Structural characterization of the Fddd phase in a diblock copolymer thin film by electron microtomography

A 3-dimensional Fddd network structure of a polystyrene-block-polyisoprene (PS-b-PI) diblock copolymer (M(n) = 31 500, f(PI) = 0.645) was observed for the first time in real space by transmission electron microtomography (TEMT). In a 650 nm thick film of the PS-b-PI thin film on a silicon wafer, the Fddd phase was developed after annealing at 215 degrees C for 24 h. The single network structure consists of the connected tripodal units of minor PS block domains. The {111}(Fddd) plane, the densest plane of the minor PS phase, was found to orient parallel to the film plane. The transitional structure from the wetting layer at the free surface to the internal {111}(Fddd) plane via a perforated layer structure was also observed.X111313sciescopu

From lean production to Industrie 4.0: More autonomy for employees?

The article examines the relationship between lean production and Industrie 4.0 focusing on the question of autonomy in the work process. In contrast to the claim made by official Industrie 4.0 concepts that the autonomy of the employees would increase, we see in the current implementation projects a tendency towards greater standardization and control of work. This is in continuity with concepts of lean production, but neglects the participation-oriented elements of lean production such as teamwork and shop-floor-based improvement activities. Our argument is developed by analyzing practical examples from three relevant fields (digital assistance systems, data-based process management, modular assembly). The conclusions of this article also discuss the extent to which the concept of individual autonomy is suitable for the assessment of Industrie 4.0 concepts, given the high levels of interdependence already achieved in production processes

Detecção de Xanthomonas campestris pv. phaseoli e fungos em sementes de feijão produzidas no Estado de São Paulo.

Foi pesquisada a presença de Xanthomonas campestris pv. phaseoli e de fungos em sementes certificadas de feijão produzidas pela Secretaria da Agricultura do Estado de São Paulo nas safras da seca e inverno de 1991 e 1993. A bactéria foi detectada através do método de inoculação em planta indicadora de feijoeiro da cultivar CNF 0010. A incidência de fungos foi determinada pelo método do papel de filtro. Quanto a bactéria, foram examinadas amostras de 188 lotes em 1991 e 124 em 1993. Para os fungos foram analisadas amostras de 147 lotes no ano de 1991. Em 1991, a bacteria foi detectada somente nas amostras de Aracatuba (16,7%), Paraguacu Paulista (18,2%) e Sao Jose do Rio Preto (4%) com incidental mínima de (0,5%). No ano de 1993, X. camperstris pv. phaseoli foi encontrada nas amostras de Araçatuba (6,3%), Bauru (20%), Fernandópolis (12,7%), Lucelia (33,3%), Marilia (12,5%), Paraguacu Paulista (50,0%), Presidente Prudente (46,7%), Ribeirao Preto (16,7%), Santo Anastacio (66,7%), Sao José do Rio Preto (40,0%). Em 1991, a bactéria foi detectada em apenas 5,3% das amostras analisadas, ocorrendo em 1993 um aumento da incidência do patogeno, que foi detectado em 30,6% das amostras, provavelmente devido as condicoes climaticas favoraveis ao crestamento bacteriano. Foram encontrados os fungos Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, Rhizoctonia solani, Macrophomina phaseolina, Phaeoisariopsis griseola e Alternaria spp.. As regiões de Aguaí, Aracatuba, Avaré e Lucélia apresentaram maior incidência destes fungos. Entre as 147 amostras analisadas, R. solani foi detectada em Araçatuba em 28,6% das amostras, Bauru (50,0%), Fernadópolis (8,7%), Lucélia (27,0%) e Marília (7,5%) e C. lindemuthianum em Araçatuba (3,3%), Avaré (25,0%) e Lucélia(5,5%). Os demais fungos foram detectados em baixas incidências podendo-se concluir que com relação a presença de fungos, os lotes analisados apresentaram boa qualidade sanitária. Os resultados mostraram que houve alta contaminação das sementes por X. campestris pv. phaseoli em 1993, o que ocorreu aumento do inoculo nas sementes de 1991 para 1993, destacando-se os municípios P. Paulista, S. José da Rio Preto, Santo Anastácio e Presidente Prudente como os que apresentam maior infecção das sementes

Pax6 Expression Is Sufficient to Induce a Neurogenic Fate in Glial Progenitors of the Neonatal Subventricular Zone

The forebrain subventricular zone (SVZ) of neonatal mammals contains a large, heterogeneous population of migratory and proliferating precursors of interneurons and glia. These cell types are produced in large numbers in the immediate postnatal period, the glioblasts populating the hemispheres with astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, the neuroblasts migrating to the olfactory bulb to become interneurons. How cell fate decisions are determined or stabilized in this mixed population is not clear, although previous studies indicate the importance of two transcription factors, Pax6 in neurons and Olig2 in glia, and suggest there may be reciprocal repression between these genes.In examining the SVZ of neonatal mouse and rat brain, we find that the very large majority of SVZ cells express either Pax6 or Olig2, but few express both. We have used in vivo retro- and lenti-virus injections into the neonatal SVZ and in vitro gene transfer to demonstrate that pax6 over-expression is sufficient to down-regulate olig2 and to promote a neuronal lineage development and migration pattern in olig2-expressing cells. Furthermore, we provide evidence that Pax6 binds to the olig2 promoter and that an HEB sequence in the promoter is required for the Pax6 repression of olig2 transcription. Lastly, we constructed a lentivirus to target olig2-expressing cells in the SVZ to trace their fates, and found that the very large majority developed into glia.We provide evidence for a direct repression of olig2 by Pax6. Since SVZ cells can display developmental plasticity in vitro, the cross-repression promotes a stabilization of cell fates. This repression may be critical in a germinal zone in which immature cells are highly migratory and are not organized into an epithelium

Obesity and Sugar‐sweetened Beverages in African‐American Preschool Children: A Longitudinal Study

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/93655/1/oby.2008.656.pd

Extraordinary luminous soft x-ray transient maxi j0158-744 as an ignition of a nova on a very massive o-ne white dwarf

We present the observation of an extraordinary luminous soft X-ray transient, MAXI J0158-744, by the Monitor of All-sky X-ray Image (MAXI) on 2011 November 11. This transient is characterized by a soft X-ray spectrum, a short duration (1.3 × 103 s < Td < 1.10 × 104 s), a very rapid rise (< 5.5 × 103 s), and a huge peak luminosity of 2×1040 erg s-1 in 0.7-7.0 keV band. With Swift observations and optical spectroscopy from the Small and Moderate Aperture Research Telescope System (SMARTS), we confirmed that the transient is a nova explosion, on a white dwarf in a binary with a Be star, located near the Small Magellanic Cloud. An extremely early turn-on of the super-soft X-ray source (SSS) phase (< 0.44 d), the short SSS phase duration of about one month, and a 0.92 keV neon emission line found in the third MAXI scan, 1296 s after the first detection, suggest that the explosion involves a small amount of ejecta and is produced on an unusually massive O-Ne white dwarf close to, or possibly over, the Chandrasekhar limit. We propose that the huge luminosity detected with MAXI was due to the fireball phase, a direct manifestation of the ignition of the thermonuclear runaway process in a nova explosion

Sleep and energy intake in early childhood

Background And Objectives: Shorter sleep is associated with higher weight in children, but little is known about the mechanisms. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that shorter sleep was associated with higher energy intake in early childhood. Methods: Participants were 1303 families from the Gemini twin birth cohort. Sleep duration was measured using the Brief Infant Sleep Questionnaire when the children were 16 months old. Total energy intake (kcal per day) and grams per day of fat, carbohydrate and protein were derived from 3-day diet diaries completed by parents when children were 21 months old. Results: Shorter nighttime sleep was associated with higher total energy intake (P for linear trend=0.005). Children sleeping <10 h consumed around 50 kcal per day more than those sleeping 11–<12 h a night (the optimal sleep duration for children of this age). Differences in energy intake were maintained after adjustment for confounders. As a percentage of total energy intake, there were no significant differences in macronutrient intake by sleep duration. The association between sleep and weight was not significant at this age (P=0.13). Conclusions: This study provides the first evidence that shorter nighttime sleep duration has a linear association with higher energy intake early in life. That the effect is observed before emergence of associations between sleep and weight indicates that differences in energy intake may be a mechanism through which sleep influences weight gain