THE STATE OF HEALTH OF CHILDREN, SYSTEMATICALLY ENGAGED IN SPORTS

Physical training and sport encourage the growth and development processes in optimal way The main aim of sport in this period of mass character is children's health promotion. The 3-year prospective investigations of preventive examinations results were conducted in 1210 athletes, engaged in schools of physical culture in Yekaterinburg city. Athletes engaged in mass kinds of sports (football, basketball, volleyball, tennis, gymnastics, ski races, track and field athletics, diving, figure skating, aerobics) were included in the study according to the sickness rate, physical development and morbidity. 58,9 % of childrens have an average height, 71,9 % - body weight corresponding to the height, 76,4 % - lung capacity of average or above the average value, 88,7 % - arm strength of average or above the average value. With the years the rate of athletes with body weight and arm strength of average or below the average value and with average value of lung capacity (р < 0,05) increases. For 3years the sickness rate was increased from 63,0 ± 1,4 to 73,9 ± 1,7 cases for 100 persons. In this structure the leading places are occupied by diseases of musculoskeletal system mainly because of the flat feet and scoliosis (25,8 ± 1,8), diseases of the eye and its appendages and diseases of circulatory system (5,8 ± 0,5) - because of the heart rate. Highest incidence was observed in soccer players and gymnasts. With the increase in the level of morbidity is observed the decrease of the index of health, or the percentage of children who do not have pathological deviations and chronic diseases: from 36,2 ± 2,1 % to 25,3 ± 2,8 % in the third examination. Among involved in gymnastics and football frequency of blood circulation system diseases is higher in comparison with the sportsmen of other kinds of sport. Lower incidence in other skaters and combative sports. Athletes have more self-esteem health than students of secondary schools, as well as a higher level of injury. The results indicate that exercise stimulates the processes of growth and development and promote the formation of their harmonious morphological status, and high self-rated health. However, the pressing tasks are monitoring the nature and mode of sports loadings, conditions of the training process of the trainers and medical staff, attention, medical rehabilitation and correction of the training process to the athletes with disabilities in health. Topical in separate kinds of sport is a high incidence of and complaints of poor health as a consequence of sports overloads

Sport as a factor forming the health and healthy lifestyle

То identify the role of a sport school in creating a healthy lifestyle 901 students of these schools and 119 trainers were interviewed. A comparison group was students of secondary schools not involved in sport activities, 5738 men. The study has found that the coaches are serious about preventive work and overall consider it as important one (98.3%). They are well informed about the features of the health and lifestyle of adolescents. Most coaches follow to the principles of the healthy lifestyle. However, they have difficulties in carrying preventive work out among teenagers on some issues (stress management, sex education, drug use), and lacking for information materials. Teens going in for sport have better health and sufficient level of physical activity, they are less addicted to psychoactive substances in comparison with the peers not involving in sport. However, injuries, fatigue and emotional discomfort because of the sport exercises and a poor diet are burning issues for the sportsmen.Для определения роли спортивной школы в формировании здорового образа жизни были проанкетированы обучающиеся спортивных школ, 901 человек, и 119 тренеров, работающих в этих школах. Группа сравнения - учащиеся общеобразовательных школ, не занимающиеся спортом, 5738 человек. В ходе исследования было установлено, что тренеры ответственно относятся к профилактической работе и в целом считают ее важной (98,3%). Тренеры хорошо информированы об особенностях состояния здоровья и образа жизни подростков. Большинство тренеров привержены принципам здорового образа жизни. Однако они испытывают трудности в проведении профилактической работы среди подростков по некоторым вопросам (управление стрессом, половое воспитание, использование лекарств) и отмечают недостаток информационных материалов. Подростки, занимающиеся спортом, имеют более высокий уровень здоровья, достаточный уровень физической активности, они менее вовлечены в потребление психоактивных веществ по сравнению со сверстниками, не занимающимися спортом. Однако для спортсменов актуальными проблемами являются травматизм, переутомление и психоэмоциональный дискомфорт в связи с занятиями спортом и неправильное питание

The state of health of children engaged in diving and trampolining, in the dynamics of 3 years of observation

The purpose of the study is to assess the physical development and morbidity of children engaged in trampolining and diving in the dynamics of 3-year follow-up.Цель исследования - оценить физическое развитие и заболеваемость детей, занимающихся прыжками на батуте, и прыжками в воду в динамике 3-х летнего наблюдения

Assessment of physical activity of students and adolescents

This is article presents an assessment of physical activity in schoolchildren of grades 5, 9 and 1st year students. The study showed that the level of physical activity decreases with age. For example, the frequency of walking every day decreased from 63.3% (5th and 9th grade) to 28.7% (students). Among the surveyed students, the share of those engaged in sports sections decreased from 90% (5th grade) and 77.8% (9th grade) to 25%. In comparison with school students, the frequency and duration of physical activity decreases. The results obtained indicate the need to expand the number of sports sections in higher educational institutions, the availability of sports facilities, as well as the rational distribution of free time from studyВ данной статье представлена оценка физической активности у школьников 5, 9 классов и студентов 1 курса. Исследование показало, что уровень физической активности с возрастом снижается. Например, частота прогулок каждый день уменьшилась с 63,3% (5 и 9 класс) до 28,7% (студенты). Среди опрошенных студентов снизилась доля занимающихся в спортивных секциях с 90% (5 класс) и 77,8% (9 класс) до 25%. У студентов по сравнению со школьниками уменьшается кратность и продолжительность занятий физическими нагрузками. Полученные результаты свидетельствуют о необходимости расширения числа спортивных секций в высших учебных заведениях, доступности спортивных объектов, а также рационального распределения свободного времени от учеб

Factors of colonization resistance of oral mucous membranes in individuals using dental orthopedic constructions: peculiarities of biofilm-forming activity of microorganisms

The article presents the results of assessing the biofilm-forming ability of the oral microflora in individuals using dental orthopedic constructions. It has been established that microorganisms isolated from oral fluid of persons using removable dentures and implants have a pronounced ability to form biofilms, in comparison with the microflora of persons without dental orthopedic constructions (p<0,05).В статье представлены результаты оценки биопленкообразующей способности микрофлоры ротовой полости у лиц, использующих стоматологические ортопедические конструкции. Установлено, что микроорганизмы, выделенные из ротовой жидкости лиц, использующих съемные зубные протезы и имплантаты, обладают выраженной способностью к образованию биопленок, в сравнении с микрофлорой лиц без стоматологических ортопедических конструкций (р<0,05)

Quest as an effective form of increasing motor activity

The article considers the issues of low motor activity and the formation of motivation in children to increase the level of motor activity. Achieving a positive result is possible only by developing sustainable skills for assessing one's own motor activity. The game form in the form of a quest realizes the formation of skill and motivation to actively complete tasks for participants.В статье рассмотрены вопросы низкой двигательной активности и формирование мотивации у детей к повышению уровня двигательной активности. Достижение положительного результата возможно только развитием устойчивых навыков оценки собственной двигательной активности. Формирование навыка и мотивации к активному выполнению заданий у участников реализуется благодаря игровой форме в виде квеста

Effect of SGLT2 inhibitors on stroke and atrial fibrillation in diabetic kidney disease: Results from the CREDENCE trial and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Chronic kidney disease with reduced estimated glomerular filtration rate or elevated albuminuria increases risk for ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke. This study assessed the effects of sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) on stroke and atrial fibrillation/flutter (AF/AFL) from CREDENCE (Canagliflozin and Renal Events in Diabetes With Established Nephropathy Clinical Evaluation) and a meta-Analysis of large cardiovascular outcome trials (CVOTs) of SGLT2i in type 2 diabetes mellitus. METHODS: CREDENCE randomized 4401 participants with type 2 diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease to canagliflozin or placebo. Post hoc, we estimated effects on fatal or nonfatal stroke, stroke subtypes, and intermediate markers of stroke risk including AF/AFL. Stroke and AF/AFL data from 3 other completed large CVOTs and CREDENCE were pooled using random-effects meta-Analysis. RESULTS: In CREDENCE, 142 participants experienced a stroke during follow-up (10.9/1000 patient-years with canagliflozin, 14.2/1000 patient-years with placebo; hazard ratio [HR], 0.77 [95% CI, 0.55-1.08]). Effects by stroke subtypes were: ischemic (HR, 0.88 [95% CI, 0.61-1.28]; n=111), hemorrhagic (HR, 0.50 [95% CI, 0.19-1.32]; n=18), and undetermined (HR, 0.54 [95% CI, 0.20-1.46]; n=17). There was no clear effect on AF/AFL (HR, 0.76 [95% CI, 0.53-1.10]; n=115). The overall effects in the 4 CVOTs combined were: Total stroke (HRpooled, 0.96 [95% CI, 0.82-1.12]), ischemic stroke (HRpooled, 1.01 [95% CI, 0.89-1.14]), hemorrhagic stroke (HRpooled, 0.50 [95% CI, 0.30-0.83]), undetermined stroke (HRpooled, 0.86 [95% CI, 0.49-1.51]), and AF/AFL (HRpooled, 0.81 [95% CI, 0.71-0.93]). There was evidence that SGLT2i effects on total stroke varied by baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate (P=0.01), with protection in the lowest estimated glomerular filtration rate (45 mL/min/1.73 m2]) subgroup (HRpooled, 0.50 [95% CI, 0.31-0.79]). CONCLUSIONS: Although we found no clear effect of SGLT2i on total stroke in CREDENCE or across trials combined, there was some evidence of benefit in preventing hemorrhagic stroke and AF/AFL, as well as total stroke for those with lowest estimated glomerular filtration rate. Future research should focus on confirming these data and exploring potential mechanisms

Canagliflozin and Renal Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes and Nephropathy

BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes mellitus is the leading cause of kidney failure worldwide, but few effective long-term treatments are available. In cardiovascular trials of inhibitors of sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2), exploratory results have suggested that such drugs may improve renal outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS In this double-blind, randomized trial, we assigned patients with type 2 diabetes and albuminuric chronic kidney disease to receive canagliflozin, an oral SGLT2 inhibitor, at a dose of 100 mg daily or placebo. All the patients had an estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of 30 to 300 to 5000) and were treated with renin–angiotensin system blockade. The primary outcome was a composite of end-stage kidney disease (dialysis, transplantation, or a sustained estimated GFR of <15 ml per minute per 1.73 m 2), a doubling of the serum creatinine level, or death from renal or cardiovascular causes. Prespecified secondary outcomes were tested hierarchically. RESULTS The trial was stopped early after a planned interim analysis on the recommendation of the data and safety monitoring committee. At that time, 4401 patients had undergone randomization, with a median follow-up of 2.62 years. The relative risk of the primary outcome was 30% lower in the canagliflozin group than in the placebo group, with event rates of 43.2 and 61.2 per 1000 patient-years, respectively (hazard ratio, 0.70; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.59 to 0.82; P=0.00001). The relative risk of the renal-specific composite of end-stage kidney disease, a doubling of the creatinine level, or death from renal causes was lower by 34% (hazard ratio, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.53 to 0.81; P<0.001), and the relative risk of end-stage kidney disease was lower by 32% (hazard ratio, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.54 to 0.86; P=0.002). The canagliflozin group also had a lower risk of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke (hazard ratio, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.67 to 0.95; P=0.01) and hospitalization for heart failure (hazard ratio, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.47 to 0.80; P<0.001). There were no significant differences in rates of amputation or fracture. CONCLUSIONS In patients with type 2 diabetes and kidney disease, the risk of kidney failure and cardiovascular events was lower in the canagliflozin group than in the placebo group at a median follow-up of 2.62 years

Design and baseline characteristics of the finerenone in reducing cardiovascular mortality and morbidity in diabetic kidney disease trial

Background: Among people with diabetes, those with kidney disease have exceptionally high rates of cardiovascular (CV) morbidity and mortality and progression of their underlying kidney disease. Finerenone is a novel, nonsteroidal, selective mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist that has shown to reduce albuminuria in type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) while revealing only a low risk of hyperkalemia. However, the effect of finerenone on CV and renal outcomes has not yet been investigated in long-term trials. Patients and Methods: The Finerenone in Reducing CV Mortality and Morbidity in Diabetic Kidney Disease (FIGARO-DKD) trial aims to assess the efficacy and safety of finerenone compared to placebo at reducing clinically important CV and renal outcomes in T2D patients with CKD. FIGARO-DKD is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, event-driven trial running in 47 countries with an expected duration of approximately 6 years. FIGARO-DKD randomized 7,437 patients with an estimated glomerular filtration rate >= 25 mL/min/1.73 m(2) and albuminuria (urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio >= 30 to <= 5,000 mg/g). The study has at least 90% power to detect a 20% reduction in the risk of the primary outcome (overall two-sided significance level alpha = 0.05), the composite of time to first occurrence of CV death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, or hospitalization for heart failure. Conclusions: FIGARO-DKD will determine whether an optimally treated cohort of T2D patients with CKD at high risk of CV and renal events will experience cardiorenal benefits with the addition of finerenone to their treatment regimen. Trial Registration: EudraCT number: 2015-000950-39; ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02545049

Canagliflozin and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes and nephropathy

BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes mellitus is the leading cause of kidney failure worldwide, but few effective long-term treatments are available. In cardiovascular trials of inhibitors of sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2), exploratory results have suggested that such drugs may improve renal outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS In this double-blind, randomized trial, we assigned patients with type 2 diabetes and albuminuric chronic kidney disease to receive canagliflozin, an oral SGLT2 inhibitor, at a dose of 100 mg daily or placebo. All the patients had an estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of 30 to &lt;90 ml per minute per 1.73 m2 of body-surface area and albuminuria (ratio of albumin [mg] to creatinine [g], &gt;300 to 5000) and were treated with renin–angiotensin system blockade. The primary outcome was a composite of end-stage kidney disease (dialysis, transplantation, or a sustained estimated GFR of &lt;15 ml per minute per 1.73 m2), a doubling of the serum creatinine level, or death from renal or cardiovascular causes. Prespecified secondary outcomes were tested hierarchically. RESULTS The trial was stopped early after a planned interim analysis on the recommendation of the data and safety monitoring committee. At that time, 4401 patients had undergone randomization, with a median follow-up of 2.62 years. The relative risk of the primary outcome was 30% lower in the canagliflozin group than in the placebo group, with event rates of 43.2 and 61.2 per 1000 patient-years, respectively (hazard ratio, 0.70; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.59 to 0.82; P=0.00001). The relative risk of the renal-specific composite of end-stage kidney disease, a doubling of the creatinine level, or death from renal causes was lower by 34% (hazard ratio, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.53 to 0.81; P&lt;0.001), and the relative risk of end-stage kidney disease was lower by 32% (hazard ratio, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.54 to 0.86; P=0.002). The canagliflozin group also had a lower risk of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke (hazard ratio, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.67 to 0.95; P=0.01) and hospitalization for heart failure (hazard ratio, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.47 to 0.80; P&lt;0.001). There were no significant differences in rates of amputation or fracture. CONCLUSIONS In patients with type 2 diabetes and kidney disease, the risk of kidney failure and cardiovascular events was lower in the canagliflozin group than in the placebo group at a median follow-up of 2.62 years