Decentralization Policy and The Struggle for Authority Over Forest Resources in Tebo Regency, Jambi

Kebijakan desentralisasi atau yang umum dikenal dengan istilah otonomi daerah mengamanatkan kepada pusat untuk menyerahkan berbagai kewenangan pemerintahan kepadadaerah. Penyerahan kewenangan kepada daerah ini dimaksudkan agar tata pemerintahan dan pelayanan publik dapat berjalan secara lebih efektif dan efisien. Namun, peralihan sistem pemerintahan dari sentralisasi ke desentralisasi tidak selamanya berjalan lurus mulus. Ketegangan hubungan pusat dan daerah terjadi akibat keengganan penyelenggara pemerintahan di tingkat pusatmenyerahkan kewenangan kepada daerah dan egoisme kedaerahan yang berlebihan ditandai dengan terbitnya berbagai Peraturan Daerah yang bertentangan dengan peraturan di atasnya. Hal ini mengakibatkan ketidakpastian hukum yang berpotensi memicu konflik antara pusat dan daerah serta antara kelompok masyarakat menyangkut hak mereka untuk mendapatkan manfaat, akses dan tanggung jawab atas sumber daya alam termasuk huta

Single-valley high-mobility (110) AlAs quantum wells with anisotropic mass

We studied a doping series of (110)-oriented AlAs quantum wells (QWs) and observed transport evidence of single anisotropic-mass valley occupancy for the electrons in a 150 \AA wide QW. Our calculations of strain and quantum confinement for these samples predict single anisotropic-mass valley occupancy for well widths $W$ greater than 53 \AA. Below this, double-valley occupation is predicted such that the longitudinal mass axes are collinear. We observed mobility anisotropy in the electronic transport along the crystallographic directions in the ratio of 2.8, attributed to the mass anisotropy as well as anisotropic scattering of the electrons in the X-valley of AlAs

Food Security in Crop, Livestock and Mixed Farming Systems in Mali

This study evaluates the food security status, its determinants and the coping strategies in crop, livestock and mixed crop-livestock systems in southern Mali. Interviews were conducted with 258 households that were categorized into the three farming systems based on the revenue from livestock and crop production. A linear mixed model was used to analyse the effects of household characteristics on food security using the food consumption score (FCS), household dietary diversity score (HDDS), a modified household food insecurity access scale (mHFIAS) and coping strategies as indicators. Food consumption score was significantly influenced by the farming system with highest FCS for the livestock system (88) followed by the mixed system (77) and the crop system (69). Moreover, FCS was positively influenced by the number of crops cultivated, total farm milk production, off-farm income and number of raised chickens (p \u3c 0.1). The main difference in food intake between systems was for milk with average daily consumption of 201 ml, 110 ml and 60 ml in the livestock, mixed and crop systems, respectively. HDDS was also significantly influenced by the farming system with highest HDDS values for the livestock system (8.9), followed by the mixed system (8.2) and the crop system (8.0). Further, HDDS was positively influenced by crop diversity and number of chickens, and negatively influenced by the number of family dependents. During the food shortage period of August, households from the crop system were more food insecure than households from the mixed and livestock systems with mHFIAS values of 0.9, 1.5 and 4.3, respectively. Livestock and mixed systems were more resilient to food insecurity situations than the crop system. This study confirms the direct effect of milk production on milk consumption and the importance of livestock for enhancing food security and livelihood resilience

The Fine-Scale Structure of the Global Tropopause Derived from COSMIC GPS Radio Occultation Measurements

The spatiotemporal structure of the lapse-rate tropopause is examined by using state-of-the-art Global Positioning System radio occultation measurements from the Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere and Climate (COSMIC) Formosa Satellite Mission 3 mission. The high temporal and spatial resolutions of the data reveal the detailed structure of tropopause properties such as pressure (pt), temperature (Tt), and sharpness (Nt^2) and their relationships to upper tropospheric and lower stratospheric processes. The overall results are generally in good agreement with previous studies. The climatology of all three tropopause properties shows largely homogeneous structure in the zonal direction: noticeable asymmetries are found only in the tropics and the Northern Hemisphere extratropics during boreal winter owing to localized tropospheric processes. This contrasts with the seasonal cycles of tropopause properties which are significantly influenced by stratospheric processes such as the Brewer-Dobson circulation, the polar vortex, and the radiative processes near the tropopause. On intraseasonal time scales, pt and Tt exhibit significant variability over the Asian summer monsoon and the subtropics where double tropopauses frequently occur. In contrast, Nt^2 shows maximum variability in the tropics where pt and Tt have minimum variability, possibly a consequence of vertically propagating waves. The tropopause properties derived from COSMIC observations are further applied to evaluate tropopause data directly available from the NCEP-NCAR Reanalysis (NNR). Although the NNR tropopause data have been widely used in climate studies, they are found to have significant and systematic biases, especially in the subtropics. This suggests that the NNR tropopause data should be treated with great caution in any quantitative studies

Decentralization Policy and The Struggle for Authority Over Forest Resources in Tebo Regency, Jambi

Kebijakan desentralisasi atau yang umum dikenal dengan istilah otonomi daerah mengamanatkan kepada pusat untuk menyerahkan berbagai kewenangan pemerintahan kepadadaerah. Penyerahan kewenangan kepada daerah ini dimaksudkan agar tata pemerintahan dan pelayanan publik dapat berjalan secara lebih efektif dan efisien. Namun, peralihan sistem pemerintahan dari sentralisasi ke desentralisasi tidak selamanya berjalan lurus mulus. Ketegangan hubungan pusat dan daerah terjadi akibat keengganan penyelenggara pemerintahan di tingkat pusatmenyerahkan kewenangan kepada daerah dan egoisme kedaerahan yang berlebihan ditandai dengan terbitnya berbagai Peraturan Daerah yang bertentangan dengan peraturan di atasnya. Hal ini mengakibatkan ketidakpastian hukum yang berpotensi memicu konflik antara pusat dan daerah serta antara kelompok masyarakat menyangkut hak mereka untuk mendapatkan manfaat, akses dan tanggung jawab atas sumber daya alam termasuk huta

Response of stratospheric water vapor and ozone to the unusual timing of El Niño and the QBO disruption in 2015–2016

The stratospheric circulation determines the transport and lifetime of key trace gases in a changing climate, including water vapor and ozone, which radiatively impact surface climate. The unusually warm El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) event aligned with a disrupted Quasi-Biennial Oscillation (QBO) caused an unprecedented perturbation to this circulation in 2015–2016. Here, we quantify the impact of the alignment of these two phenomena in 2015–2016 on lower stratospheric water vapor and ozone from satellite observations. We show that the warm ENSO event substantially increased water vapor and decreased ozone in the tropical lower stratosphere. The QBO disruption significantly decreased global lower stratospheric water vapor and tropical ozone from early spring to late autumn. Thus, this QBO disruption reversed the lower stratosphere moistening triggered by the alignment of the warm ENSO event with westerly QBO in early boreal winter. Our results suggest that the interplay of ENSO events and QBO phases will be crucial for the distributions of radiatively active trace gases in a changing future climate, when increasing El Niño-like conditions and a decreasing lower stratospheric QBO amplitude are expected