha anat veient com Coderch arrenca des del posicionament en el lloc, amb una proposta espaial que es va modelant des del interior i acaba en la definició del detall en el que confia la unitat del conjunt. Posa l'èmfasi en la solució repetitiva i singular d'un detall especial del tancament, del que se serveix per a eliminar les excepcions que poden sorgir d'un treball modelat des d’un interior. En l'origen, en el seu anys d'escola, i liderada des del Gatepac, està la defensa d'una arquitectura autòctona mediterrània i els valors que en ella es reivindiquen des d’una visió moderna. En els inicis de la seva carrera professional, Coderch comença des d'una voluntat de modernitzar l'arquitectura des de la tradició, i s’involucra en els moviments locals i internacionals. La modernitat a la qual s’aproxima Coderch - ja superada l’ortodòxia – s’acosta a les premisses i enunciats orgànics de F.Ll.Wright, on conviuen els progressos i els mitjans tradicionals. El principi plàstic de la continuïtat proclamada per Wright és motor de canvi que transforma l'espai, i que s'expressa a través de la construcció; especialment a través del detall. En Coderch, els elements constructius desapareixen en un continu, del que és difícil d'aïllar-los en la seva funció fragmentada del conjunt, i estan subjectes a la consecució d'un sentit espaial: a aquesta missió està sotmesa la tècnica, sobrepassant la individualitat d'una finestra, una paret, una porta, un sostre. Si l'arquitectura té com a finalitat la construcció d'un lloc, és en la manera de percebre aquell lloc i entendre els límits, on l’arquitecte plasma una manera d'entendre l'arquitectura, on la definició del detall juga un paper essencial. Coderch estableix una determinada relació interior - exterior , on plasma aquesta recerca d’un lloc vinculat a la tradició mediterrània (relacionats amb les referències dels seus anys de formació): la manera de resoldre la finestra, d’establir una particular transició entre interior i exterior i el límit entre ells, serà repetit en tots els projectes de Coderch.La tesis aborda la obra de J.A.Coderch desde el detalle constructivo. Coderch pone especial énfasis en su definición, y sin abandonar un fuerte arraigo en la tradición, provoca cambios en las soluciones al uso, que contribuyen a transformar la imagen de sus edificios. El trabajo parte de la base de que los detalles son inseparables del proceso de proyecto, cuyos objetivos comparten; y acaban siendo la expresión material de una idea de lugar implícita en la propuesta arquitectónica. Se han seguido dos líneas de estudio simultáneas: por un lado el análisis de los proyectos (desde el lugar donde se ubican a su materialización en el detalle), sobre un muestreo de 10 obras elegidas, y por otro el del entorno de sus comienzos, las referencias donde basa el camino que emprende, y donde se busca el origen del sentido espacial de su obra. En el análisis de los proyectos se ha ido viendo cómo Coderch arranca desde el posicionamiento en el sitio, con una propuesta espacial que va moldeando desde el interior y termina en la definición del detalle en el que confía la unidad del conjunto. Pone el énfasis en la solución repetitiva y singular de un detalle especial del cerramiento, del que se sirve para eliminar las excepciones que pueden surgir de un trabajo moldeado desde un interior. En el origen, en sus años de escuela, y liderada desde el Gatepac, está la defensa de una arquitectura autóctona mediterránea y los valores que en ella se reivindican desde una visión moderna. Pronto en su carrera profesional, Coderch arranca desde una voluntad de modernizar la arquitectura desde la tradición, y se involucra en los movimientos locales e internacionales. La modernidad a la que se aproxima Coderch - superada ya la ortodoxia- se acerca a las premisas y enunciados orgánicos de F.Ll.Wright, donde avances y medios tradicionales conviven. El principio plástico de la continuidad proclamado por Wright es motor de cambio que transforma el espacio, y que se expresa a través de la construcción; especialmente a través del detalle. En Coderch, los elementos constructivos desaparecen en un continuo, del que es difícil aislarlos en su función desgajada del conjunto, y se supeditan a la consecución de un sentido espacial: a esta misión se somete la técnica, sobrepasando la individualidad de una ventana, una puerta, una pared, un techo. Si la arquitectura tiene como fin la construcción de un lugar, es en la manera de percibir ese lugar y de establecer los límites, donde el arquitecto plasma una forma de entender la arquitectura, en cuya definición el detalle juega un papel esencial. Coderch establece una determinada relación interior - exterior, donde plasma esa búsqueda de un lugar vinculado a la tradición mediterránea (relacionado con las referencias de sus años de formación): la forma particular de solucionar el cerramiento y la ventana, y con ello de establecer la transición entre interior y exterior y el límite entre ellos, se verá repetida en todos sus proyectos.This thesis dissertation deals with the construction detailing of the work of J.A.Coderch. Coderch placed a special emphasis on its definition, and even though he never abandoned the traditional roots on which he based his architecture, he transformed the traditional approach to detailing in a way that had a very strong impact on the image of his buildings. Construction detailing is an important part of the design project, whose objectives share, and end up becoming the physical expression of the goals it pursues. Two parallel lines have conducted this thesis: one, an analysis of a number of buildings, from the beginning of their placement on the site to their eventual construction finishing and detailing, and the other, a study of the architectural context in which Coderch lived in his beginnings, in order to find the references which most influenced him; it is in that context where we find the bases of his personal career. Through the analysis of the design process of his buildings, it has been observed that Coderch starts a project from the placement on the site, develops his proposal moulding the interior space, and finishes it with the detailing, in which he strongly relies on the overall unity of the final result. He emphasizes a special detail of the facade, by repeating it throughout the whole building, as a solution to avoid any exceptions that may flourish from a design that, because it is conducted from interior space, keeps the outside appearance flexible throughout the process. In the years that Coderch was at the School of Architecture in Barcelona, the GATEPAC led the expansion of modern architecture in Spain, and highlighted the presence of modern values in traditional Mediterranean architecture. Early in his professional career, Coderch shared this concern to relate traditional and modern architecture and to get actively involved in national and international movements. Coderch approached modern architecture –once the orthodoxy of it was over– and got closer to F.Ll.Wright’s premises of organic architecture, where traditional and advanced means were living together. The plasticity was claimed by Wright as continuity, and this led him to change his perception of space and its construction detailing. In Coderch architecture, the construction elements disappear within a continuous solution, in which they are very difficult to understand when isolated from the whole creation. They all undertake a role in the definition of a sense of space, an important reason which makes all the architectural elements work together, overcoming the individual role of a wall, a roof, a door or a window. Given that architecture pursuits the goal of constructing a place, the perception of that specific place through the enclosure and its limits is where the architect shows his or her individual form of making architecture, and where detailing plays an essential role. Coderch focuses on the interior-exterior relationship, and therefore it is mainly through windows where one may see the specific concept of a place. The way he opens a window on the wall, and establishes the limits between the interior and outside, is linked to the Mediterranean tradition, (very much related to references from his years as a student), and it is sought in all his projects

Light and shade in the school paths of students from immigrant families

This article analyses the perception of students from immigrant families of the favourable factors which helped them stay in school through the high-risk transition from compulsory secondary education to post-compulsory education. We specifically focus on identifying the individual, academic, family and contextual factors which promoted the persistence, retention and academic success of these young people, bearing in mind the risk factors stemming from their experiences of migration. Lastly, we shed some light on the ways migration has affected their progress in the school system

Allylsilylcyclopentadienyl Group 4 metal complexes: synthesis, structure and reactivity

(Allyldimethyl)silyl-substituted cyclopentadiene C5H5SiMe2(CH2CH /CH2) (1) and indene C9H7 /1-SiMe2(CH2CH /CH2) (2)\ud were synthesized by reaction of SiMe2(CH2CH /CH2)Cl with NaC5H5 or LiC9H7, respectively. Metallation of 1 with n-BuLi and\ud TlOEt gave the corresponding lithium 3 and thallium 5 salts. The disilylcylopentadienes C5H4 /1-SiMe3 /1-SiMe2(CH2CH /CH2) (6)\ud and C5H4 /1,1-[SiMe2(CH2CH /CH2)]2 (7) were prepared by reaction of 3 with the corresponding chlorosilanes. Compound 7\ud reacted with TiCl4 to give the monocyclopentadienyl compound [Ti{h5\ud -C5H4SiMe2(CH2CH /CH2)}Cl3] (8), while 5 was used to\ud prepare the titanocenes [Ti(h5\ud -Cp){h5\ud -C5H4SiMe2(CH2CH /CH2)}Cl2] (Cp /C5H4SiMe2(CH2CH /CH2) 9, C5H5 10, C5Me5 11) by\ud reaction with the appropriate TiCpCl3 derivative. The related dicyclopentadienyl [Zr{h5\ud -C5H4SiMe2(CH2CH /CH2)}2Cl2] (12),\ud [Zr(h5\ud -C5H5){h5\ud -C5H4SiMe2(CH2CH /CH2)}Cl2] (13), and indenyl [Zr(h5\ud -C5H5){h5\ud -C9H6SiMe2(CH2CH /CH2)}Cl2] (14) zirconium\ud derivatives were isolated by reaction of ZrCl4 and Zr(h5\ud -C5H5)Cl3 /DME with the lithium salts 3 and 4, respectively.\ud Alkylation of the metallocene complexes using MeLi, MgMeCl, Mg(CH2Ph)Cl and Mg(CH2Ph)2(THF)2 afforded the monomethyl\ud titanium [Ti(h5\ud -C5H5){h5\ud -C5H4SiMe2(CH2CH /CH2)}ClMe] (15) and the dialkyl cyclopentadienyl [M(h5\ud -C5H5){h5\ud -C5H4SiMe2\ud (CH2CH /CH2)}R2] (R /Me, M /Ti 16, Zr 18; R /CH2Ph, M /Ti 20, Zr 22), [Zr{h5\ud -C5H4SiMe2(CH2CH /CH2)}2R2] (R /Me\ud 17, CH2Ph 21) and indenyl derivatives [Zr(h5\ud -C5H5){h5\ud -C9H6SiMe2(CH2CH /CH2)}R2] (R /Me 19, CH2Ph 23). The molecular\ud structure of 11 was studied by X-ray diffraction methods. The reactions of the dialkyl derivatives with B(C6F5)3 were monitored by\ud NMR spectroscopy at variable temperature. The catalytic activity of the dichloro zirconium complexes in the presence of\ud methylalumoxane (MAO) for ethylene polymerization was determined.Financial support of our work by MCyT (Project\ud MAT2001-1309) is gratefully acknowledged. G.H., G.M\ud and J.C are grateful to to the Alexander von HumboldtStiftung,\ud MEC and CAM for fellowships

Dicyclopentadienyl titanium and zirconium complexes with the double bridged bis(dimethylsilanodiyl) dicyclopentadienyl [(Me2Si)2(η5-C5 H3)2]2- ligand: X-ray molecular structure of [Ti{(SiMe2)2(η5-C5H3)2}Me2]

The reaction of the doubly bridged bis(1,1′,2,2′-dimethylsilanodiyl)-η5-dicyclopentadienyl titanium and zirconium complexes Full-size image (<1 K) with water gave the μ-oxo derivatives Full-size image (<1 K). Addition of one equivalent of M′R (M′ = MgCl, R = CH3, CH2SiMe3; M′ = Li, R = CH2CME2Ph) to toluene or diethyl ether solutions of Full-size image (<1 K) afforded the chloro alkyl derivatives [M{(SiMe2)2(η5-C5H3)2}CIR]Full-size image (<1 K). Compounds 3 and 4 reacted with [CPh3][B(C6F5)4] at −78°C in CD2Cl2 leading to the cationic species Full-size image (<1 K) as demonstrated by NMR spectroscopy. The titanium(III) and zirconium(III) serivatives [M{(SiMe2)2(η5-C5H3)2} (μ-Cl)2 (M = Ti (12), Zr (13)) were obtained by reduction of 1 amd 2 with one equivalent of sodium amalgam. The X-ray molecular structure of [Ti{(SiMe2)2(η5-C5H3)2}Me2] (3) has been determined by diffraction methods.Financial support for this research by DGICYT (Project PB92-0178-C) is gratefully acknowledged. A,M. is grateful to Consejeria Educación (CAM) for a fellowship