Milk Testing in Practice

DigestThere is a great variation in the producing ability of different cows. Testing eliminates the unprofitable cow and enables one to select the very best animals for breeding stock. Page 419. There are six plans or systems for determining the production of each cow. All of these plans are feasible. It is very important that an accurate sample of milk be secured and that it be properly preserved until tested. Page 420-421.Occasional farmers are keeping private records of the production of their cows. Page 422.Boys\u27 milk testing clubs have been organized for the purpose of testing individual cows. Page 422.Creamery and cream station operators cooperate to the extent of testing samples from individual cows once a month. Page 422.The cow testing association is an excellent means of determining production. Page 422-423.Official and semi-official testing is used only in the case of purebred cows. This method is absolutely accurate and forms the basis for world\u27s records. Page 423, 426.The Babcock test for butterfat has become universal. Page 427.The important steps in testing milk are sampling, measuring (17.6cc), adding acid (17.5cc), centrifuging, successive additions of hot water, tempering and reading. Pages· 427-430.The important steps in testing cream are sampling, weighing, (9 or 18 grams), adding acid, adding water if necessary, centrifuging, tempering and reading. Page 430.The testing of skim milk is similar to that of milk except that it calls for greater speed and length of time in centrifuging. Page 430-431.Defective tests are caused by specific conditions which can be corrected. Page 431.Cow testing eliminates the cow kept at a loss, raises the average production of the herd and increases the profits from dairying. Page 431

Chemical biology tools for protein labelling: insights into cell-cell communication.

Multicellular organisms require carefully orchestrated communication between and within cell types and tissues, and many unicellular organisms also sense their context and environment, sometimes coordinating their responses. This review highlights contributions from chemical biology in discovering and probing mechanisms of cell-cell communication. We focus on chemical tools for labelling proteins in a cellular context and how these can be applied to decipher the target receptor of a signalling molecule, label a receptor of interest in situ to understand its biology, provide a read-out of protein activity or interactions in downstream signalling pathways, or discover protein-protein interactions across cell-cell interfaces

Pharmacist Empathy in Smoking Cessation Counseling

Cigarette smoking and nicotine addiction are prevalent in today’s society. Approximately 19% of American adults (43.8 million people) smoke cigarettes. Smoking is associated with health risks such as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), infertility, low birth weight, respiratory symptoms, heart disease, and lung cancer and is responsible for roughly $96 billion in health care costs. Provider empathy has been proven effective in other treatments like cold and cancer; however, its effectiveness in smoking cessation has not yet been studied. Empathy is defined in two realms: cognitive and affective. In the cognitive domain, individuals have the ability to understand and view the world from another’s perspective, and in the affective domain, they can connect to the experiences or feelings of others. The twofold objective of this study is (1) to validate a modified Kiersma-Chen Empathy Scale to measure patient perceptions of provider empathy and (2) to determine if patients who view their pharmacists as empathetic achieve a higher quit rate in smoking cessation. The original Kiersma-Chen Empathy Scale is a previously-validated measure of provider empathy. Patients who are utilizing smoking cessation clinical services and meet inclusion criteria and whose quit date was at least 6 months prior, will complete three surveys 6 months after their quit date. The surveys conducted will measure patient demographics, quit status, and the patient’s perceptions of their pharmacist’s empathy (modified KCES). The collected data will be analyzed via a psychometric test to show the validity of the modified empathy scale and via a Spearman correlation to demonstrate the association between provider empathy and smoking cessation rates. The results of this study will provide beneficial information about how pharmacist’s can best assist their patients in smoking cessation, specifically regarding the empathy shown to the patient

Energies and collapse times of symmetric and symmetry-breaking states of finite systems with a U(1) symmetry

We study quantum systems of volume V, which will exhibit the breaking of a U(1) symmetry in the limit of V \to \infty, when V is large but finite. We estimate the energy difference between the `symmetric ground state' (SGS), which is the lowest-energy state that does not breaks the symmetry, and a `pure phase vacuum' (PPV), which approaches a symmetry-breaking vacuum as V \to \infty. Under some natural postulates on the energy of the SGS, it is shown that PPVs always have a higher energy than the SGS, and we derive a lower bound of the excess energy. We argue that the lower bound is O(V^0), which becomes much larger than the excitation energies of low-lying excited states for a large V. We also discuss the collapse time of PPVs for interacting many bosons. It is shown that the wave function collapses in a microscopic time scale, because PPVs are not energy eigenstates. We show, however, that for PPVs the expectation value of any observable, which is a finite polynomial of boson operators and their derivatives, does not collapse for a macroscopic time scale. In this sense, the collapse time of PPVs is macroscopically long.Comment: In the revised manuscript, Eq. (22), Ref. [8], and Notes [13], [15] and [17] have been adde

Recent advance in high manufacturing readiness level and high temperature CMOS mixed-signal integrated circuits on silicon carbide

A high manufacturing readiness level silicon carbide (SiC) CMOS technology is presented. The unique process flow enables the monolithic integration of pMOS and nMOS transistors with passive circuit elements capable of operation at temperatures of 300 °C and beyond. Critical to this functionality is the behaviour of the gate dielectric and data for high temperature capacitance–voltage measurements are reported for SiO2/4H-SiC (n and p type) MOS structures. In addition, a summary of the long term reliability for a range of structures including contact chains to both n-type and p-type SiC, as well as simple logic circuits is presented, showing function after 2000 h at 300 °C. Circuit data is also presented for the performance of digital logic devices, a 4 to 1 analogue multiplexer and a configurable timer operating over a wide temperature range. A high temperature micro-oven system has been utilised to enable the high temperature testing and stressing of units assembled in ceramic dual in line packages, including a high temperature small form-factor SiC based bridge leg power module prototype, operated for over 1000 h at 300 °C. The data presented show that SiC CMOS is a key enabling technology in high temperature integrated circuit design. In particular it provides the ability to realise sensor interface circuits capable of operating above 300 °C, accommodate shifts in key parameters enabling deployment in applications including automotive, aerospace and deep well drilling

The interpretive approach to religious education : challenging Thompson's interpretation

In a recent book chapter, Matthew Thompson makes some criticisms of my work, including the interpretive approach to religious education and the research and activity of Warwick Religions and Education Research Unit. Against the background of a discussion of religious education in the public sphere, my response challenges Thompson’s account, commenting on his own position in relation to dialogical approaches to religious education. The article rehearses my long held view that the ideal form of religious education in fully state funded schools of a liberal democracy should be ‘secular’ but not ‘secularist’; there should be no implication of an axiomatic secular humanist interpretation of religions

Interference between the halves of a double-well trap containing a Bose-Einstein condensate

Interference between the halves of a double-well trap containing a Bose-Einstein condensate is studied. It is found that when the atoms in the two wells are initially in the coherent state, the intensity exhibits collapses and revivals, but it does not for the initial Fock states. Whether the initial states are in the coherent states or in a Fock states, the fidelity time has nothing to do with collision. We point out that interference and its fidelity can be adjusted experimentally by properly preparing the number and initial states of the system.Comment: 10 pages, 3 figures, accepted by Phy. rev.

Testing Broken U(1) Symmetry in a Two-Component Atomic Bose-Einstein Condensate

We present a scheme for determining if the quantum state of a small trapped Bose-Einstein condensate is a state with well defined number of atoms, a Fock state, or a state with a broken U(1) gauge symmetry, a coherent state. The proposal is based on the observation of Ramsey fringes. The population difference observed in a Ramsey fringe experiment will exhibit collapse and revivals due to the mean-field interactions. The collapse and revival times depend on the relative strength of the mean-field interactions for the two components and the initial quantum state of the condensate.Comment: 20 Pages RevTex, 3 Figure

Growth, competition and cooperation in spatial population genetics

We study an individual based model describing competition in space between two different alleles. Although the model is similar in spirit to classic models of spatial population genetics such as the stepping stone model, here however space is continuous and the total density of competing individuals fluctuates due to demographic stochasticity. By means of analytics and numerical simulations, we study the behavior of fixation probabilities, fixation times, and heterozygosity, in a neutral setting and in cases where the two species can compete or cooperate. By concluding with examples in which individuals are transported by fluid flows, we argue that this model is a natural choice to describe competition in marine environments.Comment: 29 pages, 14 figures; revised version including a section with results in the presence of fluid flow

Religion and religious education : comparing and contrasting pupils’ and teachers’ views in an English school

This publication builds on and develops the English findings of the qualitative study of European teenagers’ perspectives on religion and religious education (Knauth et al. 2008), part of ‘Religion in Education: A contribution to dialogue or a factor of conflict in transforming societies of European countries?’ (REDCo) project. It uses data gathered from 27 pupils, aged 15-16, from a school in a multicultural Northern town in England and compares those findings with data gathered from ten teachers in the humanities faculty of the same school, collected during research for the Warwick REDCo Community of Practice. Comparisons are drawn between the teachers’ and their pupils’ attitudes and values using the same structure as the European study: personal views and experiences of religion, the social dimension of religion, and religious education in school. The discussion offers an analysis of the similarities and differences in worldviews and beliefs which emerged. These include religious commitment/observance differences between the mainly Muslim-heritage pupils and their mainly non-practising Christian-heritage teachers. The research should inform the ways in which the statutory duties to promote community cohesion and equalities can be implemented in schools. It should also facilitate intercultural and interreligious understanding between teachers and the pupils from different ethnic and religious backgrounds