50 research outputs found

    Évaluation des compĂ©tences pratiques en fin de deuxiĂšme cycle des Ă©tudes mĂ©dicales : exemple du drainage du bas appareil urinaire

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    IntroductionLe drainage vĂ©sical peut, mal pratiquĂ©, ĂȘtre iatrogĂšne en se compliquant notamment d’infections et de traumatismes de l’appareil urinaire. Cette Ă©tude a pour objectif de dĂ©terminer la capacitĂ© des Ă©tudiants en mĂ©decine de fin de deuxiĂšme cycle Ă  pratiquer les diffĂ©rents moyens de drainage des urines. MatĂ©riel et mĂ©thodes Entre janvier et mars 2007, un questionnaire d’autoĂ©valuation des compĂ©tences de drainage urinaire a Ă©tĂ© envoyĂ© par mail Ă  un Ă©chantillon reprĂ©sentatif d’étudiants en mĂ©decine en derniĂšre annĂ©e d’externat, soit deux mois avant l’épreuve de l’examen national classant. RĂ©sultats Deux cent soixante-dix-sept rĂ©ponses ont Ă©tĂ© reçues et analysĂ©es. Soixante-douze Ă©tudiants (26 %) jugeaient qu’ils maĂźtrisaient le cathĂ©tĂ©risme urĂ©trovĂ©sical chez l’homme et 106 Ă©tudiants (38,3 %) chez la femme Ă  la fin de leur externat. Soixante et onze Ă©tudiants sur les 277 (25,5 %) avaient effectuĂ© un stage en urologie au cours de leur cursus. Parmi eux, 53,5 % estimaient acquis le sondage Ă  demeure (SAD) chez l’homme (p < 0,001) et 39 (54,9 %) chez la femme (p < 0,001). Soixante-treize Ă©tudiants (26,4 %) estimaient qu’ils maĂźtrisaient le sondage minute d’une femme ou d’un homme et un seul considĂ©rait la pose de cathĂ©ter sus-pubien comme acquis. Conclusion L’apprentissage des gestes de drainage urinaire est enseignĂ© de façon inappropriĂ©e au cours des Ă©tudes mĂ©dicales puisque de jeunes mĂ©decins se sentent incapables de les reproduire au terme de leur externat. Cela est critiquable, car le sondage doit pouvoir ĂȘtre rĂ©alisĂ© par tous mĂ©decins non urologues dans leur pratique quotidienne, notamment en terrain hospitalier. Cette Ă©tude doit mener Ă  une rĂ©flexion sur l’amĂ©lioration de l’enseignement des gestes pratiques mĂ©dicaux essentiels pendant l’externat

    Evidence-based medicine et étudiants en médecine français : état des lieux

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    IntroductionL’Evidence-Based Medicine (EBM) est indispensable Ă  l’exercice de la mĂ©decine. Notre objectif Ă©tait de connaĂźtre quel en Ă©tait son niveau de connaissance par les Ă©tudiants français. MatĂ©riel et MĂ©thodes Entre avril et mai 2008, un questionnaire a Ă©tĂ© envoyĂ© par courriel Ă  900 Ă©tudiants en derniĂšre annĂ©e du deuxiĂšme cycle des Ă©tudes mĂ©dicales participant Ă  des confĂ©rences publiques ou privĂ©es d’internat. RĂ©sultats Sur les 327 rĂ©ponses, 297 (91 %), 94 (29 %) et 85 (26 %) Ă©tudiants dĂ©claraient savoir lire, Ă©crire et parler l’anglais mĂ©dical. Quatre-vingt-dix Ă©tudiants (28 %) lisaient un article d’une revue mĂ©dicale française, une fois par mois et 43 (13 %) lisaient un article d’une revue mĂ©dicale internationale une fois par mois. Trois cent onze (95 %) connaissaient les bases de recherche mĂ©dicale sur Internet et 219 (67 %) les utilisaient. Vingt-quatre (7 %) avaient dĂ©jĂ  participĂ© Ă  la rĂ©daction d’un article mĂ©dical, sept (2 %) avait Ă©tĂ© co-auteurs. Deux cent soixante-douze (83 %) avait rĂ©alisĂ© une prĂ©sentation orale lors d’un staff mĂ©dical et trois (1 %) lors d’un congrĂšs. Enfin, 237 (73 %) comprenaient l’intĂ©rĂȘt de l’épreuve d’analyse critique d’article Ă  l’examen national classant (ECN) et 70 (21 %) pensaient y ĂȘtre prĂ©parĂ©s. Conclusion L’insuffisance de l’apprentissage de l’EBM est une des limites du systĂšme de formation français. L’introduction de la lecture critique d’article (LCA) Ă  l’ECN est un dĂ©but de rĂ©ponse concret Ă  ce problĂšme

    Cognitive Control and Schizophrenia: The Greatest Reliability of the Stroop Task

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    Three components of cognitive inhibition were compared in patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls. Nineteen patients with schizophrenia were compared to 30 healthy controls, matched for age, sex, and educational level. Cognitive inhibition was examined by (i) access to relevant information (Reading with distraction task), (ii) suppression of no longer relevant information (Trail Making Test B, and (iii) restraint of cognitive resources to relevant information (Stroop Test, Hayling Sentence Completion Test, Go/No-Go Test). Beck Depression Inventory, and Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale were also used. Compared to healthy controls, patients with schizophrenia and stabilized for at least 6 months were slower in the inhibition condition at the Stroop task, read more distractors at the RWD, and made more perseverative errors at the TMT, even after controlling for age, Mini-Mental State Examination score, information speed processing, and accuracy. This difference remained significant after taking into account the level of depressive symptoms and the severity of psychotic symptoms. In multivariate analyses, only the Stroop interference index explained cognitive inhibition deficit in patients with schizophrenia. The abnormal cognitive inhibition process observed in patients with schizophrenia could therefore concerns the ability to restraint, rather than the access or the suppression processes

    Enseignement et perception de l’urologie Ă  la fin du deuxiĂšme cycle des Ă©tudes mĂ©dicales : Ă©tat des lieux

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    Objectifs DĂ©terminer la perception de l’urologie par les Ă©tudiants en fin de deuxiĂšme cycle des Ă©tudes mĂ©dicales (DCEM) et connaĂźtre leurs supports d’enseignement. MatĂ©riel et mĂ©thodes Un auto-questionnaire a Ă©tĂ© diffusĂ© par internet Ă  1600 étudiants de 16 facultĂ©s au cours de leur dernier semestre de DCEM. RĂ©sultats Au total, 590 rĂ©ponses ont Ă©tĂ© reçues (36,8 %). Dans notre population, 70,2 % des Ă©tudiants Ă©taient des femmes. Parmi eux, 24,1 % avaient fait un stage en urologie. L’urologie Ă©tait considĂ©rĂ©e comme une discipline mĂ©dicale, chirurgicale et mĂ©dicochirurgicale, respectivement par 3,7 %, 37,8 % et 58 % d’entre eux. L’urologie Ă©tait considĂ©rĂ©e comme une discipline trĂšs importante, importante, peu importante et pas importante par 5,1 %, 54,4 %, 37,5 % et 2,4 % d’entre eux. Les supports d’enseignement les plus utilisĂ©s pour prĂ©parer l’examen national classant (ENC) Ă©taient les polycopiĂ©s d’internat (45,3 %), les confĂ©rences d’internat (43,7 %), le polycopiĂ© national du collĂšge d’Urologie (38,6 %) et les cours dispensĂ©s Ă  la facultĂ© (32 %). Les items d’urologie les mieux assimilĂ©s Ă©taient les pathologies lithiasiques (86,3 %), les troubles urinaires du bas appareil (76,3 %) et les cancers urologiques (56,7 %). À l’inverse, seulement 34,7 % et 28 % considĂ©raient leurs connaissances suffisantes sur la dysfonction Ă©rectile et la transplantation rĂ©nale. Enfin, 7,5 % exprimaient le souhait de devenir urologue. La rĂ©alisation d’un stage en urologie Ă©tait associĂ©e au sentiment d’avoir acquis les connaissances pour dĂ©buter l’internat (p < 0,001) et au souhait d’ĂȘtre urologue (p < 0,001). Conclusion Contre toute attente, l’urologie Ă©tait considĂ©rĂ©e comme une discipline mĂ©dicochirurgicale importante par la moitiĂ© des Ă©tudiants en fin de DCEM malgrĂ© le faible nombre d’items dĂ©diĂ©s Ă  l’urologie dans le programme de l’ENC. Un tiers d’entre eux utilisaient le polycopiĂ© national du collĂšge d’Urologie pour prĂ©parer l’ENC et un quart avait rĂ©alisĂ© un stage en urologie

    The Influence of Incorporating Plastic within Concrete and the Potential Use of Microwave Curing; A Review

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    In recent decades, researchers have used plastic to replace natural aggregates (NAs), or as filler and fibre within the concrete. This particular paper puts forward a review that gives comprehensive consideration to the properties and drawbacks, of concrete that contains plastic. As such, it may be hypothesised that poor bond capacity and higher air content due to inclusion of plastic aggregate (PA) within concrete are the predominant factors that reduce the properties in terms of mechanics and durability. In that regard, this study has put forward a new method of curing using microwave irradiation for improvement with respect to those factors. So, that there can be further improvement with regard to overall durability with respect to advanced chemical and hydrophobic resistivity and enhanced performance for conventional concrete with respect to bonding and ductility

    Optimisation of radio frequency assisted extraction of apple peel extract: Total phenolic contents and antioxidant activity

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    The objective of this study is to determine the optimum operating conditions of apple peel extraction process using a novel extraction method known as radio frequency assisted extraction (RFAE). Apple peel extract with the highest total phenolic contents and antioxidant activity is targeted in this study. RFAE is a green extraction method which operates based on the dielectric heating concept. Response surface methodology was employed for designing the experiment, analysing the effects and optimising the extraction conditions for RFAE of apple peel phenolic compounds. The effects of ethanol concentration (10 - 70 %), mixing speed (10 - 320 mL N2/min), solid to liquid ratio (0.002 - 0.02 g/mL) and RF power (200 - 400 W) on total phenolic compounds and DPPH radical scavenging activity efficiency were investigated in order to understand and improve the RFAE performance. All processing parameters exert significant effects on the total phenolic compounds and radical scavenging activity of the apple peel extract. The highest recovery of TPC with a value of 121.87 mg GAE/ g DW can be achieved if the extraction is performed using 42.67 % ethanol concentration, mixing speed of 320 mL N2/min, solid to liquid ratio of 0.0114 g/mL and power at 400 W. The maximum value of DPPH (94.54 %) can be achieved if the extraction is performed using an ethanol concentration, mixing speed, solid to liquid ratio and power of 37.33 %, 165 mL N2/min, 0.02 g/mL and 400 W

    Semisynthetic transformation of banana peel to enhance the conversion of sugars to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural

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    This study aimed to efficiently convert banana peels (BP) into 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) by using an integrated mechanoenzymatic/catalytic approach. There is no report on HMF production using mechanoenzymatic hydrolysis. Moreover, this method enables saccharification of lignocellulose without bulk solvents or pretreatment. The effects of the reaction volume, milling time, and reactive aging (RAging) on the mechanoenzymatic hydrolysis of BP were studied. The solvent-free enzymatic hydrolysis of BP under RAging conditions was found to provide higher glucose (40.5 wt%) and fructose (17.2 wt%) yields than chemical hydrolysis. Next, the conversion of the resulting monosaccharides into HMF in the presence of the AlCl₃∙H₂O/HCl-DMSO/H₂O system resulted in 71.9 mol% yield, which is so far the highest HMF yield obtained from cellulosic food wastes. Under identical reaction conditions, direct conversion of untreated BP to HMF yielded 22.7 mol% HMF, suggesting that mechanoenzymatic hydrolysis greatly promotes the release of sugars from BP to improve HMF yield

    Complete sequence of Euglena gracilis chloroplast DNA.

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    We report the complete DNA sequence of the Euglena gracilis, Pringsheim strain Z chloroplast genome. This circular DNA is 143,170 bp, counting only one copy of a 54 bp tandem repeat sequence that is present in variable copy number within a single culture. The overall organization of the genome involves a tandem array of three complete and one partial ribosomal RNA operons, and a large single copy region. There are genes for the 16S, 5S, and 23S rRNAs of the 70S chloroplast ribosomes, 27 different tRNA species, 21 ribosomal proteins plus the gene for elongation factor EF-Tu, three RNA polymerase subunits, and 27 known photosynthesis-related polypeptides. Several putative genes of unknown function have also been identified, including five within large introns, and five with amino acid sequence similarity to genes in other organisms. This genome contains at least 149 introns. There are 72 individual group II introns, 46 individual group III introns, 10 group II introns and 18 group III introns that are components of twintrons (introns-within-introns), and three additional introns suspected to be twintrons composed of multiple group II and/or group III introns, but not yet characterized. At least 54,804 bp, or 38.3% of the total DNA content is represented by introns
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