9 research outputs found
O processo de alfabetização e a produção do sentido no discurso escrito
The study aims at understanding aspects of childrenâs literacy process based on the analysis of traces of a childâs thought processes concerning the production of a written text. The aim is to highlight the presence of the subject in language, considering the opacity of reality and language. A written text of a 5 year-old child was selected from the database of our research group, due to its originality of construction. Theoretical and methodological guidelines make use of aspects of Bakhtinâs enunciation theory, of the history of writing and of the relation between oral and written language. The use of indicial knowledge is based on the method of knowledge whose strength is grounded in the observation of revealing details. The analysis of the childâs text shows how different representational systems coexist in her efforts to convey meaning by writing. Systems governed by distinct organizational principles are used with varying functions; the same function may sometimes present instabilities in its uses. Different signs are used considering the interlocutor and the social audience (Bakhtin, 1998). These findings support the view that learning to write involves knowing the alphabetical principle of language as well as the complex web of other knowledge bearing on the production of language having social value. It is important to understand learning of writing as a process presenting instabilities and stabilities, and children as persons who are capable of learning in complex ways.O estudo tem como objetivo compreender aspectos do processo de alfabetizaçaÌo infantil por meio da anaÌlise de indiÌcios da reflexaÌo sobre a escrita e a linguagem por parte de uma criança. Busca-se evidenciar a presença do sujeito na linguagem, no contexto da opacidade da realidade e da linguagem, pela anaÌlise dos modos de constituiçaÌo de um texto escrito. Selecionamos, por sua originalidade, o texto escrito de uma menina de 5 anos, parte do banco de dados do grupo de pesquisa Linguagem, cultura e processos educativos/CNPq. Aspectos da teoria da enunciaçaÌo de Bakhtin, da constituiçaÌo da escrita e da relaçaÌo entre oralidade e letramento saÌo vetores da base teoÌrico-metodoloÌgica. O saber indiciaÌrio utilizado tem como base o meÌtodo de conhecimento cuja força estaÌ na observaçaÌo do pormenor revelador, do detalhe. Na anaÌlise do texto da menina, observamos como diferentes sistemas representacionais convivem em seu esforço para significar por escrito. Sistemas orientados por princiÌpios organizacionais distintos saÌo utilizados com funçoÌes variadas, e, por vezes, apresentam instabilidades no uso da mesma funçaÌo. Os diferentes signos saÌo orientados para o interlocutor, o auditoÌrio social (Bakhtin, 1998). Na anaÌlise, sobressai a seleçaÌo de palavras dos enunciados, realizada a partir das intençoÌes que presidem o seu todo, e, na perspectiva da tensaÌo interna que existe em qualquer signo, de acordo com Bakhtin. Aprender a escrever abrange conhecer o princiÌpio alfabeÌtico da escrita no interior de complexa trama de outros conhecimentos envolvida na produçaÌo de linguagem com valor social. EÌ importante entender a aprendizagem da escrita como um processo marcado por instabilidades e estabilidades, e as crianças como pessoas capazes de aprender complexamente
Apresentação
Apresentação do nĂșmero temĂĄtico Alfabetização e o Ensino da Leitura e da Escrita
Apresentação
Apresentação do nĂșmero temĂĄtico Alfabetização e o Ensino da Leitura e da Escrita
The literacy process and the production of sense in written speech
The study aims at understanding aspects of childrenâs literacy process based on the analysis of traces of a childâs thought processes concerning the production of a written text. The aim is to highlight the presence of the subject in language, considering the opacity of reality and language. A written text of a 5 year-old child was selected from the database of our research group, due to its originality of construction. Theoretical and methodological guidelines make use of aspects of Bakhtinâs enunciation theory, of the history of writing and of the relation between oral and written language. The use of indicial knowledge is based on the method of knowledge whose strength is grounded in the observation of revealing details. The analysis of the childâs text shows how different representational systems coexist in her efforts to convey meaning by writing. Systems governed by distinct organizational principles are used with varying functions; the same function may sometimes present instabilities in its uses. Different signs are used considering the interlocutor and the social audience (Bakhtin, 1998). These findings support the view that learning to write involves knowing the alphabetical principle of language as well as the complex web of other knowledge bearing on the production of language having social value. It is important to understand learning of writing as a process presenting instabilities and stabilities, and children as persons who are capable of learning in complex ways
Biological assay of a novel quinoxalinone with antimalarial efficacy on Plasmodium yoelii yoelii
Review and consideration on habitat use, distribution and life history of Lycengraulis grossidens (Agassiz, 1829) (Actinopterygii, Clupeiformes, Engraulididae)
In this paper, we present a summary of the current knowledge of Lycengraulis grossidens, a widely distributed coastal fish that occurs from Belize to Argentina. This species is abundant in estuaries along the Southwest Atlantic Coast and is important for recreational fishing, and as bycatch of shrimp fisheries. We compiled data available on taxonomy, phylogeny, ecology, fisheries and organized conceptually the life cycle of the species according to modern estuarine-use classification. Our review showed that along its geographic distribution and inside some particular environments (i.e., estuaries and costal lagoons) the species have been classified in a variety of ways in order to describe the remarkable complexity of habitat use that varies from freshwater resident, anadromous, marine migrant, estuarine resident, marine stragglers, catadromous to semicatadromous. We conclude that L. grossidens is able to reproduce either in freshwater or estuarine water and postulate that it has a high plasticity in habitat use and life history, with migratory and resident contingents in the same local population. There seems to be a latitudinal change in migratory behavior of this species along the South America Coast, prevailing anadromous or semi-anadromous pattern at higher latitudes and marine migrants at the tropical northeast coast of Brazil.Neste trabalho Ă© apresentada uma compilação do conhecimento atual de Lycengraulis grossidens, uma espĂ©cie de peixe amplamente distribuĂdo pela costa oeste do AtlĂąntico Sul, ocorrendo de Belize a Argentina. Esta espĂ©cie Ă© abundante nos estuĂĄrios e tem importĂąncia na pesca recreacional alĂ©m de sofrer impacto da pesca do camarĂŁo. SĂŁo revisados dados publicados sobre a taxonomia, filogenia, ecologia, pesca e ciclo de vida da espĂ©cie. Nossa revisĂŁo mostrou que, ao longo de sua distribuição, a espĂ©cie tem sido classificada de vĂĄrias formas na tentativa de descrever seu uso do habitat, desde residentes de ĂĄgua doce, anĂĄdromos, marinhos migrantes, estuarinos residentes, catĂĄdromo e semi-catĂĄdromo. Conclui-se que a espĂ©cie Ă© capaz de se reproduzir em ĂĄgua doce ou salgada, com uma alta plasticidade no uso do habitat e na sua histĂłria de vida, com componentes migrantes e residentes no mesmo local. AlĂ©m disso, parece haver uma mudança no comportamento migratĂłrio da espĂ©cie em diferentes latitudes, mostrando um padrĂŁo anĂĄdromo ou semi-anĂĄdromo nas maiores latitudes e marinhos migrantes ao longo da costa tropical do Brasil
Regional Practice Variation and Outcomes in the Standard Versus Accelerated Initiation of Renal Replacement Therapy in Acute Kidney Injury (STARRT-AKI) Trial: A Post Hoc Secondary Analysis.
ObjectivesAmong patients with severe acute kidney injury (AKI) admitted to the ICU in high-income countries, regional practice variations for fluid balance (FB) management, timing, and choice of renal replacement therapy (RRT) modality may be significant.DesignSecondary post hoc analysis of the STandard vs. Accelerated initiation of Renal Replacement Therapy in Acute Kidney Injury (STARRT-AKI) trial (ClinicalTrials.gov number NCT02568722).SettingOne hundred-fifty-three ICUs in 13 countries.PatientsAltogether 2693 critically ill patients with AKI, of whom 994 were North American, 1143 European, and 556 from Australia and New Zealand (ANZ).InterventionsNone.Measurements and main resultsTotal mean FB to a maximum of 14 days was +7199âmL in North America, +5641âmL in Europe, and +2211âmL in ANZ (p p p p p p p p = 0.007).ConclusionsAmong STARRT-AKI trial centers, significant regional practice variation exists regarding FB, timing of initiation of RRT, and initial use of continuous RRT. After adjustment, such practice variation was associated with lower ICU and hospital stay and 90-day mortality among ANZ patients compared with other regions
A Bayesian reanalysis of the Standard versus Accelerated Initiation of Renal-Replacement Therapy in Acute Kidney Injury (STARRT-AKI) trial
Background
Timing of initiation of kidney-replacement therapy (KRT) in critically ill patients remains controversial. The Standard versus Accelerated Initiation of Renal-Replacement Therapy in Acute Kidney Injury (STARRT-AKI) trial compared two strategies of KRT initiation (accelerated versus standard) in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury and found neutral results for 90-day all-cause mortality. Probabilistic exploration of the trial endpoints may enable greater understanding of the trial findings. We aimed to perform a reanalysis using a Bayesian framework.
Methods
We performed a secondary analysis of all 2927 patients randomized in multi-national STARRT-AKI trial, performed at 168 centers in 15 countries. The primary endpoint, 90-day all-cause mortality, was evaluated using hierarchical Bayesian logistic regression. A spectrum of priors includes optimistic, neutral, and pessimistic priors, along with priors informed from earlier clinical trials. Secondary endpoints (KRT-free days and hospital-free days) were assessed using zeroâone inflated beta regression.
Results
The posterior probability of benefit comparing an accelerated versus a standard KRT initiation strategy for the primary endpoint suggested no important difference, regardless of the prior used (absolute difference of 0.13% [95% credible interval [CrI]âââ3.30%; 3.40%],âââ0.39% [95% CrIâââ3.46%; 3.00%], and 0.64% [95% CrIâââ2.53%; 3.88%] for neutral, optimistic, and pessimistic priors, respectively). There was a very low probability that the effect size was equal or larger than a consensus-defined minimal clinically important difference. Patients allocated to the accelerated strategy had a lower number of KRT-free days (median absolute difference ofâââ3.55 days [95% CrIâââ6.38;âââ0.48]), with a probability that the accelerated strategy was associated with more KRT-free days of 0.008. Hospital-free days were similar between strategies, with the accelerated strategy having a median absolute difference of 0.48 more hospital-free days (95% CrIâââ1.87; 2.72) compared with the standard strategy and the probability that the accelerated strategy had more hospital-free days was 0.66.
Conclusions
In a Bayesian reanalysis of the STARRT-AKI trial, we found very low probability that an accelerated strategy has clinically important benefits compared with the standard strategy. Patients receiving the accelerated strategy probably have fewer days alive and KRT-free. These findings do not support the adoption of an accelerated strategy of KRT initiation