Constitutional Law - Confronting Accused with Evidence Against Him as Interrogation Within the Meaning of Miranda

Hundreds of cases have grappled with the application of the United States Supreme Court\u27s decision in Miranda v. Arizona. Many of those cases have dealt with the question of what constitutes custodial interrogation requiring Miranda warnings by law enforcement officers before statements elicited from a defendant may be used against him. In State v. McLean, the North Carolina Supreme Court held that, under the facts of that case, confronting a defendant with evidence against him does not constitute interrogation. Therefore, statements made by the defendant properly were admitted against him even though he had not been advised of his rights under Miranda

Constitutional Law - Confronting Accused with Evidence Against Him as Interrogation Within the Meaning of Miranda

Hundreds of cases have grappled with the application of the United States Supreme Court\u27s decision in Miranda v. Arizona. Many of those cases have dealt with the question of what constitutes custodial interrogation requiring Miranda warnings by law enforcement officers before statements elicited from a defendant may be used against him. In State v. McLean, the North Carolina Supreme Court held that, under the facts of that case, confronting a defendant with evidence against him does not constitute interrogation. Therefore, statements made by the defendant properly were admitted against him even though he had not been advised of his rights under Miranda

Spectral convergence in tapping and physiological fluctuations: coupling and independence of 1/f noise in the central and autonomic nervous systems.

When humans perform a response task or timing task repeatedly, fluctuations in measures of timing from one action to the next exhibit long-range correlations known as 1/f noise. The origins of 1/f noise in timing have been debated for over 20 years, with one common explanation serving as a default: humans are composed of physiological processes throughout the brain and body that operate over a wide range of timescales, and these processes combine to be expressed as a general source of 1/f noise. To test this explanation, the present study investigated the coupling vs. independence of 1/f noise in timing deviations, key-press durations, pupil dilations, and heartbeat intervals while tapping to an audiovisual metronome. All four dependent measures exhibited clear 1/f noise, regardless of whether tapping was synchronized or syncopated. 1/f spectra for timing deviations were found to match those for key-press durations on an individual basis, and 1/f spectra for pupil dilations matched those in heartbeat intervals. Results indicate a complex, multiscale relationship among 1/f noises arising from common sources, such as those arising from timing functions vs. those arising from autonomic nervous system (ANS) functions. Results also provide further evidence against the default hypothesis that 1/f noise in human timing is just the additive combination of processes throughout the brain and body. Our findings are better accommodated by theories of complexity matching that begin to formalize multiscale coordination as a foundation of human behavior

Statistical quality control applied to a telemetry system acceptance prodedure Technical report no. 13

Statistical quality control applied to telemetry system acceptance procedur

Composition mechanisms for retrenchment

Retrenchment is a flexible model evolution formalism that arose as a reaction to the limitations imposed by refinement, and for which the proof obligations feature additional predicates for accommodating design data. Composition mechanisms for retrenchment are studied. Vertical, horizontal, dataflow, parallel and fusion compositions are described. Of particular note are the means by which the additional predicates compose. It is argued that all of the compositions introduced are associative, and that they are mutually coherent. Composition of retrenchment with refinement, so important for the smooth interworking of the two techniques, is discussed. Decomposition, allowing finer grained retrenchments to be extracted from a single large grained retrenchment, is also investigated

The role of working memory and contextual constraints in children's processing of relative clauses

An auditory sentence comprehension task investigated the extent to which the integration of contextual and structural cues was mediated by verbal memory span with 32 English-speaking 6- to 8-year old children. Spoken relative clause sentences were accompanied by visual context pictures which fully (depicting the actions described within the relative clause) or partially (depicting several referents) met the pragmatic assumptions of relativisation. Comprehension of the main and relative clauses of centre-embedded and right-branching structures was compared for each context. Pragmatically-appropriate contexts exerted a positive effect on relative clause comprehension, but children with higher memory spans demonstrated a further benefit for main clauses. Comprehension for centre-embedded main clauses was found to be very poor, independently of either context or memory span. The results suggest that children have access to adult-like linguistic processing mechanisms, and that sensitivity to extra-linguistic cues is evident in young children and develops as cognitive capacity increases

Using keystroke logging to understand writers’ processes on a reading-into-writing test

Background Integrated reading-into-writing tasks are increasingly used in large-scale language proficiency tests. Such tasks are said to possess higher authenticity as they reflect real-life writing conditions better than independent, writing-only tasks. However, to effectively define the reading-into-writing construct, more empirical evidence regarding how writers compose from sources both in real-life and under test conditions is urgently needed. Most previous process studies used think aloud or questionnaire to collect evidence. These methods rely on participants’ perceptions of their processes, as well as their ability to report them. Findings This paper reports on a small-scale experimental study to explore writers’ processes on a reading-into-writing test by employing keystroke logging. Two L2 postgraduates completed an argumentative essay on computer. Their text production processes were captured by a keystroke logging programme. Students were also interviewed to provide additional information. Keystroke logging like most computing tools provides a range of measures. The study examined the students’ reading-into-writing processes by analysing a selection of the keystroke logging measures in conjunction with students’ final texts and interview protocols. Conclusions The results suggest that the nature of the writers’ reading-into-writing processes might have a major influence on the writer’s final performance. Recommendations for future process studies are provided

What does it take to learn a word?

Vocabulary learning is deceptively hard, but toddlers often make it look easy. Prior theories proposed that children’s rapid acquisition of words is based on language-specific knowledge and constraints. In contrast, more recent work converges on the view that word learning proceeds via domain-general processes that are tuned to richly structured—not impoverished—input. We argue that new theoretical insights, coupled with methodological tools, have pushed the field toward an appreciation of simple, content-free processes working together as a system to support the acquisition of words. We illustrate this by considering three central phenomena of early language development: referential ambiguity, fast-mapping, and the vocabulary spurt

Division I Athletics Directors and University Presidents : A Comparison of Sport-Related Values

The purpose of this study was to analyze the moral reasoning of university presidents and athletics directors in sport settings, an area into which few initiatives have been undertaken. Electronic surveys were used to collect data from leaders of institutions currently participating in Division I intercollegiate athletics. Respondents were asked to complete an on-line survey consisting of the Hahm-Beller Values Choice Inventory (HBVCI-16) and demographic questions related to their prior undergraduate athletic involvement, occupational tenure, and gender. Eighty-six useable responses were collected. A series of ANOVAs were used to assess differences between university presidents and athletics directors on measures of moral reasoning. Results of the analysis showed no statistical significance indicating that presidents and athletics directors reason from a moderate deontological level and the conventional level of Kohlberg's hierarchy of moral reasoning. A series of additional ANOVAs found significant interactions for the variables leadership position, football division, and tenure. Findings show stakeholders involved in managing Division I athletics programs have similar ethical views in sport settings; however, variables influencing administrators' views include length of occupational tenure and the presence of a football program. These findings contribute to the body of knowledge on moral reasoning in sport settings, yet additional research should be conducted to further investigate the impact of tenure and football.Ed.D

Analysis and Prediction of Telephone Demand in Local Geographic Areas

An approach to forecasting the demand or local area telephone service is presented in this paper. The specific problem discussed is the fore­ casting of main stations in three Michigan metropolitan areas. Several different statistical models are used. The first class of models introduced uses adaptive exponential smoothing and is based solely on the past history of the time series involved. Although appropriate data at the local area level are very difficult to obtain, two exogenous time series related to household formations are used to construct more elaborate models for one of the areas. The various models are evaluated by both the average absolute and the root-mean-square forecast error. In terms of these criteria, the first class of models referred to above performs reasonably well while the second set does considerably better. This argues strongly that future improvements in forecasting accuracy will be made by the more extensive involvement of exogenous variables