Drug price control order: the impact on pharmacoeconomics

Background: The objective of the present study was to analyze the prices of metformin, losartan, atorvastatin, paracetamol and aspirin for the doses which are included in the list of Drug Price Control Order (DPCO) 2013.Methods: Current index medical specialties India, 37th year, April-July 2015 issue was used for analysis. The retail prices of the drugs in INR were tabulated in Microsoft Office Excel 2013. The prices of the above listed drugs were compared with prices of DPCO 2013 for the same doses of drugs. The analysis of drugs costing more than the prices listed in the DPCO with the margin of the difference in percentage was carried out.Results: Out of 25 brands of metformin 500 mg tablet, 11 (44%) brands had price higher than listed in DPCO 2013. Similarly, prices for losartan 25 mg and 50 mg tablets, 8 (25%) out of 32 and 11 (31.42%) out of 35 were higher respectively. For atorvastatin 5 mg and 10 mg tablets, 2 (9.52%) out of 21 and 8 (13.55%) out of 59 brands had higher prices. For paracetamol 500 mg tablet, 12 (63.15%) out of 19 brands were priced higher than DPCO list. For aspirin 100 mg tablet and 325 mg tablet, 3 (100%) out of 3 brands and 1 (100%) out of 1 brand had higher prices.Conclusions: Many of the brand formulations have higher prices than the DPCO 2013 issued by government of India. The clinicians prescribing these drugs should be aware of these brand formulations to reduce the cost of the drug therapy

Pengaruh Persepsi Keadilan Organisasional Dan Pemberdayaan Terhadap Kepuasan Kerja Karyawan Bank Syariah Mandiri Pekanbaru

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of Perception Organizational Justice and Empowerment on Employee Satisfaction of Bank Syariah Mandiri Pekanbaru. The population in this study were all employees of Bank Syariah Mandiri Sudirman branch. Total number of employees is 58 people. Given the limited number of population, the authors conducted a census sampling technique, ie to the entire population of 58 people. Analysis of data using multiple linear regression with SPSS program. Based on the results of data analysis known that organizational justice and empowerment simultaneously affect the job satisfaction of employees of Bank Syariah Mandiri Pekanbaru. Justice organizational partially influence on employee job satisfaction Bank Syariah Mandiri Pekanbaru. Empowerment partially influence on employee job satisfaction Bank Syariah Mandiri Pekanbaru. It is expected to head of the company in order to educate employees so easy to get along with fellow employees in the company (improve cooperation). For example by suggesting employees to greet each other in the company so that a sense of community arises in the employees so that they are easy to get along with each other employees who have been working and the employees who have performed above average or very maximum

Determinants of the use of family planning methods among rural women in Plateau state, Nigeria

This study aimed at determining the factors that influence family planning practice among rural women of Pankshin district in Plateau state, Nigeria. A cross-sectional study using a simple random sampling method was conducted from October to December 2019. A self-administered questionnaire was used for data collection among 302 respondents. Among respondents, 48.3% had practised family planning and the most popular family planning method ever practised was injectables (57.5%). The determinants of family planning practice were age group 29-39 and 40-49 years old (AOR=4.373, p<0.001; AOR=5.862, p<0.001), discussion with partner (AOR=9.192, p<0.001) and partner’s approval (AOR=2.791, p=0.007). Findings showed an encouraging family planning prevalence with the main determinants involving male partners. Further efforts need to be made to promote family planning practice among male partners and to empower women of all reproductive age groups by providing them with relevant information that is needed for them to make informed decisions

Hydrostatic pressure dependence of the luminescence and Raman frequencies in polyfluorene

DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevB.68.115203 http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevB.68.115203We present studies of the photoluminescence (PL), absorption, and Raman scattering spectra from poly[2,7-(9,9′-bis(2-ethylhexyl))fluorene] under hydrostatic pressures of 0-100 kbar at room temperature. The well-defined PL and associated vibronics that are observed at atmospheric pressure change dramatically around 20 kbar in the bulk sample and at around 35 kbar for the thin-film sample. Beyond these pressures the PL emission from the backbone is swamped by strong peaks due to aggregates and keto defects in the 2.1-2.6 eV region. The Raman peaks shift to higher energies and exhibit unexpected antiresonance line shapes at higher pressures, indicating a strong electron-phonon interaction.S.G. acknowledges the donors of the American Chemical Society Petroleum Research Fund No. 38193-B7! for partial support of this research. U.S. thanks SONY International Europe, Stuttgart, and the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) for financial support

Photoluminescence of short-period GaAs/AlAs superlattices: A hydrostatic pressure and temperature study

URL:http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevB.58.7222 DOI:10.1103/PhysRevB.58.7222The temperature and pressure dependence of type-I and -II transitions from photoluminescence (PL) spectra in a series of (GaAs)m/(AlAs)m superlattices show that the temperature dependence of energy bands can be described very well with a Bose-Einstein-type equation. From these measurements the parameters that describe the temperature dependence of excitonic transition energies and the corresponding broadening of the PL line are deduced. The pressure dependence of the PL linewidths of the type-I exciton as a function of pressure and temperature yield the intervalley deformation potential. Beyond the type-I-type-II crossover, the PL linewidth increases as a function of both pressure and temperature. The electron-phonon deformation potential for Γ-X scattering is found to be temperature dependent.We thank S. Satpathy and S. Zollner for valuable discussions. One of us ~H.R.C.! acknowledges support by the NSF under Grant No. DMR-9633107. M.C. thanks the U.S. Army for support through Grant No. DAAL03-92-0381. The work at Purdue University was supported by the National Science Foundation: Materials Research Science and Engineering Center Grant Nos. DMR 94-00415 and DMR 93-03186

Geometry-Dependent Electronic Properties of Highly Fluorescent Conjugated Molecules

URL:http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.85.2388 DOI:10.1103/PhysRevLett.85.2388We present a combined experimental/theoretical study of the electronic properties of conjugated para- phenylene type molecules under high pressure up to 80 kbar. Pressure is used as a tool to vary the molecular geometry and intermolecular interaction. The influence of the latter two on singlet and triplet excitons as well as polarons is monitored via optical spectroscopy. We have performed band structure calculations for the planar poly(para-phenylene) and calculated the dielectric function. By varying the intermolecular distances and the length of the polymer repeat unit the observed pressure effects can be explained.Supported by the University of Missouri Research Board, OeNB Project No. 6608, the vector-computer facilities at the University of Graz

Early Detection of Poor Adherers to Statins: Applying Individualized Surveillance to Pay for Performance

Background: Medication nonadherence costs $300 billion annually in the US. Medicare Advantage plans have a financial incentive to increase medication adherence among members because the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) now awards substantive bonus payments to such plans, based in part on population adherence to chronic medications. We sought to build an individualized surveillance model that detects early which beneficiaries will fall below the CMS adherence threshold. Methods: This was a retrospective study of over 210,000 beneficiaries initiating statins, in a database of private insurance claims, from 2008-2011. A logistic regression model was constructed to use statin adherence from initiation to day 90 to predict beneficiaries who would not meet the CMS measure of proportion of days covered 0.8 or above, from day 91 to 365. The model controlled for 15 additional characteristics. In a sensitivity analysis, we varied the number of days of adherence data used for prediction. Results: Lower adherence in the first 90 days was the strongest predictor of one-year nonadherence, with an odds ratio of 25.0 (95% confidence interval 23.7-26.5) for poor adherence at one year. The model had an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.80. Sensitivity analysis revealed that predictions of comparable accuracy could be made only 40 days after statin initiation. When members with 30-day supplies for their first statin fill had predictions made at 40 days, and members with 90-day supplies for their first fill had predictions made at 100 days, poor adherence could be predicted with 86% positive predictive value. Conclusions: To preserve their Medicare Star ratings, plan managers should identify or develop effective programs to improve adherence. An individualized surveillance approach can be used to target members who would most benefit, recognizing the tradeoff between improved model performance over time and the advantage of earlier detection