FACTORS INFLUENCE ON GROWTH, DON AND NIV PRODUCTION BY TWO SPECIES OF FUSARIUM ISOLATED FROM FINGER MILLETS [ELEUSINE CORACANA L.]

Objective: The present investigations (In vitro) on an influence of different synthetic and food based [flour] media, pH, temperature and microbial nutrients on growth, Deoxynivalenol [DON] and Nivalenol [NIV] production by Fusarium aethiopicum and F. culmorum was carried out.Methods: Fusarium species associated with the finger millets were isolated and identified phenotypically and further confirmed by molecular methods by Polymerase Chain Reaction [PCR]. Monosporic seven day old F. aethiopicum and F. culmorum were grown in CYA broth and incubated at 27±2°C on rotary shaker for 21 days at 120 rpm. At the end of 21 day incubation period, cultures were harvested for determination of fungal biomass. The resultant culture filtrates were extracted twice with ethyl acetate and concentrated to get and final concentration of 1 ml in methanol and employed for RP-HPLC analysis for detection of DON and NIV production.Results: Finger millets flour medium induced the highest amount of mycelial growth, DON and NIV production by F. aethiopicum. However, F. culmorum achieved highest amount of hyphal growth, DON and NIV production under the influence of yeast extract sucrose [YES] medium. Maize flour medium, rice flour medium and sorghum flour medium was next preffered substrates. Optimum pH of 5.5-6.5 and temperature of 20-35°C for growth, DON and NIV production was observed. Both the species of Fusarium failed to grow and produce toxins at pH 2.5-3.5 and temperature of 40°C. Yeast extract was most favorable for maximum DON and NIV production, which increased with an increase in its concentration. On the other hand, malt extract and beef extract induced good growth and mycotoxin production at comparatively higher concentration in both the species of Fusarium under study.Conclusion: Comparatively food based media were the better substrates than synthetic media for both growth and DOIN and NIV production by two species of Fusarium under investigation. A positive correlation coefficient [r] on growth [0.458], DON [0.744] and NIV [0.882] was recorded among the media and both the species of Fusarium

INFLUENCE OF CARBON AND NITROGEN SOURCE ON GROWTH, DON AND NIV PRODUCTION BY TWO SPECIES OF FUSARIUM ISOLATED FROM FINGER MILLETS

Objective: Influence of different carbon [C] and nitrogen [N] source on the growth and Deoxynivalenol [DON] and Nivalenol [NIV] production by Fusarium aethiopicum and Fusarium culmorum was investigated.Methods: Seven days old monosporic cultures of F. aethiopicum strain GSKUMB [KJ21085] and F. culmorum strain GSKUMB [KJ190159] were grown in CYA broth and incubated at 27±2°C on the rotary shaker at 120 rpm for 21 days. At the end of incubation period, cultures were harvested for determination of fungal growth (biomass). The resultant culture filtrates were extracted twice with ethyl acetate and concentrated. One ml of final concentrate in methanol was employed for detection of DON and NIV with the help of RP-HPLC.Results: The highest amount of DON and NIV were produced by F. aethiopicum in the presence of D-mannose and D-galactose as C source, while the highest amount of biomass was recorded on maltose and succinic acid. F. culmorum produced maximum amount of toxins in the presence of D-glucose, D-mannitol and D-fructose. Sodium nitrate was most favorable nitrogen source as it induced maximum amount of toxins by F. aethiopicum, while L-methionine, L-asparatic acid and L-tryptophan were next preferred N source. In contrast, highest biomass of fungus was obtained with L-lysine, L-glutamine and L-tyrosine. F. culmorum produced maximum amount of toxin and biomass with potassium nitrate and L-tyrosine respectively.Conclusion: Present species of Fusarium differed varied both in toxins (DON, and NIV) and biomass production. Their response of fungi under investigation towards C and N sources is also varied.Â

Henry reactions catalysed by modified Mg-Al hydrotalcite: an efficient reusable solid base for selective synthesis of β-nitroalkanols

Henry reactions have been performed for the first time with suitably activated Mg-Al hydrotalcite as catalyst in quantitative yields in the liquid phase under mild reaction conditions and with low reaction times. Exclusive synthesis of β-nitroalkanols (3) is realised by the compatible basic Bronsted hydroxy sites of the modified hydrotalcite. Reusability with consistent activity and selectivity for a number of cycles is established indicating that the hydrated hydrotalcite employed here is a potentially eco-friendly catalyst which can replace soluble bases in commercial synthesis

Comparative Analysis between DVR and D - STATCOM for DFIG Based WECS Integrated to Grid

The instabilities in the power supply, such as voltage spikes, transients, and distorted waves, can cause consumer electronics to malfunction or even fail altogether. It is one of the biggest worries for gridconnected WECS in the present and future.In a variety of ways, specialized power electrical devices can improve power quality. These days, power applications make use of a broad variety of flexible controllers that take use of advanced power electronic components.In order to effectively minimize various forms of power quality concerns in a grid-connected wind energy conversion system, this article evaluates the reliability of two distinctive electrical devices, the Distribution Static Compensator (DSTATCOM) and the Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR). MATLAB/SIMULINK is used to examine the devices’ performance

Efficiency Improvement of Rotary Compressor by Improving the Discharge path through Simulation

To help raise consumer awareness on saving energy and create more energy efficient appliances, the government is upgrading the requirements of star rating of air conditioners. The enhanced star rating in air conditioners will significantly support the energy conservation and protect the environment by reducing greenhouse gas emissions in the fight against climate change. The increasing demand for star rated air-conditioners is compelling the compressor designers to develop & optimize more energy-efficient components. This paper deals with discharge port optimization in a rotary compressor, which is heart of an air-conditioner. The existing discharge port is studied & analyzed for the performance in the aspect of its capacity, EER, mass flow rate, over pressure power, area of PV diagram, motor power, valve functioning & stability. The port is redesigned to obtain improved performance, by analyzing the compressor performance parameters. Analysis is performed to study the stresses on the discharge valve and valve lift. Computational fluid dynamics is used to observe the flow behavior & pressure phenomenon in the rotary compressor, since the compressor shell accumulates the discharge gas pressure. The results are validated with the test and improved EER is observed

Meeting IMT 2030 Performance Targets: The Potential of OTFDM Waveform and Structural MIMO Technologies

The white paper focuses on several candidate technologies that could play a crucial role in the development of 6G systems. Two of the key technologies explored in detail are Orthogonal Time Frequency Division Multiplexing (OTFDM) waveform and Structural MIMO (S-MIMO)

An integration of attachment theory and reinforcement sensitivity theory

This thesis examined how relationship experiences shape people\u27s sensitivity to detect threat and reward in romantic relationships and substance use scenarios. Findings indicated that anxious individuals experienced difficulty in distinguishing between threat and reward. In contrast, avoidant individuals were quick to detect threat either fleeing or confronting the problem aggressively

Opto-electrical characterisation of In-doped SnS thin films for photovoltaic applications

[EN] Spray pyrolised SnS thin films doped with indium were studied using various optical and electrical techniques.Structural analysis shows that all films crystallise in an orthorhombic structurewith (111) as a preferential direction, without secondary phases. The doping of SnS layers with indium results in better morphology with increased grain size. Absorption measurements indicate a dominant direct transition with energy decreasing from around 1.7 eV to 1.5 eV with increased indium supply. Apart from the direct transition, an indirect one, of energy of around 1.05 eV, independent of indiumdoping, was identified. The photoluminescence study revealed two donors to acceptor transitions between two deep defect levels and one shallower one, with an energy of around 90 meV. The observed transitions did not depend significantly on In concentration. The conductivitymeasurements reveal thermal activation of conductivity with energy decreasing from around 165 meV to 145 meV with increased In content.This work was supported by the Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad (ENE2016-77798-C4-2-R) and Generalitat Valenciana (Prometeus 2014/044).Urbaniak, A.; Pawlowski, M.; Marzantowicz, M.; Sall, T.; Marí, B. (2017). Opto-electrical characterisation of In-doped SnS thin films for photovoltaic applications. Thin Solid Films. 636:158-163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2017.06.001S15816363

Analysis of the current-voltage characteristics of the Pd/Au Schottky structure on n-type GaN in a wide temperature range

We report on the temperature-dependent electrical characteristics of the Au/Pd/ n-GaN Schottky diode in the temperature range of 90-410 K. The barrier heights and ideality factors of Schottky diodes were found in the range 0.23 eV and 3.5 at 90 K to 0.97 eV and 1.9 at 410 K, respectively. It was observed that the zero bias barrier height Phi(bo) decreases and the ideality factor n increases with a decrease in temperature. Such behavior is attributed to barrier inhomogeneities by assuming a Gaussian distribution of barrier heights at the interface. The estimated values of series resistance (RS) are in the range of 636 Omega at 90 K to 220 Omega at 410 K using Cheung's method. Based on the above observations, the Phi(bo), n and RS values are seen to be strongly temperature dependent. The flat-band barrier height Phi(bf) (T = 0 K) and temperature coefficient a were found to be 0.67 eV and 2.81 x 10(-3) eV K-1, respectively. Further, the homogeneous barrier height is estimated from the linear relationship between temperature-dependent experimental effective barrier heights and ideality factors and the value is approximately 1.31 eV. The effective Richardson constant is determined to be 20.43 A cm(-2) K-2 and is in good agreement with the theoretical value. It is concluded that the temperature-dependent I-V characteristics of the Au/Pd/ n-GaN Schottky diode can be successfully explained on the basis of thermionic emission (TE) mechanism with the Gaussian distribution of the barrier heights

Synthesis and anti-microbial activity of new (1-alkyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methyl-2H-chromene-3-carboxylates: A click chemistry approach

A series of new 1,4 disubstituted (1-alkyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methyl-2H-chromene-3-carboxylates (4ai–4eiii) have been efficiently synthesized in moderate to excellent yields by the 1,3 dipolar cycloaddition between 2-propynyl-2H-chromene-3-carboxylates 3a–e and various alkyl azides under Cu(I) catalyzed conditions. The structures of the synthesized compounds are established based on IR, NMR, MASS Spectrometric methods and elemental analyses. The antibacterial and antifungal activities of synthesized compounds were evaluated. Compounds 4biii, 4ei, 4dii, 4ai, 4aii, 4bii showed good activity against bacterial strains and the compounds 4bi, 4eii against fungal strains