O processo de alfabetização e a produção do sentido no discurso escrito

The study aims at understanding aspects of children’s literacy process based on the analysis of traces of a child’s thought processes concerning the production of a written text. The aim is to highlight the presence of the subject in language, considering the opacity of reality and language. A written text of a 5 year-old child was selected from the database of our research group, due to its originality of construction. Theoretical and methodological guidelines make use of aspects of Bakhtin’s enunciation theory, of the history of writing and of the relation between oral and written language. The use of indicial knowledge is based on the method of knowledge whose strength is grounded in the observation of revealing details. The analysis of the child’s text shows how different representational systems coexist in her efforts to convey meaning by writing. Systems governed by distinct organizational principles are used with varying functions; the same function may sometimes present instabilities in its uses. Different signs are used considering the interlocutor and the social audience (Bakhtin, 1998). These findings support the view that learning to write involves knowing the alphabetical principle of language as well as the complex web of other knowledge bearing on the production of language having social value. It is important to understand learning of writing as a process presenting instabilities and stabilities, and children as persons who are capable of learning in complex ways.O estudo tem como objetivo compreender aspectos do processo de alfabetização infantil por meio da análise de indícios da reflexão sobre a escrita e a linguagem por parte de uma criança. Busca-se evidenciar a presença do sujeito na linguagem, no contexto da opacidade da realidade e da linguagem, pela análise dos modos de constituição de um texto escrito. Selecionamos, por sua originalidade, o texto escrito de uma menina de 5 anos, parte do banco de dados do grupo de pesquisa Linguagem, cultura e processos educativos/CNPq. Aspectos da teoria da enunciação de Bakhtin, da constituição da escrita e da relação entre oralidade e letramento são vetores da base teórico-metodológica. O saber indiciário utilizado tem como base o método de conhecimento cuja força está na observação do pormenor revelador, do detalhe. Na análise do texto da menina, observamos como diferentes sistemas representacionais convivem em seu esforço para significar por escrito. Sistemas orientados por princípios organizacionais distintos são utilizados com funções variadas, e, por vezes, apresentam instabilidades no uso da mesma função. Os diferentes signos são orientados para o interlocutor, o auditório social (Bakhtin, 1998). Na análise, sobressai a seleção de palavras dos enunciados, realizada a partir das intenções que presidem o seu todo, e, na perspectiva da tensão interna que existe em qualquer signo, de acordo com Bakhtin. Aprender a escrever abrange conhecer o princípio alfabético da escrita no interior de complexa trama de outros conhecimentos envolvida na produção de linguagem com valor social. É importante entender a aprendizagem da escrita como um processo marcado por instabilidades e estabilidades, e as crianças como pessoas capazes de aprender complexamente

Apresentação

Apresentação do número temático Alfabetização e o Ensino da Leitura e da Escrita

Apresentação

Apresentação do número temático Alfabetização e o Ensino da Leitura e da Escrita

The literacy process and the production of sense in written speech

The study aims at understanding aspects of children’s literacy process based on the analysis of traces of a child’s thought processes concerning the production of a written text. The aim is to highlight the presence of the subject in language, considering the opacity of reality and language. A written text of a 5 year-old child was selected from the database of our research group, due to its originality of construction. Theoretical and methodological guidelines make use of aspects of Bakhtin’s enunciation theory, of the history of writing and of the relation between oral and written language. The use of indicial knowledge is based on the method of knowledge whose strength is grounded in the observation of revealing details. The analysis of the child’s text shows how different representational systems coexist in her efforts to convey meaning by writing. Systems governed by distinct organizational principles are used with varying functions; the same function may sometimes present instabilities in its uses. Different signs are used considering the interlocutor and the social audience (Bakhtin, 1998). These findings support the view that learning to write involves knowing the alphabetical principle of language as well as the complex web of other knowledge bearing on the production of language having social value. It is important to understand learning of writing as a process presenting instabilities and stabilities, and children as persons who are capable of learning in complex ways

Review and consideration on habitat use, distribution and life history of Lycengraulis grossidens (Agassiz, 1829) (Actinopterygii, Clupeiformes, Engraulididae)

In this paper, we present a summary of the current knowledge of Lycengraulis grossidens, a widely distributed coastal fish that occurs from Belize to Argentina. This species is abundant in estuaries along the Southwest Atlantic Coast and is important for recreational fishing, and as bycatch of shrimp fisheries. We compiled data available on taxonomy, phylogeny, ecology, fisheries and organized conceptually the life cycle of the species according to modern estuarine-use classification. Our review showed that along its geographic distribution and inside some particular environments (i.e., estuaries and costal lagoons) the species have been classified in a variety of ways in order to describe the remarkable complexity of habitat use that varies from freshwater resident, anadromous, marine migrant, estuarine resident, marine stragglers, catadromous to semicatadromous. We conclude that L. grossidens is able to reproduce either in freshwater or estuarine water and postulate that it has a high plasticity in habitat use and life history, with migratory and resident contingents in the same local population. There seems to be a latitudinal change in migratory behavior of this species along the South America Coast, prevailing anadromous or semi-anadromous pattern at higher latitudes and marine migrants at the tropical northeast coast of Brazil.Neste trabalho é apresentada uma compilação do conhecimento atual de Lycengraulis grossidens, uma espécie de peixe amplamente distribuído pela costa oeste do Atlântico Sul, ocorrendo de Belize a Argentina. Esta espécie é abundante nos estuários e tem importância na pesca recreacional além de sofrer impacto da pesca do camarão. São revisados dados publicados sobre a taxonomia, filogenia, ecologia, pesca e ciclo de vida da espécie. Nossa revisão mostrou que, ao longo de sua distribuição, a espécie tem sido classificada de várias formas na tentativa de descrever seu uso do habitat, desde residentes de água doce, anádromos, marinhos migrantes, estuarinos residentes, catádromo e semi-catádromo. Conclui-se que a espécie é capaz de se reproduzir em água doce ou salgada, com uma alta plasticidade no uso do habitat e na sua história de vida, com componentes migrantes e residentes no mesmo local. Além disso, parece haver uma mudança no comportamento migratório da espécie em diferentes latitudes, mostrando um padrão anádromo ou semi-anádromo nas maiores latitudes e marinhos migrantes ao longo da costa tropical do Brasil

Regional Practice Variation and Outcomes in the Standard Versus Accelerated Initiation of Renal Replacement Therapy in Acute Kidney Injury (STARRT-AKI) Trial: A Post Hoc Secondary Analysis.

ObjectivesAmong patients with severe acute kidney injury (AKI) admitted to the ICU in high-income countries, regional practice variations for fluid balance (FB) management, timing, and choice of renal replacement therapy (RRT) modality may be significant.DesignSecondary post hoc analysis of the STandard vs. Accelerated initiation of Renal Replacement Therapy in Acute Kidney Injury (STARRT-AKI) trial (ClinicalTrials.gov number NCT02568722).SettingOne hundred-fifty-three ICUs in 13 countries.PatientsAltogether 2693 critically ill patients with AKI, of whom 994 were North American, 1143 European, and 556 from Australia and New Zealand (ANZ).InterventionsNone.Measurements and main resultsTotal mean FB to a maximum of 14 days was +7199 mL in North America, +5641 mL in Europe, and +2211 mL in ANZ (p p p p p p p p = 0.007).ConclusionsAmong STARRT-AKI trial centers, significant regional practice variation exists regarding FB, timing of initiation of RRT, and initial use of continuous RRT. After adjustment, such practice variation was associated with lower ICU and hospital stay and 90-day mortality among ANZ patients compared with other regions

A Bayesian reanalysis of the Standard versus Accelerated Initiation of Renal-Replacement Therapy in Acute Kidney Injury (STARRT-AKI) trial

Background Timing of initiation of kidney-replacement therapy (KRT) in critically ill patients remains controversial. The Standard versus Accelerated Initiation of Renal-Replacement Therapy in Acute Kidney Injury (STARRT-AKI) trial compared two strategies of KRT initiation (accelerated versus standard) in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury and found neutral results for 90-day all-cause mortality. Probabilistic exploration of the trial endpoints may enable greater understanding of the trial findings. We aimed to perform a reanalysis using a Bayesian framework. Methods We performed a secondary analysis of all 2927 patients randomized in multi-national STARRT-AKI trial, performed at 168 centers in 15 countries. The primary endpoint, 90-day all-cause mortality, was evaluated using hierarchical Bayesian logistic regression. A spectrum of priors includes optimistic, neutral, and pessimistic priors, along with priors informed from earlier clinical trials. Secondary endpoints (KRT-free days and hospital-free days) were assessed using zero–one inflated beta regression. Results The posterior probability of benefit comparing an accelerated versus a standard KRT initiation strategy for the primary endpoint suggested no important difference, regardless of the prior used (absolute difference of 0.13% [95% credible interval [CrI] − 3.30%; 3.40%], − 0.39% [95% CrI − 3.46%; 3.00%], and 0.64% [95% CrI − 2.53%; 3.88%] for neutral, optimistic, and pessimistic priors, respectively). There was a very low probability that the effect size was equal or larger than a consensus-defined minimal clinically important difference. Patients allocated to the accelerated strategy had a lower number of KRT-free days (median absolute difference of − 3.55 days [95% CrI − 6.38; − 0.48]), with a probability that the accelerated strategy was associated with more KRT-free days of 0.008. Hospital-free days were similar between strategies, with the accelerated strategy having a median absolute difference of 0.48 more hospital-free days (95% CrI − 1.87; 2.72) compared with the standard strategy and the probability that the accelerated strategy had more hospital-free days was 0.66. Conclusions In a Bayesian reanalysis of the STARRT-AKI trial, we found very low probability that an accelerated strategy has clinically important benefits compared with the standard strategy. Patients receiving the accelerated strategy probably have fewer days alive and KRT-free. These findings do not support the adoption of an accelerated strategy of KRT initiation