Root grooves on two adjacent anterior teeth of Australopithecus africanus

Tooth root grooves and other ante-mortem dental tissue loss, not associated with caries found on or near the cementoenamel junction (CEJ), are commonly termed non-carious cervical lesions. Three main processes are implicated in forming these lesions: abrasion, dental erosion, and abfraction. As yet, these lesions have not been described in non-Homo hominins. In this study, South African fossil hominin collections were examined for evidence of any type of non-carious cervical lesion. Only one individual shows ante-mortem root grooves consistent with non-carious cervical lesions. Two teeth, a mandibular right permanent lateral incisor (STW 270) and canine (STW 213), belonging to the same Australopithecus africanus individual, show clear ante-mortem grooves on the labial root surface. These lesions start below the CEJ, extend over a third of the way toward the apex, and taper to a point towards the lingual side. The characteristics of these grooves suggest the predominant aetiology was erosive wear. In addition, they are extremely similar to clinical examples of dental erosion. These are the oldest hominin examples of non-carious cervical lesions and the first described in a genus other than Homo. Further, the lesions suggest that this individual regularly processed and consumed acidic food items. © 2018 Elsevier Inc

MEASUREMENT OF ELASTIC WAVE VELOCITIES IN COAL SAMPLES OF DIFFERENT RANK

  Pruebas de laboratorio fueron empleadas para: 1) medir las velocidades de compresión (Vp) y velocidades de corte (Vs)en muestras de carbón de diferentes rangos (o con diferentes valores de reflectancia de vitrinita) y 2) medir las velocidadesde Vp y Vs en los carbones bajo diferentes condiciones de saturación de fluidos incluyendo agua y gas metano. Lasvariaciones de Vp y Vs se estudiaron en relación a las variaciones de las presiones de confinamiento y de poro en un rangode 0 a 3000 psi. Las pruebas fueron realizadas empleando: 1) muestras frescas de carbón (con la humedad natural decarbón) bajo presión de poro con gas, 2) Muestras de carbón secas bajo presión de poro con gas, y 3) Muestras de carbónsaturadas en agua, bajo presión de poro con agua. El gas empleado para presurizar los poros del sistema fue metano.  Lasmuestras de carbón empleadas en las pruebas fueron: cuatro muestras de carbón de la cuenca de Bogotá con reflectanciade vitrinita (Ro) entre  0.7 y 1.52%, y dos muestras de carbón de  bajo rango (con Ro  < 0.5%) de las Cuencas PowderRiver y Washakie de Wyoming. Los experimentos acústicos en los carbones indican que las velocidades de compresión yde corte (Vp y Vs) son muy sensitivas a la presión efectiva, incrementándose  Vp y Vs con el aumento de la presiónefectiva de confinamiento.La mayoría de las muestras de carbón muestran una tendencia clara de incremento de Vp con elaumento de la presión efectiva. La velocidad Vp se incrementa con la presión de poro haciéndose menos sensitiva a lapresión efectiva. La velocidad de corte (Vs) también se incrementa con la presión efectiva, sin embargo la velocidad Vs nomuestra una tendencia clara con respecto a la presión  de poro.  Se observo que las velocidades  Vp y Vs se incrementancon el rango del carbón (con el incremento de Ro), en donde el incremento de las velocidades Vp y Vs coincide con elincremento del rango de los carbones. Esta tendencia en las velocidades Vp y Vs también esta influenciada con laporosidad de la muestra de carbón. Los resultados de las experiencias pueden ser empleadas para la exploración pormétodos sísmicos de yacimientos de gas asociado a carbón. Adicionalmente estos resultados son útiles para los análisisde AVO (amplitud  versus distancia) así como también para en la interpretación sísmica. Palabras claves: Velocidad de compresión onda de (Vp), velocidad de corte de onda (Vs); rangos de carbón; reflectanciade vitrinita (Ro).Laboratory experiment were carried out to measure: 1)compression (Vp) and shear wave (Vs) velocities in coal sampleswith different ranks (or vitrinite reflectance) from low rank to high rank coal, and 2) to measure Vp and Vs on coal underdifferent fluid saturation conditions including methane and water.  The coal samples were subjected to a range of confiningpressures and pore pressures that resulted in effective pressures in the range 0 to 3000 psi. Measurements wereperformed on: 1) fresh coal samples, under gas pore pressure 2) dry samples under gas pore pressure, and 3) watersaturated samples, under water pore pressure.   The gas used to pressurize the pore system was methane.    Coal samplesused in the experiments were: Four samples with vitrinite reflectance values (Ro) between 0.7 and 1.52%, from theBogotá Basin, and two low rank samples (with Ro < 0.5%) from the Powder River, and Washakie basins of Wyoming.The acoustic experiments on coal indicate that both compressional and shear wave velocities (Vp and Vs) are verysensitive to effective pressure, increasing with it. Most of the samples show a clear trend of increases for Vp witheffective pressure. Also, the Vp velocity increases with pore pressure, and become less sensible to effective pressure.The shear wave velocity also increases with effective pressure; however, Vs velocity does not show a clear trend withpore pressure. It was observed that both Vp and Vs velocities increase with coal rank (vitrinite reflectance), where thelow rank coal shows lower velocities than the higher rank coal. This trend is related also to coal porosity.   Ourexperiments should be useful indicators of the saturation stage in coalbed methane exploration. In addition these experimentaldata provide useful data for AVO (amplitude versus offset) modeling, and interpretation of seismic surveys carried outfor coalbed Methane exploration. Key words: compression wave velocity (Vp); shear wave velocities (Vs) &nbsp

MEDICIONES DE LAS VELOCIDADES ELÁSTICAS DE CARBONES DE DIFERENTES RANGOS

Laboratory experiment were carried out to measure: 1)compression (Vp) and shear wave (Vs) velocities in coal sampleswith different ranks (or vitrinite reflectance) from low rank to high rank coal, and 2) to measure Vp and Vs on coal underdifferent fluid saturation conditions including methane and water.  The coal samples were subjected to a range of confiningpressures and pore pressures that resulted in effective pressures in the range 0 to 3000 psi. Measurements wereperformed on: 1) fresh coal samples, under gas pore pressure 2) dry samples under gas pore pressure, and 3) watersaturated samples, under water pore pressure.   The gas used to pressurize the pore system was methane.    Coal samplesused in the experiments were: Four samples with vitrinite reflectance values (Ro) between 0.7 and 1.52%, from theBogotá Basin, and two low rank samples (with Ro < 0.5%) from the Powder River, and Washakie basins of Wyoming.The acoustic experiments on coal indicate that both compressional and shear wave velocities (Vp and Vs) are verysensitive to effective pressure, increasing with it. Most of the samples show a clear trend of increases for Vp witheffective pressure. Also, the Vp velocity increases with pore pressure, and become less sensible to effective pressure.The shear wave velocity also increases with effective pressure; however, Vs velocity does not show a clear trend withpore pressure. It was observed that both Vp and Vs velocities increase with coal rank (vitrinite reflectance), where thelow rank coal shows lower velocities than the higher rank coal. This trend is related also to coal porosity.   Ourexperiments should be useful indicators of the saturation stage in coalbed methane exploration. In addition these experimentaldata provide useful data for AVO (amplitude versus offset) modeling, and interpretation of seismic surveys carried outfor coalbed Methane exploration. Key words: compression wave velocity (Vp); shear wave velocities (Vs)    Pruebas de laboratorio fueron empleadas para: 1) medir las velocidades de compresión (Vp) y velocidades de corte (Vs)en muestras de carbón de diferentes rangos (o con diferentes valores de reflectancia de vitrinita) y 2) medir las velocidadesde Vp y Vs en los carbones bajo diferentes condiciones de saturación de fluidos incluyendo agua y gas metano. Lasvariaciones de Vp y Vs se estudiaron en relación a las variaciones de las presiones de confinamiento y de poro en un rangode 0 a 3000 psi. Las pruebas fueron realizadas empleando: 1) muestras frescas de carbón (con la humedad natural decarbón) bajo presión de poro con gas, 2) Muestras de carbón secas bajo presión de poro con gas, y 3) Muestras de carbónsaturadas en agua, bajo presión de poro con agua. El gas empleado para presurizar los poros del sistema fue metano.  Lasmuestras de carbón empleadas en las pruebas fueron: cuatro muestras de carbón de la cuenca de Bogotá con reflectanciade vitrinita (Ro) entre  0.7 y 1.52%, y dos muestras de carbón de  bajo rango (con Ro  < 0.5%) de las Cuencas PowderRiver y Washakie de Wyoming. Los experimentos acústicos en los carbones indican que las velocidades de compresión yde corte (Vp y Vs) son muy sensitivas a la presión efectiva, incrementándose  Vp y Vs con el aumento de la presiónefectiva de confinamiento.La mayoría de las muestras de carbón muestran una tendencia clara de incremento de Vp con elaumento de la presión efectiva. La velocidad Vp se incrementa con la presión de poro haciéndose menos sensitiva a lapresión efectiva. La velocidad de corte (Vs) también se incrementa con la presión efectiva, sin embargo la velocidad Vs nomuestra una tendencia clara con respecto a la presión  de poro.  Se observo que las velocidades  Vp y Vs se incrementancon el rango del carbón (con el incremento de Ro), en donde el incremento de las velocidades Vp y Vs coincide con elincremento del rango de los carbones. Esta tendencia en las velocidades Vp y Vs también esta influenciada con laporosidad de la muestra de carbón. Los resultados de las experiencias pueden ser empleadas para la exploración pormétodos sísmicos de yacimientos de gas asociado a carbón. Adicionalmente estos resultados son útiles para los análisisde AVO (amplitud  versus distancia) así como también para en la interpretación sísmica. Palabras claves: Velocidad de compresión onda de (Vp), velocidad de corte de onda (Vs); rangos de carbón; reflectanciade vitrinita (Ro)

The rotational spectrum of the FeD radical in its X4Δ state, measured by far-infrared laser magnetic resonance

Transitions between the spin-rotational levels of the FeD radical in the v = 0level of the X 4Δ ground state have been detected by the technique of laser magnetic resonance at far-infrared wavelengths. Pure-rotational transitions have been observed for the three lowest spin components. Lambda-type doubling is resolved on all the observed transitions; nuclear hyperfine structure is not observed. The energy levels of FeD are strongly affected by the breakdown of the Born–Oppenheimer approximation and cannot be modeled accurately by an effective Hamiltonian. The data are therefore fitted to an empirical formula to yield term values and g-factors for the various spin-rotational levels involved

'Sly grog' and 'homebrew': a qualitative examination of illicit alcohol and some of its impacts on Indigenous communities with alcohol restrictions in regional and remote Queensland (Australia)

Background: Indigenous communities in Queensland (Australia) have been subject to Alcohol Management Plans since 2002/03, with significant penalties for breaching restrictions. 'Sly grog' and 'homebrew' provide access to alcohol despite restrictions. This paper describes how this alcohol is made available and the risks and impacts involved. In affected towns and communities across a large area of rural and remote Queensland, interviews and focus groups documented experiences and views of 255 long-standing community members and service providers. Using an inductive framework, transcribed interviews were analysed to identify supply mechanisms, community and service provider responses and impacts experienced. Results: 'Homebrew' was reportedly manufactured in just a few localities, in locally-specific forms bringing locally-specific harms. However, 'sly grog' sourced from licensed premises located long distances from communities, is a widespread concern across the region. 'Sly grog' sellers circumvent retailers' takeaway liquor license conditions, stockpile alcohol outside restricted areas, send hoax messages to divert enforcement and take extraordinary risks to avoid apprehension. Police face significant challenges to enforce restrictions. On-selling of 'sly grog' appears more common in remote communities with total prohibition. Despite different motives for involvement in an illicit trade 'sly grog' consumers and sellers receive similar penalties. Conclusions: There is a need for: (a) a more sophisticated regional approach to managing takeaway alcohol sales from licensed suppliers, (b) targeted penalties for 'sly grog' sellers that reflect its significant community impact, (c) strategies to reduce the demand for alcohol and (d) research to assess the effects of these strategies in reducing harms.Michelle S. Fitts, Jan Robertson, Simon Towle, Chris M. Doran, Robyn McDermott, Adrian Miller, Stephen Margolis, Valmae Ypinazar and Alan R. Cloug

Relationship between Tibial conformation, cage size and advancement achieved in TTA procedure

Previous studies have suggested that there is a theoretical discrepancy between the cage size and the resultant tibial tuberosity advancement, with the cage size consistently providing less tibial tuberosity advancement than predicted. The purpose of this study was to test and quantify this in clinical cases. The hypothesis was that the advancement of the tibial tuberosity as measured by the widening of the proximal tibia at the tibial tuberosity level after a standard TTA, will be less than the cage sized used, with no particular cage size providing a relative smaller or higher under-advancement, and that the conformation of the proximal tibia will have an influence on the amount of advancement achieved

Improvement of Spatial Ability Using Innovative Tools: Alternative View Screen and Physical Model RotatorR

Spatial ability, which is positively correlated with retention and achievement in engineering, mathematics, and science disciplines, has been shown to improve over the course of a Computer-Aided Design course or through targeted training. However, which type of training provides the most beneficial improvements to spatial ability and whether other means would be more effective, is not known. In this research project, two tools for use in spatial ability training were developed and evaluated. One tool, a Physical Model Rotator (PMR), rotates a physical model of an object in synchronous motion with a model of the same object in CAD software. The other training tool, the Alternative View Screen (AVS), provides the user of CAD software with both a solid model (including shading) and a line version view of the object. Students with poor spatial ability were identified through standardized testing and they were then trained over a four week period for one hour each week. The effectiveness of the training tools was evaluated by comparing spatial ability test scores before and after training. Results showed an increase did exist when targeted training was provided. However, this effect was not statistically significant, possibly due to the small sample size