Adaptive genomic structural variation in the grape powdery mildew pathogen, Erysiphe necator.

BackgroundPowdery mildew, caused by the obligate biotrophic fungus Erysiphe necator, is an economically important disease of grapevines worldwide. Large quantities of fungicides are used for its control, accelerating the incidence of fungicide-resistance. Copy number variations (CNVs) are unbalanced changes in the structure of the genome that have been associated with complex traits. In addition to providing the first description of the large and highly repetitive genome of E. necator, this study describes the impact of genomic structural variation on fungicide resistance in Erysiphe necator.ResultsA shotgun approach was applied to sequence and assemble the genome of five E. necator isolates, and RNA-seq and comparative genomics were used to predict and annotate protein-coding genes. Our results show that the E. necator genome is exceptionally large and repetitive and suggest that transposable elements are responsible for genome expansion. Frequent structural variations were found between isolates and included copy number variation in EnCYP51, the target of the commonly used sterol demethylase inhibitor (DMI) fungicides. A panel of 89 additional E. necator isolates collected from diverse vineyard sites was screened for copy number variation in the EnCYP51 gene and for presence/absence of a point mutation (Y136F) known to result in higher fungicide tolerance. We show that an increase in EnCYP51 copy number is significantly more likely to be detected in isolates collected from fungicide-treated vineyards. Increased EnCYP51 copy numbers were detected with the Y136F allele, suggesting that an increase in copy number becomes advantageous only after the fungicide-tolerant allele is acquired. We also show that EnCYP51 copy number influences expression in a gene-dose dependent manner and correlates with fungal growth in the presence of a DMI fungicide.ConclusionsTaken together our results show that CNV can be adaptive in the development of resistance to fungicides by providing increasing quantitative protection in a gene-dosage dependent manner. The results of this work not only demonstrate the effectiveness of using genomics to dissect complex traits in organisms with very limited molecular information, but also may have broader implications for understanding genomic dynamics in response to strong selective pressure in other pathogens with similar genome architectures

Estudio del comportamiento electroquímico en baterías de litio de nanopartículas de Li2NiTiO4

III Encuentro sobre Nanociencia y Nanotecnología de Investigadores y Tecnólogos Andaluce

Effect of boron addition on the electrochemical properties of LiFePO4

III Encuentro sobre Nanociencia y Nanotecnología de Investigadores y Tecnólogos Andaluce

An index-based method for evaluating seismic retrofitting techniques. Application to a reinforced concrete primary school in Huelva

A project named PERSISTAH (Projetos de Escolas Resilientes aos SISmos no Território do Algarve e de Huelva, in Portuguese) is being developed. It aims to cooperatively assess and improve the seismic vulnerability of primary schools in the Algarve (Portugal) and Huelva (Spain). A large number of schools have to be analysed. In order to determine which seismic retrofitting technique is optimal, an index-based method is presented in this paper. It considers three parameters: first, the efficiency of the seismic retrofitting technique in relation to the structural improvement obtained; second, the cost of the implementation of the retrofitting technique; and third, the architectural impact. It should be mentioned that a specific measurement for each solution according to its geometry has been performed. Also, coefficients to consider the singularities of each analysis and the importance of the parameters (number of buildings, typology, available funds, etc.) in the study are considered. The most representative primary school of Huelva has been chosen to test the index-based method. The most suitable retrofitting techniques for this type of buildings have been tested. The retrofitting technique which most increased the seismic performance has been the addition of X and V bracings within the building's bays. Furthermore, the analyses have revealed that adding the retrofitting elements in the most vulnerable direction of the building provides a high efficiency. The results have also shown that implementing techniques of lower architectural impact gives acceptable results. The analysis of the mean damage level index has shown that the building would experiment a severe damage. All the retrofitting techniques applied have reduced it, at least, up to moderate damage. Finally, it should be noted that the position of the retrofitting elements is also paramount for providing an optimal retrofitting.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Natural coastal risks and the Coastal Zone Integrated Management

An analysis of the main natural risk factors of the Peninsula of Hicacos, on the coast center-west of Cuba is submitted. From an exhaustive bibliographic review, first it is presented a physical-geographical and socio-economic characterization of the peninsula of Hicacos, and on this basis are identified geological, geomorphological and hydrometeorological factors that determine natural hazards in the area under study. In particular an analysis of probabilities of extreme winds in the past 200 years associated with hurricanes, and the heights and periods of waves on the coast of the peninsula to different periods of return is materialize. Also it´s includes a brief analysis of the endogenous risks, and conclude that the hurricanes, the severe local storms and the frontal systems are the main natural dangers that affect the Peninsula. Finally the value of the MIZC for the study, prevision and confrontation of the natural risk is argued, and the positive experience of the application of that approach in the beach of Varadero.Se presenta un análisis de los principales factores de riesgos naturales de la Península de Hicacos, en la costa centro-occidental de Cuba. A partir de una revisión bibliográfica exhaustiva, se presenta primero una caracterización físico-geográfica y socio-económica de la península de Hicacos y sobre esta base se identifican los factores geológicos, geomorfológicos e hidrometeorológicos que condicionan los riesgos naturales en la zona objeto de estudio. En particular se realiza un análisis de probabilidades de los vientos extremos en los últimos 200 años asociados a los huracanes, y de las alturas y periodos del oleaje en el litoral de la península para diferentes periodos de retorno. Se incluye un breve análisis de los riesgos endógenos, y se concluye que son los huracanes, las tormentas locales severas y los frentes fríos los principales peligros naturales que afectan la a Península. Finalmente, se argumenta el valor del enfoque de MIZC para el estudio, previsión y enfrentamiento de los riesgos naturales, y se expone la positiva experiencia de aplicación de tal enfoque en la playa de Varadero.Ciencias Experimentale

Natural coastal risks and the Coastal Zone Integrated Management

An analysis of the main natural risk factors of the Peninsula of Hicacos, on the coast center-west of Cuba is submitted. From an exhaustive bibliographic review, first it is presented a physical-geographical and socio-economic characterization of the peninsula of Hicacos, and on this basis are identified geological, geomorphological and hydrometeorological factors that determine natural hazards in the area under study. In particular an analysis of probabilities of extreme winds in the past 200 years associated with hurricanes, and the heights and periods of waves on the coast of the peninsula to different periods of return is materialize. Also it´s includes a brief analysis of the endogenous risks, and conclude that the hurricanes, the severe local storms and the frontal systems are the main natural dangers that affect the Peninsula. Finally the value of the MIZC for the study, prevision and confrontation of the natural risk is argued, and the positive experience of the application of that approach in the beach of Varadero.Se presenta un análisis de los principales factores de riesgos naturales de la Península de Hicacos, en la costa centro-occidental de Cuba. A partir de una revisión bibliográfica exhaustiva, se presenta primero una caracterización físico-geográfica y socio-económica de la península de Hicacos y sobre esta base se identifican los factores geológicos, geomorfológicos e hidrometeorológicos que condicionan los riesgos naturales en la zona objeto de estudio. En particular se realiza un análisis de probabilidades de los vientos extremos en los últimos 200 años asociados a los huracanes, y de las alturas y periodos del oleaje en el litoral de la península para diferentes periodos de retorno. Se incluye un breve análisis de los riesgos endógenos, y se concluye que son los huracanes, las tormentas locales severas y los frentes fríos los principales peligros naturales que afectan la a Península. Finalmente, se argumenta el valor del enfoque de MIZC para el estudio, previsión y enfrentamiento de los riesgos naturales, y se expone la positiva experiencia de aplicación de tal enfoque en la playa de Varadero.Ciencias Experimentale

Natural coastal risks and the Coastal Zone Integrated Management

An analysis of the main natural risk factors of the Peninsula of Hicacos, on the coast center-west of Cuba is submitted. From an exhaustive bibliographic review, first it is presented a physical-geographical and socio-economic characterization of the peninsula of Hicacos, and on this basis are identified geological, geomorphological and hydrometeorological factors that determine natural hazards in the area under study. In particular an analysis of probabilities of extreme winds in the past 200 years associated with hurricanes, and the heights and periods of waves on the coast of the peninsula to different periods of return is materialize. Also it´s includes a brief analysis of the endogenous risks, and conclude that the hurricanes, the severe local storms and the frontal systems are the main natural dangers that affect the Peninsula. Finally the value of the MIZC for the study, prevision and confrontation of the natural risk is argued, and the positive experience of the application of that approach in the beach of Varadero.Se presenta un análisis de los principales factores de riesgos naturales de la Península de Hicacos, en la costa centro-occidental de Cuba. A partir de una revisión bibliográfica exhaustiva, se presenta primero una caracterización físico-geográfica y socio-económica de la península de Hicacos y sobre esta base se identifican los factores geológicos, geomorfológicos e hidrometeorológicos que condicionan los riesgos naturales en la zona objeto de estudio. En particular se realiza un análisis de probabilidades de los vientos extremos en los últimos 200 años asociados a los huracanes, y de las alturas y periodos del oleaje en el litoral de la península para diferentes periodos de retorno. Se incluye un breve análisis de los riesgos endógenos, y se concluye que son los huracanes, las tormentas locales severas y los frentes fríos los principales peligros naturales que afectan la a Península. Finalmente, se argumenta el valor del enfoque de MIZC para el estudio, previsión y enfrentamiento de los riesgos naturales, y se expone la positiva experiencia de aplicación de tal enfoque en la playa de Varadero.Ciencias Experimentale