Incorporating the water footprint and virtual water into policy: reflections from the Mancha Occidental Region, Spain

Water resource management is often a controversial issue in semiarid regions. Most water resources experts admit that water conflicts are not caused by the physical water scarcity but they are mainly due to inadequate water management. The virtual water concept (the volume of water used in the production of a commodity, good or service) together with the water footprint (indicator of water consumption that looks at both direct and indirect water use of a consumer or producer), links a large range of sectors and issues, thus providing a potentially appropriate framework to support more optimal water management practices by informing production and trade decisions. This paper provides an analysis of these two concepts within the context of the Mancha Occidental region, Spain, exploring the hydrological and economic aspects of agricultural production. In doing so, this work not only distinguishes between green and blue water but also between surface and groundwater. We conclude by discussing the practical implications of the results, as well as their potential limitations from the policy standpoint

Análisis de lineamientos detectados por sensores remotos sobre imágenes landsat: la influencia del factor humano y su relevancia en estudios tectónicos o de investigación minera

[Abstract] In the present work we deal with the influence of the so-called «human component » on lineament photointerpretation and LANDSAT images. The statistical study of the lineaments drawn by three different analysts on the same LANDSTAT image is performed, being the tested a geologically well-known portion of the Iberian Hercynian Mássif: the Badajoz-C6rdoba Shear Zone. The results obtained let us consider attentively the role played by the analyst subjectivity on the finallineament networks. As a result, the consequence of the studies of this type on mineral exploration and tectonics are discussed, being undeniable the validity of this technique.[Resumen] En este trabajo se estudia la influe'ncia del que se ha dado en denominar «componente humano» en la fotointerpretación de lineamentos estructurales sobre imágenes LANDSAT. Se realiza un estudio estadístico de las fotolíneas dibujadas sobre un mismo soporte fotográfico por tres analistas diferentes. El área uálizada para la realización de la prueba es el Corredor Blastomilonítico de Badajoz Córdoba, una región relativamente bien conocida del Macizo Ibérico. Los resultados y conclusiones alcanzados permiten efectuar una estimación semicuantitativa del papel jugado por la subjetividad del analista sobre las redes de fotolíneas obtenidas. Las principales consecuencias que se derivan de este estudio son discutidas desde la perspectiva de la tectónica y de la exploración mineral, resaltando la validez de la técnica de teledetección utilizada

Nest-site discrimination of some passeriformes

The nest-site selection of some Passeriformes birds has been studied in a disturbed Mediterrahean habitat where the scrub undergrowth, bush layer and some parts of the wood are of secondary growtti. A partially random sampling of the study área was carried out and we have used the stepwise discriminant analysis to compare the sampling data with eách of the species. We have indentified vegetation and topographical characteristics that discrimínate the nest-site habitat of each species from available habitat, which is composed of used and not used habitat. The dispersión of species through the área could be explained by the different patterns pf correlation they display in relation to some observation variables. These patterns would deccrease the spatial overlap and promote coexistence between species.Se ha estudiado la selección de lugar de nidificación de algunas aves Passeriformes en un biotopo perturbado de tipo mediterráneo donde el sotobosque de matorral, el estrato arbustivo y parte del estrato arbóreo son de crecimiento secundario. Se llevó a cabo un muestreo parcialmente al azar del área de estudio y utilizamos el análisis discriminante por etapas para comparar los datos de ese muestreo con los de los nidos de cada especie. Hemos identificado características de la vegetación y topográficas que discriminan el habitat de nidificación de cada especie del habitat total disponible, compuesto éste por habitat usado y no usado. Los diferentes patrones-de asociación exhibidos por las especies en relación con algunas variables de observación pueden explicar, al menos en parte, su dispersión por el área disminuyendo el solapamiento espacial y promoviendo su coexistencia

Multivariate data envelopment analysis to measure airline efficiency in european airspace: a network-based approach

In this paper, data envelopment analysis (DEA) is applied to exhaustively examine the efficiency of the main airline companies in the European airspace by using novel input/output parameters: business management factors, network analysis metrics, as well as social media estimators. Furthermore, we also use network analysis to provide a better differentiation among efficiency values. Results indicate that user engagement, as well as the analysis of the position within the airspace-from an operative perspective, influence the efficiency of the airline companies, allowing a more comprehensive understanding of its functioning

An anodeless tether generator

A new simple concept for electron collection by an electrodynamic tether is presented. No anodic contactor Is needed, the tether itself, left bare, drawing a current with neither shielding nor magnetic effects. Application to a generator is discussed

Current-voltage response of a spherical plasma contactor

A theoretical model for a contactor, collecting electrons from an ambient, unmagnetized plasma and emitting a current Iiis discussed. The relation between Ii and the potential bias of the contactor is found to be crucial for the formation of a quasineutral core around the anode and, consequently, for the current colleted. Approximate analytical laws and charts for the current-voltage response are provided

Decision making in reinsurance with induced OWA operators and Minkowski distances

The decision to choose a reinsurance program has many complexities because it is difficult to simultaneously achieve high levels in different optimal criteria including maximum gain, minimum variance, and probability of ruin. This article suggests a new method by which, through membership functions, we can measure the distance of each alternative to an optimal result and aggregate it by using different types of aggregations. In this article, particular attention is given to the induced Minkowski ordered weighted averaging distance operator and the induced Minkowski probabilistic ordered weighted averaging distance operator. The main advantage of these operators is that they include a wide range of special cases. Thus, they can adapt efficiently to the specific needs of the calculation processes. By doing so, the reinsurance system can make better decisions by using different scenarios in the uncertain environment considered

An upper atmospheric probe for auroral effects

An electrically floating bare tether in LEO orbit may serve as upper atmospheric probe. Ambient ions bombard the negatively biased tether and liberate secondary electrons, which accelerate through the same voltage to form a magnetically guided planar e-beam resulting in auroral effects at the E-layer. This beam is free from the S/C charging and plasma interaction problems of standard e-beams. The energy flux is weak but varies accross the large beam cross section, allowing continuous observation from the S/C. A brightness scan of line-integrated emissions, that mix emitting altitudes and tether points originating the electrons, is analysed. The tether is magnetically dragged at nighttime operation, when power supply and plasma contactor at the S/C are off for electrical floating; power and contactor are on at daytime for partial current reversal, resulting in thrust. System requirements for keeping average orbital height are discussed

Decision-making processes of non-life insurance pricing using fuzzy logic and OWA operators

Setting a commercial premium for an insurance policy is a complex process, even, though statistical tools provide fairly reliable information on the behavior of the frequency and cost of claims differentiated by risk profiles reflected in pure premium calculations. However lately setting the price the customer must pay has not been easy, because of the uncertainty of, having to use subjective criteria to analyze how demand may be affected by different price alternatives and economic situations. This article aims to develop this process in two stages. The first stage is carried out with the opinion of experts applied to uncertain numbers and Ordered Weighted Average (OWA) operators to assess the overall benefits of each profile to choose the best alternative. The second stage, which uses Heavy OWA (HOWA) operators, is based on the results obtained in the first stage and chooses a general price alternative for all profiles

Mimicking tricks from nature with sensory organic-inorganic hybrid materials

Design strategies for (bio)chemical systems that are inspired by nature's accomplishments in system design and operation on various levels of complexity are increasingly gaining in importance. Within the broad field of biomimetic chemistry, this article highlights various attempts toward improved and sophisticated sensory materials that rely on the combination of supramolecular (bio)chemical recognition principles and nanoscopic solid structures. Examples range from more established concepts such as hybrid sensing ensembles with improved sensitivity and selectivity or for target analytes for which selectivity is hard to achieve by conventional methods, which were often inspired by protein binding pockets or ion channels in membranes, to very recent approaches relying on target-gated amplified signalling with functionalised mesoporous inorganic supports and the integration of native biological sensory species such as transmembrane proteins in spherically supported bilayer membranes. 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A Selective Fluoroionophore Based on BODIPY-functionalized Magnetic Silica Nanoparticles: Removal of Pb2+ from Human Blood. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 48(7), 1239-1243. doi:10.1002/anie.200804714Haupt, K., & Mosbach, K. (2000). Molecularly Imprinted Polymers and Their Use in Biomimetic Sensors. Chemical Reviews, 100(7), 2495-2504. doi:10.1021/cr990099wWulff, G. (2002). Enzyme-like Catalysis by Molecularly Imprinted Polymers. Chemical Reviews, 102(1), 1-28. doi:10.1021/cr980039aSellergren, B. (1997). Noncovalent molecular imprinting: antibody-like molecular recognition in polymeric network materials. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 16(6), 310-320. doi:10.1016/s0165-9936(97)00027-7D�az-Garc�a, M. E., & La�n�o, R. B. (2004). Molecular Imprinting in Sol-Gel Materials: Recent Developments and Applications. Microchimica Acta, 149(1-2), 19-36. doi:10.1007/s00604-004-0274-7Bossi, A., Bonini, F., Turner, A. P. F., & Piletsky, S. A. (2007). 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