Оптимизированный процесс обмена данными в период между проектированием и производством

Growing vehicle variant diversity, legal requirements to reduce fleet CO2 emissions and innovations in the area of drive train technologies, coupled with the increasing pressure to cut costs, pose new challenges for parties in the automotive sector. An implementation of optimized development and production processes supports the effective handling of these challenges. One important aspect includes engineering efficiency improvement by optimizing the entire automotive bodywork development process and the involved data management. Research activities focus on the data exchange processes between design, simulation and production engineering within various CAx environments. This concerns constantly changing boundary conditions and requirements in the area of automotive body development, including but not limited to the introduction of new materials and material combinations and new types of joining technologies. From the viewpoint of an automotive engineering supplier, additional challenges caused by different customer-related development environments have to be considered. To overcome these challenges, various data exchange strategies between OEMs (Original Equipment Manufacturer), automotive suppliers and the use of different data management tools need to be investigated. In this context, the paper presents an approach of an optimized data exchange process of CAD-based data between different CAD (Computer-Aided Design) and CAM (Computer-Aided Manufacturing) environments that supports the entire body development, including data provision for manufacturing engineering. In addition, an optimization of data exchange processes saves development costs and improves the product quality.Растущее разнообразие вариантов транспортных средств, законодательные требования по сокращению выбросов CO2 ими, инновации в области технологий трансмиссии в сочетании с усиливающимся давлением, направленным на сокращение расходов, ставят новые задачи перед участниками автомобильного сектора. Внедрение оптимизированных процессов разработки и производства поддерживает эффективное решение этих проблем. Одним из важных аспектов является повышение эффективности инженерных решений за счет оптимизации всего процесса разработки кузова и управления данными. Исследовательская деятельность сосредоточена на процессах обмена данными на этапах проектирования, моделирования и производства в различных средах САх. Это касается постоянно меняющихся граничных условий и требований к разработке кузовов автомобилей, включая, помимо прочего, внедрение новых материалов и их комбинаций, а также новых технологий сборки. С точки зрения поставщика автомобильной техники, необходимо учитывать дополнительные факторы, вызванные различными средами проведения разработки, которые обусловлены потребностями пользователя. Чтобы решить эти проблемы, нужно изучить стратегии обмена данными между ОЕМ-производителями (ОЕМ – производитель оригинального оборудования) и поставщиками автомобилей с использованием различных инструментов. В статье представлен оптимизированный процесс обмена данными на основе САD (компьютерное проектирование) между различными средами CAD и CAM (компьютерное производство), который поддерживает разработку всего кузова, включая предоставление необходимых показателей для производственного цикла. Кроме того, оптимизация процессов обмена данными позволяет уменьшить затраты на разработку и улучшить качество продукции

Проектирование электрических силовых установок при поддержке многоцелевыми стратегиями оптимизации

Electric drive systems consisting of battery, inverter, electric motor and gearbox are applied in hybridor purely electric vehicles. The layout process of such propulsion systems is performed on system level under consideration of various component properties and their interfering characteristics. In addition, different boundary conditions are taken under account, e. g. performance, efficiency, packaging, costs. In this way, the development process of the power train involves a broad range of influencing parameters and periphery conditions and thus represents a multi-dimensional optimization problem. Stateof-the-art development processes of mechatronic systems are usually executed according to the V-model, which represents a fundamental basis for handling the complex interactions of the different disciplines involved. In addition, stage-gate processes and spiral models are applied to deal with the high level of complexity during conception, design and testing. Involving a large number of technical and economic factors, these sequential, recursive processes may lead to suboptimal solutions since the system design processes do not sufficiently consider the complex relations between the different, partially conflicting domains. In this context, the present publication introduces an integrated multi-objective optimization strategy for the effective conception of electric propulsion systems, which involves a holistic consideration of all components and requirements in a multi-objective manner. The system design synthesis is based on component-specific Pareto-optimal designs to handle performance, efficiency, package and costs for given system requirements. The results are displayed as Pareto-fronts of electric power train system designs variants, from which decision makers are able to choose the best suitable solution. In this way, the presented system design approach for the development of electrically driven axles enables a multi-objective optimization considering efficiency, performance, costs and package. It is capable to reduce development time and to improve overall system quality at the same time.Системы электропривода, состоящие из аккумулятора, инвертора, электродвигателя и коробки передач, применяются в гибридных или чисто электрических транспортных средствах. Процесс компоновки таких движительных систем осуществляется на системном уровне с учетом различных свойств компонентов и их интерферирующих характеристик. Кроме того, учитываются разные граничные условия, например технические характеристики, эффективность, комплектование, стоимость. Таким образом, процесс разработки силовой передачи включает в себя широкий диапазон влияющих параметров и периферических условий и тем самым представляет собой проблему многомерной оптимизации. Современные процессы разработки мехатронных систем обычно выполняются в соответствии с V-моделью, которая представляет собой фундаментальную основу для управления сложными взаимодействиями различных дисциплин. Кроме того, применяются этапные процессы и спиральные модели, чтобы справиться с высоким уровнем сложности при разработке, проектировании и тестировании. Вовлекая большое количество технических и экономических факторов, эти последовательные рекурсивные процессы могут привести к неоптимальным решениям, поскольку процессы проектирования системы недостаточно учитывают сложные отношения между различными, частично конфликтующими областями. В этом контексте настоящая публикация представляет интегрированную многоцелевую стратегию оптимизации для эффективной концепции электрических силовых установок, включающую комплексное рассмотрение всех компонентов и требований на многоцелевой основе. Синтез системного дизайна основан на Парето-оптимальных конструкциях со специфическими компонентами с целью обеспечения работы, эффективности, комплектации и затрат, предусмотренных для данной системы. Результаты отображаются в виде Парето-фронтов вариантов систем электрических трансмиссий, из которых лица, принимающие решения, могут выбрать наиболее подходящее из них. Таким образом, представленный подход к проектированию системы для разработки осей с электрическим приводом обеспечивает многоцелевую оптимизацию с учетом эффективности, функционирования, стоимости и комплектации. Данный подход позволяет сократить время разработки и одновременно обеспечить улучшение качества системы

A reevaluation of forces measured across thin polymer films : nonequillibrium and pinning effects

We have measured forces between molecularly smooth solid surfaces separated by thin films of molten polydimethylsiloxane. We show that a long-range repulsion reported in earlier work is not an equilibrium force, but can be attributed to viscous drag effects. Consistent with previous results, the viscosity of the film can be modeled by assuming that a layer of polymer molecules is immobilized or &lsquo;&lsquo;pinned&rsquo;&rsquo; at each surface for a time longer than the time scale of the measurements. We propose that this pinning is a result of entanglement-like effects in the vicinity of a wall. <br /

Detection and elimination of cellular bottlenecks in protein-producing yeasts

Yeasts are efficient cell factories and are commonly used for the production of recombinant proteins for biopharmaceutical and industrial purposes. For such products high levels of correctly folded proteins are needed, which sometimes requires improvement and engineering of the expression system. The article summarizes major breakthroughs that led to the efficient use of yeasts as production platforms and reviews bottlenecks occurring during protein production. Special focus is given to the metabolic impact of protein production. Furthermore, strategies that were shown to enhance secretion of recombinant proteins in different yeast species are presented

Expression and purification of recombinant G protein-coupled receptors: A review

Given their extensive role in cell signalling, GPCRs are significant drug targets; despite this, many of these receptors have limited or no available prophylaxis. Novel drug design and discovery significantly rely on structure determination, of which GPCRs are typically elusive. Progress has been made thus far to produce sufficient quantity and quality of protein for downstream analysis. As such, this review highlights the systems available for recombinant GPCR expression, with consideration of their advantages and disadvantages, as well as examples of receptors successfully expressed in these systems. Additionally, an overview is given on the use of detergents and the styrene maleic acid (SMA) co-polymer for membrane solubilisation, as well as purification techniques

Имитационная модель для оценки управляемости автомобилем и оптимизация гибридной силовой установки

The growing electrification of vehicle drive trains is increasing their complexity significantly. The interactions between the different drive train components should not be noticed negatively by the occupants, which is considered as good drivability and thus contributes to increasing customer acceptance. Today’s development processes of hybrid- and electric driven cars consider energy management in earlier development phases as drivability optimization. In these early development phases, fuel- and energy consumption are optimized on the basis of standardized driving cycles. Drivability aspects and influences of real driving operation are not integrated until the prototype phase. In this way, modifications of drivabilityrelevant aspects phase are limited, which restricts the potential to find optimal solutions. In this context, the submitted paper presents an approach for assessment and optimization of the drivability of hybrid drive trains in the virtual development process. The created simulation model is exemplarily based on the P2-hybrid drive train of a VW Passat GTE. For the validation of the drive train model and the assessment of drivability, defined maneuvers were carried out on a test track and compared with the results of maneuver simulations. By simulating different driving maneuvers, the resulting acceleration oscillations, which affect the passenger, are calculated and evaluated from the aspect of drivability. The assessment method is derived from a VDI directive dealing with the effects of vibrations on the wellbeing and human health. In order to identify the influencing factors of different maneuvers and parameters of the drive train components, both were varied in the study. It turned out that change of gears and closing of the clutch had the greatest influence on the drivability and thus has the greatest potential for optimizing design and control strategy of hybrid drive trains. In this way, the presented approach enables the assessment and optimization of drivability of hybrid drive trains in the early development phase and thus reduces the gap between virtual development and prototype phase

Оптимизированный процесс обмена данными в период между проектированием и производством

Growing vehicle variant diversity, legal requirements to reduce fleet CO2 emissions and innovations in the area of drive train technologies, coupled with the increasing pressure to cut costs, pose new challenges for parties in the automotive sector. An implementation of optimized development and production processes supports the effective handling of these challenges. One important aspect includes engineering efficiency improvement by optimizing the entire automotive bodywork development process and the involved data management. Research activities focus on the data exchange processes between design, simulation and production engineering within various CAx environments. This concerns constantly changing boundary conditions and requirements in the area of automotive body development, including but not limited to the introduction of new materials and material combinations and new types of joining technologies. From the viewpoint of an automotive engineering supplier, additional challenges caused by different customer-related development environments have to be considered. To overcome these challenges, various data exchange strategies between OEMs (Original Equipment Manufacturer), automotive suppliers and the use of different data management tools need to be investigated. In this context, the paper presents an approach of an optimized data exchange process of CAD-based data between different CAD (Computer-Aided Design) and CAM (Computer-Aided Manufacturing) environments that supports the entire body development, including data provision for manufacturing engineering. In addition, an optimization of data exchange processes saves development costs and improves the product quality