Using EBSD and TEM-Kikuchi patterns to study local crystallography at the domain boundaries of lead zirconate titanate

Reliable EBSD mapping of 90° domains in a tetragonal ferroelectric perovskite has been achieved for the first time, together with reliable automated orientation determination from TEM-Kikuchi patterns. This has been used to determine misorientation angles at 90° domain boundaries and thus local <i>c</i>/<i>a</i> ratios. The sources of orientation noise/error and their effects on the misorientation angle data have been thoroughly analyzed and it is found that this gives a cosine distribution of misorientation angles about the mean with a characteristic width related to the width of the orientation noise distribution. In most cases, a good agreement is found between local <i>c</i>/<i>a</i> ratios and global measurements by X-ray diffraction, but some clear discrepancies have also been found suggesting that real local variations are present, perhaps as a consequence of compositional inhomogeneities

Induced four fold anisotropy and bias in compensated NiFe/FeMn double layers

A vector spin model is used to show how frustrations within a multisublattice antiferromagnet such as FeMn can lead to four-fold magnetic anisotropies acting on an exchange coupled ferromagnetic film. Possibilities for the existence of exchange bias are examined and shown to exist for the case of weak chemical disorder at the interface in an otherwise perfect structure. A sensitive dependence on interlayer exchange is found for anisotropies acting on the ferromagnet through the exchange coupling, and we show that a wide range of anisotropies can appear even for a perfect crystalline structure with an ideally flat interface.Comment: 7 pages, 7 figure

Using human induced pluripotent stem cells to treat retinal disease

AbstractThe eye is an ideal target for exploiting the potential of human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) technology in order to understand disease pathways and explore novel therapeutic strategies for inherited retinal disease. The aim of this article is to map the pathway from state-of-the art laboratory-based discoveries to realising the translational potential of this emerging technique. We describe the relevance and routes to establishing hiPSCs in selected models of human retinal disease. Additionally, we define pathways for applying hiPSC technology in treating currently incurable, progressive and blinding retinal disease

ECMO in acute and chronic adult respiratory failure: Recent trends and future directions

Minerva Anestesiologica7991059-106

Identification and quantification of stress concentrations in ferroelectrics using Kikuchi pattern indexing

Transmission electron microscopy has been used to investigate the junction between two lamellar bands in a tetragonal lead zirconate titanate (PZT) ceramic. It is found that significant bending occurs in the area due to the matching of different domains on <101> planes. Analysis of CBED patterns shows that the orientation relationships between the long boundaries between lamellae is much as expected and allows quantification of local c/a ratios. The short boundaries at the band junction, however, are highly stressed and deviate significantly from ideal misorientation values. This reveals that the areas between the 4- domain junctions in the band junction are highly stressed with peak stresses in the GPa range, which are highly likely to function as the source of microcracks under the additional strains found in device application

Study of global and local crystallography at the domain boundaries of lead zirconate titanate piezoelectric ceramics

Reliable automated orientation mapping of 90° domains in a tetragonal perovskite has been achieved for the first time using both EBSD and TEM-Kikuchi pattern analysis. This has been used to compare local measurements of c/a ratios in PZT with global measurements by X-ray diffraction. The local c/a rations are in broad agreement with the global measurements, but further work is needed to determine whether the small discrepancies are real local variations or are caused by experimental factors

A report from the pediatric formulations task force: Perspectives on the state of child-friendly oral dosage forms

Despite the fact that a significant percentage of the population is unable to swallow tablets and capsules, these dosage forms continue to be the default standard. These oral formulations fail many patients, especially children, because of large tablet or capsule size, poor palatability, and lack of correct dosage strength. The clinical result is often lack of adherence and therapeutic failure. The American Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists formed a Pediatric Formulations Task Force, consisting of members with various areas of expertise including pediatrics, formulation development, clinical pharmacology, and regulatory science, in order to identify pediatric, manufacturing, and regulatory issues and areas of needed research and regulatory guidance. Dosage form and palatability standards for all pediatric ages, relative bioavailability requirements, and small batch manufacturing capabilities and creation of a viable economic model were identified as particular needs. This assessment is considered an important first step for a task force seeking creative approaches to providing more appropriate oral formulations for children. © 2013 American Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists

Carbon onions within silica nanoshells

No abstract available